The Kynix Blog

At last week's IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM) in San Francisco (USA), imec, the world-leading research and innovation hub in nano-electronics and digital technology and Holst Centre debuted a miniaturized sensor that simultaneously determines pH and chloride (Cl-)levels in fluid. This innovation is a must have for accurate long-term measurement of ion concentrations in applications such as environmental monitoring, precision agriculture and diagnostics for personalized healthcare. The sensor is an industry first and thanks to the SoC (system on chip) integration it enables massive and cost-effective deployments in Internet-of-Things (IoT) settings. Its innovative electrode design results in a similar or better performance compared to today's standard equipment for measuring single ion concentrations and allows for additional ion tests.Sensors based on ion-selective membranes are considered the gold standard to measure ion concentrations in many applications, such as water quality, agriculture, and analytical chemistry. They consist of two electrodes, the ion-sensitive electrode with the membrane (ISE) and a reference electrode (RE). When these electrodes are immersed in a fluid, a potential is generated that scales with the logarithm of the ion activity in the fluid, forming a measure for the concentration. However, the precision of the sensor depends on the long-term stability of the miniaturized RE, a challenge that has now been overcome."The common issue with such designs is the leaching of ions from the internal electrolyte, causing the sensor to drift over time," stated Marcel Zevenbergen, senior researcher at imec/Holst Centre. "To suppress such leaching, we designed and fabricated an RE with a microfluidic channel as junction and combined it with solid-state iridium oxide (IrOx) and silver chloride (AgCl) electrodes fabricated on a silicon substrate, respectively as indicating electrodes for pH and Cl-. Our tests demonstrated this to be a long-term stable solution with the sensor showing a sensitivity, accuracy and response time that are equal or better than existing solutions, while at the same time being much smaller and potentially less expensive.""We are providing groundbreaking sensing and analytics solutions for the IoT," stated John Baekelmans, Managing Director of imec in The Netherlands. "This new multi-ion sensor is one in a series that Holst Centre is currently developing with its partners to form the senses of the IoT. For each sensor, the aim is to leapfrog the current performance of the state-of-the-art sensors in a mass-producible, wireless, energy optimized and miniaturized package."Reference:ADXRS620BBGZLPY410ALTRL3GD20HTR  

An ISA100 Wireless-based field wireless vibration sensor from Yokogawa has the ability to quickly update data as well as a long battery life. ISA100 Wireless is a technology that is based on the ISA100.11a standard. It includes ISA100.11a-2011 communications, an application layer with process control industry standard objects, device descriptions and capabilities, a gateway interface, infrared provisioning, and a backbone router.By providing real-time updates on vibration levels in plant facilities, the new sensor helps users quickly detect equipment anomalies and enables predictive maintenance.With a field wireless system, plant field devices and analysers are able to communicate wirelessly with host-level monitoring and control systems.The rising need to improve productivity and enhance safety by collecting more data on plant operations is driving the demand for field wireless devices, which can be installed even in difficult to access locations.Field wireless devices have the added advantage of reducing installation costs.Vibration sensors are useful for the condition monitoring and predictive maintenance of plant machinery such as compressors, pumps, and motors.Conventional methods for monitoring vibration include the use of vibration sensors that rely on wired communications with a host system, and patrols by maintenance staff to collect vibration data.With the widening use of field wireless systems and the need to reduce installation costs, there is an increasing demand for wireless vibration sensors.Since releasing the world’s first ISA100 Wireless-based field wireless devices and wireless systems, Yokogawa has expanded its lineup of field wireless devices that measure temperature, pressure, flow rate, and the like.This new vibration sensor will meet the company’s customers’ needs for a device that can provide the quick updates on vibration levels needed to detect anomalies at an early stage.The principal components of this field wireless vibration sensor are the FN510 field wireless multifunction module, the LN01 piezoelectric type acceleration sensor, and the FN110 field wireless communication module.Via a gateway device, the FN510 uses the ISA100 Wireless communications protocol to exchange data with a host-level system such as a DCS. The data collected with this vibration sensor enables plant operators and maintenance staff to monitor vibration levels in real time. Both explosion-proof and non-explosion-proof types are available.Reference:D7E-1BU-27135-0001005447-1   

A new line of 1.85-, 2.4- and 2.92-mm waveguide-to-coax adapters offer operating ranges up to 65 GHz. Meeting the requirement for a transition from coax to waveguide, or vice versa, the adapters’ targeted applications include satellite communications, wireless communications, industrial, test and measurement, and defense systems. The new line includes 10 adapters that include millimeter-wave frequency ranges with models in the K-band (18 to 26.5 GHz) up to the V-band (50 to 65 GHz). The adapters offer VSWR as low as 1.29:1, while also providing insertion loss performance as low as 0.3 dB. Waveguide sizes available for these new models include WR-42, WR-28, WR-22, WR-19 and WR-15. The adapters feature a right-angle configuration. Those with 2.92-mm connectors use a UG-style square waveguide flange; 2.4-mm and 1.85-mm connector versions use a UG-style circular waveguide flange. Both male and female connector options are available in each frequency band. Reference:AE-SP28U1MSP-TS430PM64AAC164336  

An infographic has been published by Accutronics, offering guidelines for Original Equipment Manufacturers on what should be considered when specifying a rechargeable smart battery to power their next product. The infographic highlights the importance of considering batteries at the earliest possible stage in the development process. Accutronics believes the most common and most costly mistake a design engineer can make when choosing a power source is leaving specification until it's too late.With smart batteries becoming increasingly common in industries such as medical and military, the demands placed on them are also becoming increasingly challenging. The infographic highlights the key features a design engineer or purchasing team should look for in a smart battery, including fuel gauging which can provide accurate state of charge prediction regardless of temperature, load and age. An accurate fuel gauge provides confidence whilst an inaccurate gauge can result in ‘runtime anxiety’ with the user constantly in fear that their device will run out of power. If the device is being used in a medical or mission-critical military application then the premature depletion of battery power could have severe implications.Other essential features include protection circuitry which prevents the battery cells from being over-charged, over-discharged, or operated at extreme temperatures. Smart power management ensures the battery only receives charge when it is required - this enhances both the life and safety of the battery. The ability for the battery to operate under differing power modes also allows it to hibernate when it is stored, maximising the shelf-life of batteries which may be in the supply chain for prolonged periods.“As the complexity of battery powered applications increases, OEM buyers need to ask themselves how fit for purpose their current design methodology is," explained Michele Windsor, Global Marketing Manager for Accutronics and Ultralife. “By choosing a smart battery, OEMs can rest assured that their device will continue to deliver optimum performance in a variety of applications. Whether it's the reliability and security demanded in the medical industry, or the extreme temperatures and harsh conditions faced in military and defence use, smart batteries can step up to any environment.“Because smart batteries are used in many life-critical situations, we’re also concerned about the rise of counterfeiting in the battery industry. Counterfeit batteries may be built using inferior battery cells and often lack the critical protection electronics which are required to make them operate safely. Also, a lack of quality control during manufacture, or forged regulatory certification means that fake batteries could prove costly for many OEMs."The infographic also highlights the importance of selecting a battery with built in digital algorithmic security, which can be used by a host device or charger to ensure that that the installed battery is the genuine article.”Reference:BHSD-2032-COVERBI-UM-3-4BC2/3AC

Together with his research team, Lars-Erik Wernersson, professor of nanoelectronics at Lund University in Sweden, has developed a technology for smarter transistors which could be used in electronics that operate on low energy, such as sensors for the IoT. Using the new transistors on a large scale could save enormous amounts of energy. Transistors are the smallest building blocks in electronics - a kind of switch.When the amount of energy required to switch the transistors on or off is reduced, major savings can be made overall. Transistors with low-energy consumption are expected to be highly significant for applications within the IoT.With the help of nanotechnology, the material and architecture in the transistors have been optimised so that they consume only a third of the energy required with the current technology when operating at low voltages. They can be used in digital circuits, various sensors and communication.“We have been able to operate the transistors under what is known as the fundamental thermionic limit, which reduces energy consumption. The next step is to continue to study the physics and to understand the components better, so that they can be further optimised. We also want to find new ways of transferring the technology to industry,” says Lars-Erik Wernersson.The researchers’ findings will probably have moved into production processes within five to ten years. According to Lars-Erik Wernersson, the extent of the energy savings will depend on the quality of the components which can be produced in industry.“The dream scenario is that all data servers will consume less energy thanks to the technology we use. In that case, the savings in one year would be comparable to all the energy consumed in Great Britain during the same period.”When his researcher colleagues recently reported data from an experiment conducted within the EU-funded E2SWITCH project, Lars-Erik Wernersson, along with the doctoral students who carried out the test, realised that these were ground-breaking results:“We have repeated the tests many times and succeeded in demonstrating that the performance with this new, energy-saving technology is not only satisfactory, but even better than that based on the traditional technologies.”According to Lars-Erik Wernersson, the new technology is a complement and one of several technologies which can be used to create more energy-efficient transistors – and different types of applications require different solutions.“We are very happy to have found something that many people have been searching for. We have shown that the transistors have high performance and that it is possible to reduce energy consumption. And now we can continue to add pieces to the puzzle,” concludes Lars-Erik Wernersson.Reference:2SA1987C47062sb1647 

In electronics, lower power consumption leads to operation cost savings, environmental benefits and the convenience advantages from longer running devices. While progress in energy efficiencies has been reported with alternative materials such as SiC and GaN, energy-savings in the standard inexpensive and widely used silicon devices are still keenly sought. K Tsutsui at Tokyo Institute of Technology and colleagues in Japan have now shown that by scaling down size parameters in all three dimensions their device they can achieve significant energy savings.Tsutsui and colleagues studied silicon insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), a fast-operating switch that features in a number of every day appliances. While the efficiency of IGBTs is good, reducing the ON resistance, or the voltage from collector to emitter required for saturation (Vce(sat)), could help increase the energy efficiency of these devices further.Previous investigations have highlighted that increases in the "injection enhancement (IE) effect", which give rise to more charge carriers, leads to a reduction in Vce(sat). Although this has been achieved by reducing the mesa width in the device structure, the mesa resistance was thereby increased as well. Reducing the mesa height could help counter the increased resistance but is prone to impeding the (IE) effect. Instead the researchers reduced the mesa width, gate length, and the oxide thickness in the MOSFET to increase the IE effect and so reduce Vce(sat) from 1.70 to 1.26 V. With these alterations the researchers also used a reduced gate voltage, which has advantages for CMOS integration.They conclude, "It was experimentally confirmed for the first time that significant Vce(sat) reduction can be achieved by scaling the IGBT both in the lateral and vertical dimensions with a decrease in the gate voltage."Reference:2SA1987C4706KSC5024RTU