The Kynix Blog

Printed organic photodetectors and large-area image sensors company, Isorg, has announced that its first large-sized high-resolution (500dpi) flexible plastic fingerprint sensor, co-developed with FlexEnable, won the 2017 Best of Sensors Expo – Silver Applications Award. The high-resolution, ultra-thin, 500dpi flexible image sensor (sensitive from visible to near infrared) offers system integrators advantages in performance and compactness. Its ability to conform to three-dimensional shapes sets it apart from conventional image sensors. The device provides dual detection: fingerprinting as well as vein matching. Due to its large-area sensing and high-resolution image quality, the device is highly suited to biometric applications from fingerprint scanners and smartcards to mobile phones, where accuracy and robustness as well as cost-competiveness are key. Several biometric solution providers have sampled the flexible image sensor, verifying its readiness for deployment in products and compliance with FBI Image Quality Standards (IQS). “Isorg is very honoured to have received an international award for our groundbreaking high-resolution flexible image sensor technology whilst attending the most important global trade event dedicated to sensor innovations,” said Emmanuel Guerineau, General Manager and CFO at Isorg. “We are delighted to have collaborated with FlexEnable to produce the world’s first printed electronics image sensor that overcomes the limitations of traditional sensors. Biometric solution providers will be able to take advantage of the key differentiating factors that our technology brings, such as customised formats in large and small sizes, and easy integration. We see these opening up new opportunities across multiple applications.” Isorg is planning to launch high-volume production of the flexible image sensor at its new plant in Limoges, France, in order to support its large-scale commercialisation in the global biometrics market. The global biometrics hardware market is expected to grow from $3.9bn (approximately £2.99bn) in 2016 to $6.2bn (approximately £4.76bn) by 2021, according to the Yole Développement report on ‘Sensors for Biometry and Recognition 2016′. Central to the 500dpi flexible image sensor is an Organic Photodiode (OPD), a printed structure developed by Isorg that converts light into current – responsible for capturing the fingerprint. Isorg also developed the readout electronics, the forensics quality processing software and the optics to enable seamless integration in products. FlexEnable, a specialist in developing and industrialising flexible organic electronics, developed the Organic TFT backplane technology, an alternative to amorphous silicon. This partnership between the two companies began in Q4 2013. “We are delighted that the large area flexible fingerprint sensor we developed with Isorg has been recognised with such a prestigious award. Thanks to being thin, light and glass-free, the sensor can be conformed to almost any surface to enable new form factors and use cases not possible with conventional fingerprint sensors,” said Paul Cain, Strategy Director at FlexEnable. Designed on a large area (3x3.2”; 7.62x8.13cm) plastic substrate, the flexible image sensor is ultra-thin (300µ), therefore remarkably lightweight, compact and highly resistant to shock. Sensors Expo and Conference, held in San Jose, California, is the largest gathering of engineers and engineering professionals involved in sensors and sensing-related technologies. For over 30 years, it has welcomed more than 6,400 professionals from across the US and over 40 countries to explore today’s sensor technologies and find the solutions to tomorrow’s sensing challenges. The Best of Sensors Expo Awards are announced in conjunction with Sensors Online, a leading resource and authority on sensing, communication and control. The awards are designed to spotlight the advances in both innovations and real-world applications of sensors. Ref.NOIL2SM1300A-GDCMT9V022IA7ATCMT9V011

（The new device is smaller than a thumbnail with a size of 0.1 x 4mm, and could be integrated into everyday electronic devices like smartphones.） Integrated circuits, so called chips, are used in everyday electronic equipment like mobile phones and computers. It is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece of semiconductor material, normally silicon. But this material has some limitations when it comes to processing data. To overcome these limitations and improve data processing, researchers are developing optical circuits made of chalcogenide glass. This special type of glass is used for ultrafast telecommunication networks, transferring information at the speed of light. Integrating these glass optical circuits into silicon chips could lead to a more advanced communications system, processing data a hundred times faster. Can these two materials be combined? The answer is yes! In a collaboration with physicists in the University of Sydney's Australian Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology (AINST), the Australian National University (ANU) and RMIT University, the CUDOS research group around PhD candidate Blair Morrison and senior researcher Dr Alvaro Casas Bedoya created compact, mass manufacturable optical circuits with enhanced functionalities by combining nonlinear glasses with silicon-based material. "In the last few years the group at the University of Sydney has repeatedly demonstrated exciting functionalities, such as broadband microwave devices that enhance radar, using these novel chalcogenide glasses," Blair Morrison said from the University of Sydney CUDOS node. "Now we have shown it is possible to combine this material with the current industry standard platform for photonic integration, silicon," he said. "We integrated a novel nonlinear glass into an industrially scalable CMOS compatible platform. We maintained the key advantages of both the silicon and the glass, and made a functional and efficient ultra-compact optical circuit," said Dr Alvaro Casas Bedoya who is the lead photonics nanofabrication manager for CUDOS. "A wealth of new opportunities will be created, and this takes us one step closer to moving our research from the lab into industrial applications," said Blair Morrison. CUDOS Director and ARC Laureate Fellow Professor Benjamin Eggleton from the University of Sydney said this new approach will one day allow the industry to miniaturise the photonics functionalities from devices that are the size of a laptop to the size of a smartphone and even smaller, allowing for deployment in real world applications. "This is exciting, because this is a platform which is more compatible with existing semiconductor manufacturing and will allow us to integrate multiple functionalities on a single silicon chip, with active and passive components, such as detectors and modulators, required for advanced applications," said Professor Eggleton who supervised the project. The multi-university research team went through the whole manufacturing process: The fabrication of these devices uses silicon wafers from a semiconductor foundry in Belgium, a dedicated facility in ANU's Laser Physics Centre for the glass deposition, lithography in the RMIT University's School of Engineering and are then characterised and tested in the University of Sydney's AINST. To showcase the potential of the new approach, the CUDOS researchers further demonstrated a compact novel laser based on the light-sound interactions, the first time in an integrated optical circuit. "The breakthrough here is this realisation that we can actually interface, we can integrate that glass onto silicon and we can interface from silicon to the glass very efficiently -- we can harness the best of both worlds," Professor Eggleton said. Professor Susan Pond, the Director of AINST, emphasized that this project is one of AINST flagship activities that deals with harnessing interactions between photons and phonon at the nanoscale. This work links fundamental research in light matter interactions at the nanoscale with an end user perspective and strong coupling to industry. Ref.KY32-LMX6502SQKY32-LN2300KY32-LN3251MPW

In this article today, we will introduce 9 simple audio amplifier circuit design schematic diagram with detailed explanation, complemented with some knowledge about amplifier.     Catalog   I. What is an Audio Amplifier? II. Nine Simple Audio Amplifier Circuit Design Schematic Diagrams III. Some Knowledge about Amplifier FAQ     I. What is an Audio Amplifier? Let's watch a video first. This video shows us how to make a great sounding LM386 audio amplifier with bass boost An audio amplifier is a device that reconstructs an input audio signal on an output element that produces sound. The reconstructed signal volume and power level are ideal. They are truthful, effective, and low distortion. The audio range is from 20Hz to 20 kHz, so the amplifier must have a good frequency response within this range. Depending on the application, the power varies greatly. From milliwatts of headphones to several watts of TV or PC audio, to dozens of watts of mini home stereo and car audio, to hundreds of watts or more of more powerful household and commercial audio systems, until the power is big enough to meet the sound requirements of an entire cinema or auditorium.   The development of audio amplifiers has gone through three times. They are electron tube (vacuum tube) time, bipolar transistor time, and field-effect transistor time. The electronic tube audio amplifier has a round and sweet timbre, but it has the disadvantages of large volume, high power consumption, unstable operation, and poor high-frequency response. For the bipolar transistor audio amplifier, it has the advantages of a wide frequency band, large dynamic range, high reliability, long life, and high-frequency response is good. However, its static power consumption and on-resistance are very large, and the efficiency is difficult to improve. The third one is the field-effect transistor audio amplifier. It has the same round and sweet timbre as the electron tube and its dynamic range is wide. More importantly, it has a small on-resistance and can achieve high efficiency. Figure 1 II. Nine Simple Audio Amplifier Circuit Design Schematic Diagrams Next, I would like to introduce nine simple audio amplifier circuit design schematic diagrams.   Circuit Diagram 1 This circuit makes full use of the conventional LM317 voltage adjustment chip,  so that it not only completes the voltage stabilization function of the unstabilized voltage after filtering but also realizes the function of amplifying the audio signal picked up by the electret capacitive microphone. The electret capacitive microphone contains an impedance converter based on JFET, which converts the speech signal into a current form and adds it to the RP resistor, causing the corresponding voltage change. 220V AC output 36V unstable DC through transformer and bridge rectifier, and after filtering by the capacitor, the low resistance audio amplification signal input by the LM317 on the DC is fed into the capacitor and output to the loudspeaker. The implementation circuit is shown in figure 2.   Figure 2 After the circuit is installed, the voltage difference between the two inputs of the electret capacitive microphone should be adjusted first. This voltage difference is required to be less than 1.25VDC. By connecting an adjustable resistor between the LM317 adjustment end and the ground, the required limit can be achieved by adjusting the resistance by Rp. Secondly, the audio signal picked up by the microphone is easy to be interfered with by external noise. The addition of C1 can filter out part of the interference signal, but the required signal is also attenuated. Because the internal gain of the LM317 can compensate for the attenuation part, the loss caused by the introduction of C1 is negligible.    In order to avoid excessive loss, the capacity of C1 should be as low as possible, this circuit takes 15F. Finally, it should be noted that the minimum operating current requirement of the LM317 chip is 4 mA when the circuit is working normally, and a load resistor is used to absorb the 4mA current. If a low impedance loudspeaker is used, this load resistance must also be introduced to compensate for the signal distortion. In a practical circuit, if an 8Q impedance loudspeaker is used, at least 420Q load resistance is used to compensate for the possible signal distortion.   Circuit Diagram 2 Figure 3     Circuit Diagram 3 Adjust R1 so that the signal is not distorted at the maximum output, and reduce R2 to output more power. If there is a multimeter, the collector voltage of the transistor can be adjusted to about half of the power supply voltage. Figure 4     Circuit Diagram 4 In this design, the gain control of the preamplifier adopts DC volume control mode is realized as shown in figure 5. The preamplifier is an inverse proportional amplifier composed of a fully differential operational amplifier and resistor. Its gain is determined by the ratio of feedback resistance to input resistance. The external input DC analog control signal Vc is converted into control data through the gain control module (GainCon-troD), which is used to control the ratio of the feedback resistance of the preamplifier to the input resistance, and then adjust the change of the gain. Figure 5   The operational amplifier adopts a two-cascade structure, as shown in figure 6. In the first stage, a folded common-source common-gate amplifier with PMOS input is used to provide a large gain. At the same time, the common-mode range of the input is increased and the flicker noise is reduced. The load of the folded input tube adopts a current source load with a source feedback structure to increase the output impedance and reduce noise. The second stage uses a common-source amplifier to provide a large swing.    In order to maintain the stability of the closed-loop, Miller compensation capacitance is added. At the same time, in order to counteract the influence of the zero points of the right half-plane, the zero adjusting resistance in series with the compensation capacitor is inserted into the feedforward path of the compensation capacitor. In the design of the common-mode feedback circuit, the common-mode feedback structure with resistance distributor and amplifier is adopted.     Figure 6   Circuit Diagram 5 The audio amplifier uses very few peripheral components and works well at 2v. （The circuit is shown in figure 7）   The TDA7052 is a mono amplifier designed for battery-powered portable tape recorders and radios with an internal gain set at 40dB. Now the recorder and radio tend to be miniaturized and the battery consumption is reduced, which means that the power supply voltage is reduced, and the output power is also reduced. In order to compensate for this loss, TDA7052 uses the bridge drive load (ETL) principle, which can make the output power of 8 EU load up to 1.2 w.   Figure 7 lists the working parameters of TDA7052. Except for special instructions, the power supply is 6 v, the load impedance is 80, the input signal frequency is 1 kHz and the ambient temperature is 25 degrees.   Figure 7   Circuit Diagram 6   TDA2822 Fabrication of microphone Power Amplifier Circuit The circuit has few peripheral components, simple fabrication, but surprisingly good sound quality. A dual audio amplifier integrated circuit is used and its main characteristics are high efficiency and low power consumption. The typical value of static working current is only about 6mA. The integrated circuit has strong voltage adaptability (from1.8V to 15V DC) and will still have a power output of about 100mW even if it is used at a low voltage of 1.8V. The specific circuit is shown in figure 8. Figure 8   The electret microphone MIC converts the picked sound signal into an electrical signal, which is introduced from the foot 2 of U1 by C2 and W, and amplified by U1 audio to promote the loudspeaker pronunciation. The machine is connected with a BTL output circuit, which is good for improving sound quality and reducing distortion. At the same time, the output power is increased fourfold. When a 3v voltage is used, the output power is 350mW.   The resistance R1 and R2 are 1/4W metal film resistance, W is a small carbon film potentiometer and C2 is preferably a monolithic capacitor. If there is no good quality ceramic capacitance, select high quality, voltage resistant, and low leakage current electrolytic capacitor for C1, C4, and C3. Choose high sensitivity electret microphone as MIC, choose small button switch or toggle switch for K and choose TDA2822M or TDA2822 or D2822 for U1. According to the numerical value in figure 7, it can work normally without debugging.     Electret microphone detection For example, the R*100 of MF 47 multimeter is used to measure the Great Wall CZ Ⅲ electret microphone. When the black watch pen is connected to the core line and shell of the electret microphone, the multimeter pointer refers to the value at 3k Ω. When blowing hard, the pointer refers to the value at 4k Ω (and the resistance value of some microphones becomes smaller). If you blowhard and the multimeter pointer wobbles very little, you can adjust the two watch pens and try again. If the multimeter needle is still wobbling very little, the electret microphone is damaged.   In application, the drain D of the electret microphone must be connected to the positive electrode of the power supply through a resistance of 4.7 to 10k Ω, and then connected to the amplifier circuit, as shown in figure 9. Figure 9   Circuit Diagram 7    Add an amplifying circuit to the microphone  The electronic components are as follows：                                                                    resistance R1：1k Ω resistance R2：1m Ω resistance R3：1k Ω transistor vT：9014 capacitance：4.7 UF capacitance C2 ：4.7 UF battery：AA size battery     Figure 10    Working principle of amplifier circuit  Fig. 10 is a circuit diagram of the entire microphone amplifier circuit. As you can see from fig. 10, there are only six or seven originals of the whole circuit. The following is a brief description of how it works, in which the resistor R1 is responsible for providing the operating voltage to the microphone, R2 and R3 are responsible for providing the bias voltage for the transistor, and the capacitor C1 is responsible for coupling the signal of the microphone to the transistor for amplification. Finally, the amplified signal is coupled through capacitance C2 and sent back to the positive pole of the microphone line, that is, the outermost shielding layer of the microphone line (that is, the outer layer of copper mesh). Figure 10 is the material or electronic component we use to make it.    Considerations in production  The specifications of the electronic components required for the whole amplifier circuit are as follows: resistance R1：1K Ω resistance R2 ：1m Ω resistance R3 ： 1K Ω transistor VT ：9014 capacitance C1：4.7 μ F capacitance C2 ：4.7 μ F battery： a general AA size battery. △ Generally speaking, it can be used for about half a year if it is used normally.    Pay attention to the following points in the production process： 1. The pin of the transistor must be connected correctly; otherwise, it will not play the role of amplification. The pin distinguishes the following transistors lead down and the flat side facing itself. The transistors are E (emitter), B (base), and C (collector);   2. The microphone head is also polar. (see figure 4 for a specific distinction);   3. The polarity of the coupling capacitance can be distinguished by marking, and the pin with an arrow and marked "-" is a negative electrode, and the positive electrode is generally not marked   Because the components are few or can be directly welded in the shed, the circuit board can be directly installed into the base of the microphone, and the power lead of the circuit board can be connected to the battery slot reserved by the microphone.     Effect Test After trial, the effective distance of the microphone can reach 5 to 6 meters, and the effect is also obvious with the voice input function of Office Word 2003, and the speech can also be accurately recognized about 1 meter away from the microphone.   Circuit Diagram 8 A transistor is required. First, output the MP3 signal and use a lower power tube to amplify it. Then push medium power tube. This can achieve small distortion and have the coupling undone. This transistor circuit is simple, practical, and also easy to make.     Figure 11 The circuit is powered by a 9V single power supply. The input signal is coupled to the base of 9014 through 47uF capacitance. 9014 is responsible for preamplifier, and works in Class A state. 5.6K and 1.5K resistors are bias resistors of 9014, and 5.6K resistors are negative feedback resistors at the same time. 22 Ω resistors is a current series negative feedback resistor, which is used to increase the input impedance and reduce the linear distortion by 9014. The 470 Ω resistor is a 9014 collector load resistor used to convert the 9014 amplified current into a voltage, and two 1N4148 diodes are used to set the post-stage complementary tube in the pre-conduction region. OTL complementary output circuit is composed of 8050 and 8550. 3.3 Ω resistors are negative feedback resistors in series with emitters, which act the same as 22 Ω resistors. The 1000uf capacitor is the output capacitor, which is used to separate the DC and allow the AC signal to pass through. 8050 and 8550 are used as power output tubes to form a complementary push-pull output circuit, and the amplified current of 9014 is further amplified to push the loudspeaker. The static bias current of the push-pull circuit is set by two 1N4148, and the two 1N4148 are temperature compensation elements of two power output transistors at the same time. The voltage at the positive contact of the 1000uF electrolytic capacitor shall be half of the supply voltage. Because the conduction voltage of the silicon transistor base is 0.7 V, the base voltage of 8050 can be obtained to be about 5.2 V. From this, the static bias current of 9014 is (9- 5.2) / 470 =8 [mA]. The emitter voltage of 9014 is 8*22=0.176 V, and the base voltage is 0.176+0.7≈0.87V. Circuit Diagram 9 As long as R3 is increased, the gain of the amplifier can be increased. The parallel capacitor C4 at both ends of R3 is used to provide low resistance path filtering to high frequency to prevent high frequency self-excitation. J1 is a jumper, when J1 is turned on, foot 1 is grounded and the full power amplifier works; when J1 is disconnected, foot 1 is VDD, micro-power off, and the amplifier does not work. Jumper J2 can also control the operation of the amplifier. When J2 is disconnected, the + IN end is unbiased and the amplifier does not work. But if it is connected,  the amplifier works. LM4819 high gain audio amplifier circuit is shown in figure 12. Figure 12   III. Some Knowledge about Amplifier      Distortion  Also referred to as THD+N, Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise is simply a measure of the effect that an amplifier will have on sound output. The lower the distortion is, the closer your amp’s output will be to the original recording’s sound. The more distortion that there is, the more coloration there will be to the sound. Just keep in mind that your speakers will also have an impact upon sound, so choose them wisely by matching them with the right amplifier for the clearest sound.    Left and Right Signals  Crosstalk is a term that refers to the measure of how much of the right signal is mixed with the left signal. Amps come as a single unit, but they need to send signals out separately to the speakers so that you can hear things like a piano on the right and a singer to the left. If there is a lot of crosstalk, though, it will be much more difficult to decipher where the different sounds are coming from.    Power  When you look at an amp’s specs, you will also notice that there is a number for the power output, which is basically how loud the music can go. For the average listener, a 10W amp would be sufficient, as it will let you play your music loudly without creating any distortion. If you are really looking for a super loud amp, though, you can go as high as 100W. It really depends upon what your preferences are, what you will be using your amp for, what speakers you have, and how much room you have.    Connections  Your amp should have plenty of inputs for anything and everything that you wish to plug into it. You could have a 3.5mm connection for your iPod, and you could have a USB connection for your laptop, as a couple of examples. Just don’t sacrifice sound quality for more inputs.    Signal vs. Noise  There will always be some background noise within your amplifier, just as there is always some background noise in your own environment. What you want is an amp that will ensure the background noise is not obvious or perceptible. This will ensure that you will hear all of the music but none of the noise. Checking the signal to noise ratio on an amp will give you clearer insight into how well the product will work in this area.   FAQ   1. What does an audio amplifier do? An audio power amplifier (or power amp) is an electronic amplifier that amplifies low-power electronic audio signals such as the signal from radio receiver or electric guitar pickup to a level that is high enough for driving loudspeakers or headphones.   2. What is the difference between a speaker and an amplifier? Speakers are those things that make sound. The amplifier is what delivers sound to the speakers. Amps are usually radios and speakers are what you plug into the amp/receiver to hear the sound. ... The speakers plug into the sound card which in this case would loosly be called the amplifier.   3. Does amplifier improve sound quality? An amplifier simply increases(magnifies)the components of sound quality. If the quality of the input sound is poor, it will be a louder poor sound ; meaning you will hear the poorness of the sound more. It amplifies everything, the good and the bad.   4. Why do you need an amplifier? An amplifier is the device that turns the low voltage signals from your source equipment into a signal with enough gain to be used to power a pair of speakers. ... The second does the 'heavy lifting' and adds the gain to the signals in order to be used to power a pair of speakers. This is the power amplifier.   5. Which is better amplifier or receiver? A receiver is definitely the more convenient choice of the two, but that doesn't mean that it comes without any downsides. Usually a Lower Quality Amplifier - Though the quality of receiver amps is definitely increasing, you still don't have a completely dedicated amp with a receiver.   6. Which is more important speaker or amplifier? A speakers performance is highly variable and its sound will depend on the amp driving it. But the greatest amp (whatever that is) will sound like crap if the speaker sounds like crap. The quality of the speaker is the ultimate limitation of your system (assuming proper set up and room integration)   7. Can I hook up 8 ohm speakers to a 4 ohm amplifier? Yes, you can use 8 ohm speakers with a 4 ohm amplifier. Just wire two 8 ohm speakers of the same wattage in parallel.   8. How much money should I spend on an amp? If it's just for practicing in your bedroom, you can get a perfectly adequate little practice amp for under $200. If you'll be playing in a band or gigging out, yeah, you probably should expect to spend in the $500-700 range at least.   9. Do you need an amp for a subwoofer? Subwoofers are designed to increase the bass frequencies, resulting in a deep, thumping sound. In most cases, they are paired with an amplifier to boost the sound. If you do not have the funds for both components, you can still hook up a subwoofer without an amplifier; it simply involves a little more know-how.   10. Which transistor is used in amplifier? In most of the electronic circuits, we use commonly NPN transistor configuration which is known as NPN transistor amplifier circuit. Let us consider a voltage divider biasing circuit which is commonly known as a single stage transistor amplifier circuit.     Reference Component LM3886TF LM4652TA LM4765T  

To some, DC DC converters are relatively simple electronic devices that serve a basic purpose. This is not entirely accurate, however, as such converters are far more complex and are playing an increasingly influential role in the defense sector in the modern age. This is thanks largely to the rising threat of cyber-crime and identity theft, which has created considerable challenges for businesses and public-sector bodies alike. In this article, we will look at the growing importance of DC DC converters and the way in which they can be integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT).Catalog I. What Is a DC DC Converter, and How Does It Work With the IoT?II. How Does This Reinforce the Defense Against Cyber Crime and Increase Security?III. Why DC DC Converters Will Become Even More Important In the FutureFAQ I. What is a DC DC Converter & How Does It Work With the IoT? In simple terms, a DC DC converter is an electromechanical device or electronic circuit that converts a source of direct current from one voltage level to another. An advanced type of power converter, it is available in many flexible designs and has found several applications in the digital age. Make no mistake—it is the IoT and the concept of an unceasingly interconnected world that has reinforced the importance of DC DC converters.  After all, the IoT comprises a vast network that bridges the gap between the corporeal and the virtual worlds, while connecting a growing number of devices and apps.  The function of the IoT requires flexible power solutions and stable voltages that are resilient to potential interruptions, from geo-location systems to smart technology innovations and platforms. The rise of the IoT has also driven the development of wireless sensor nodes, which typically have short battery lives and have forced innovators to seek out ultra-low-power, integrated circuits. Modern DC DC converters, such as those sold by businesses like XP Power, are ideally suited to meeting this demand, extending the battery life of IoT nodes and driving more reliable integration between devices.II. How Does This Reinforce the Defense Against Cyber Crime and Increase Security? By optimizing individual connections and guaranteeing a viable power source to IoT nodes, DC DC converters can create a more secure network that protects people's homes, devices, and private data.  If you take smart locking and home security systems, for example, these rely on a sustainable and continuous power resource to devices and integrated sensors. Without this, these systems can prevail and become increasingly vulnerable, and this is an issue that DC DC converters can help to resolve. The increased battery life of IoT nodes can also guarantee the safe and seamless delivery of data between devices, particularly when it is shared between online and offline devices.  The last thing you want is to send sensitive or private data between devices, only to lose power or the underlying connection, as this may create gaps in communication or ultimately leave your information at risk.  This is an important consideration and one that underlines the importance of DC DC converters in the digital age.III. Why DC DC Converters Will Become Even More Important in the Future? For now, the IoT remains a relatively new concept that has yet to reach its full potential. As the network grows to include more devices, and as the connection between the corporeal and virtual worlds becomes increasingly prominent, the need for flexible power and sustainable IoT nodes will become far more pressing.  Fortunately, DC DC converters will continue to evolve to meet these needs and will underpin a technological evolution that will revolutionize the world in which we live.   FAQ 1. What does a DC-DC Converter do?As its name implies, a DC-DC converter converts one DC voltage to another. The operating voltage of different electronic devices such as ICs can vary over a wide range, making it necessary to provide a voltage for each device. 2. What are the types of DC to DC converter?Types and Characteristics of DC/DC Converters:Non- Isolated types: Basic (one coil) type. Capacity coupling (two-coil) type ―― SEPIC, Zeta, etc. Charge pump (switched capacitor/coil less) type.Isolated types: Transformer coupling types―― Forward transformer type. Transformer coupling types―― Fly-back transformer type. 3. Is there a DC transformer?Transformers do not pass direct current (DC), and can be used to take the DC voltage (the constant voltage) out of a signal while keeping the part that changes (the AC voltage). ... In the electrical grid transformers are key to changing the voltages to reduce how much energy is lost in electrical transmission. 4. Which IC is used in DC to DC converter?NCP3064.NCP3064 is a monolithic DC-DC voltage converter IC mainly used for Boost or Buck operation. This IC can be found in low voltage power supplies or any portable voltage converters. 5. What are the advantages of DC-DC converter fed dc drives?DC chopper device has the advantages of high efficiency, flexibility in control, light weight, small size, quick response and regeneration down to very low speed. 6. How do you convert low DC to high DC?A DC-to-DC converter is an electronic circuit or electromechanical device that converts a source of direct current (DC) from one voltage level to another. It is a type of electric power converter. Power levels range from very low (small batteries) to very high (high-voltage power transmission). 7. Why we need dc/dc converter explain with an example?DC-DC converters are high-frequency power conversion circuits that use high-frequency switching and inductors, transformers, and capacitors to smooth out switching noise into regulated DC voltages. Closed feedback loops maintain constant voltage output even when changing input voltages and output currents. 8. Can DC be stepped up or down?Yes, DC can be steped up and steped down. But it cannot be done just by using a transformer, like how it is done with AC. We use a specialised device called a DC to DC converter, that can step up or step down DC. 9. How do you convert 12V DC to 4v DC?Two ways to reduce a 12-volt system to 4 volts are to use voltage dividers or Zener diodes. Voltage dividers are made from resistors placed in series. The input voltage is divided into an output that depends on the value of the resistors used. 10. How do I make a dc/dc converter?Once the initial specs of a DC-DC design are selected (e.g., input voltage range, output voltage, output current), the first step is to select a converter IC. The desired DC-DC topology will narrow this choice. If the input voltage is greater than the output voltage, choose a buck (i.e., step-down) topology. Ref. KY68-DS1200DKY68-R2880KY68-PYB10-Q24-S3-Ua 

A spintronic device measuring just 375 nm across has been used to recognize human speech. The device is a spintronic oscillator, which behaves much like a neuron in the brain. Created by physicists in France, Japan and the US, the system is described as the first neuromorphic computer that is based on a nanoscale device.Neuromorphic computers try to emulate the human brain. As well as having the potential to be faster and more energy efficient than conventional computers, they could also excel at learning how to perform certain tasks – rather than being pre-programmed to do so. A spintronic oscillator comprises a non-magnetic layer of material sandwiched between two ferromagnetic layers – with each ferromagnetic layer being magnetized in a different direction. A voltage is applied to the device, causing a spin-polarized current to flow from one magnetic layer, across the non-magnetic layer, and into the second magnetic layer. This exerts a torque on the second magnetic layer, causing its magnetization to precess at microwave frequencies. This precession is monitored in terms of an oscillating voltage that develops across the device. Nonlinear response A minimum current is required for these oscillations to occur. As the current rises above this threshold, the amplitude of the oscillating voltage increases as the square root of the current. This current threshold and nonlinear response is similar to the behaviour of neurons, which is one reason why spintronic oscillators show promise for making neuromorphic computers.The speech-recognition system was created by Julie Grollier and colleagues at Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology in Tsukuba and the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland.The process begins with a spoken word being captured by a microphone, digitized and then pre-processed to create an electrical current. This current is then fed into a spintronic oscillator, creating an oscillating voltage that is then analysed by a computer running a machine-learning program. State-of-the-art performance The team looked at how the system is able to recognize the numbers 0–9 when spoken by several different people. When the input signals were pre-processed using a "nonlinear cochlear filter" – the standard in such applications – the system achieved a recognition rate of 99.6%. Writing in Nature, the team describes this as a "state-of-the-art" performance that is normally achieved using much more complicated systems. As well as being sub-micron in size, the oscillators can be made using the same fabrication methods as conventional computer chips. This, says the team, could allow one hundred million oscillators to fit on a thumb-sized chip. The researchers also point out that unlike other nanoscale oscillators, spintronic oscillators offer low noise operation, high stability and low energy consumption. Source: Hamish Johnston, the editor of physicsworld.comRef.ECS-2200B-500P122-156.25M

When designing a custom lighting solution, there are many different goals to take into consideration. One of the most essential may be reducing the power supply needs of the system. Doing so can provide further benefits, such as improving reliability and expected shelf life, and reducing space and size constraints. Benefits often come with tradeoffs; traditionally, when you reduce power you may need to reduce brightness at the same time. The good news is that this doesn’t always have to be the case. GLOBAL LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES have compiled a list of five smart ways that you can reduce power without sacrificing LED brightness. 1. LED efficiencyHow do you do more with less? It's all about efficiency, and choosing more efficient LEDs can make a world of difference. Choosing a more efficient LED may seem like a more expensive option, but keep in mind that it’s not just about the cost of the LED - what you should really be considering is the cost per Lumen of output. A more efficient LED is actually more cost-effective, while simultaneously helping reduce power needs. 2. Lightguide material efficiencyAny light which is absorbed by the lightguide material is light that the actual display is losing. Therefore, switching to a material with a higher transmissivity to improve efficiency and it will aid in the retention of more light. 3. LED driver circuitBy utilising a highly efficient LED driver circuit, you can prevent power loss and improve the end result. This is often overlooked, as many engineers design circuits which use resistors to reduce voltage and match current to the LEDs. You can prevent those power losses from occurring by using custom designed LED driver chips and circuits with improved efficiency. 4. Lightguide extraction efficiencyAnother area where efficiency can be improved is with extraction, and by doing so more light is able to reach the user’s target area. In turn, power can also be reduced. Our innovative extraction technology offers higher efficiency and overall improved extraction, helping to achieve this goal. 5. LightguidesThe job of a lightguide is to take the light from the LED and spread it out uniformly over the surface being illuminated. With the right design and technology, a custom lightguide can actually conserve most of the initial LED efficiency while greatly increasing uniformity of the display, offering the best of both worlds. Ref.KY32-HV9921N3KY32-MIC2287CBD5KY32-LNK456DG