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This is a technical article introducing what is operational amplifier, how does op amp works, how many types of op amp are there, and how to choose the right op amp for your circuit, and the last part, we will look at the example expressions of the op amp to better understand this device. Down below is an episode of Electronic Basics will explain the three golden rules when working with OpAmps and how to use them in order to understand and build all kind of OpAmp circuits. The main focus will be the noninverting and inverting amplifier and the comparator circuit.  Catalog  I. What is an Operational AmplifierII. How does Op Amp WorksIII. Seven Types of Op AmpIV. Op Amp Design ConsiderationV. Op Amp Examples ExpressionsVI. ConclusionFAQ  I. What is an Operational Amplifier In an actual circuit, an operational amplifier is a circuit unit with high magnification, which usually combines the feedback network to form a certain functional module. Since it was used in analog computers to realize mathematical operations, it is named "operational amplifier", more commonly known as op-amps.  An operational amplifier is a circuit unit based on its function, which can be implemented by discrete devices or semiconductor chips. With the development of semiconductor technology, the vast majority of operational amplifiers are in the form of a single chip. Nowadays, there are many kinds of operational amplifiers, which are widely used in almost all industries. Figure 1. Op Amp Diagram  II. How does Op Amp Works The operational amplifier has two input terminals a (inverse input), b (in-phase input), and one output.  There are also referred to as backward input end, non-backward input end, and output end respectively. When the voltage U- is applied to the terminal and the public end (the common end is a point where the voltage is zero, it is equal to the reference node in the circuit.), and meanwhile a terminal of the actual direction of the output voltage U is higher than that of the common terminal, the actual direction of the output voltage U is from the common end to the o terminal, that is, the direction of the two terminals is opposite.  When the input voltage U+ is added between the b terminal and the common terminal, the actual direction of U and U+ is exactly the same as that of the common terminal. For the distinction, end a and end b are divided “-” and “+”, also, don't mistake them for the positivity and negativity of the voltage reference direction. The positivity and negativity of a voltage should be marked separately or as an arrow. Figure 2. Op Amp Symbols and Terminals Inverting amplifiers and non-inverting amplifiers are shown below:Figure 3. Inverting Op Amp Fig. 4 Non-inverting Op Amp Generally, the operational amplifier can be simply regarded as a high gain direct coupling voltage amplifier unit with a signal output port (Out) and two in-phase, and inverse high impedance input terminals. Thus, an operational amplifier can be used to fabricate phase, inverse, and differential amplifiers. Operational amplifier power-supply mode can be divided into two types: dual power supply and single power supply. For a dual power-supply operational amplifier, the output can be changed on both sides of the zero voltage, and the output can also be set zero at the differential input voltage of zero. As for the single power supply, an operational amplifier that uses a single power supply, a range of input variations is between the power supply and the ground. The input potential of the operational amplifier is usually higher than a certain value of negative power supply, but lower than a value of positive power supply. Specially designed operational amplifiers can allow input potentials to vary throughout the range from negative to positive power, even slightly higher than positive power supply or slightly lower than the negative source. This operational amplifier is called a rail-to-rail input operational amplifier. The output signal of the operational amplifier is proportional to the voltage difference between the two inputs. In the audio band, the output voltage = A0 (E1-E2), where A0 is the low-frequency open-loop gain of the operational amplifier, E1 is the input signal voltage at the in-phase, and E2 is the input signal voltage at the inverse phase.  III. Seven Types of Op Amp General type: Its performance parameters are suitable for general use (low frequency and slow signal change), such asμ741A, LM358 (double OP Amp), LM324, and LF356  with FET as input stage. They are the most widely used integrated operational amplifiers. High-Z type: The characteristic of this kind of amplifier is that the input impedance of differential mode is very high and the input bias current is very small, general rid > 1GΩ~1TΩ, IB is several to dozens of picoamps. The main measure to achieve these targets is to make use of the high input impedance of FET, using FET as input stage not only has high input impedance and low input bias current but also has the advantages of high speed, wideband and low noise, however,  the input offset voltage of this kind of operational amplifier is larger. Such operational amplifier have LF356, LF355, LF347, CA3130, CA3140, etc. Low-temperature drift type: In precision instruments, weak signal detection, and other automatic control instruments, the bias voltage of the operational amplifier is small and does not change with the temperature. The low-temperature drift operation amplifier is designed for this purpose. At present, the commonly used operational amplifier has OP07, OP27, OP37, AD508, and ICL7650 composed of MOSFET devices and so on. High slew-rate type: In fast A/D converter, D/A inverter, and video amplifiers, the conversion rate of the operational amplifier must be high, and the BWG of the unity gain bandwidth must be large enough. The common operational amplifier has LM318, 175A, and so on, while the SR=50~70V/us, BWG>20MHz... Low-consumption type: Due to the wide application of portable instruments, low power supply, and low power consumption must be used. Commonly used low-power operational amplifier has TL-022C, TL-160C and so on. The operating voltage is ±2V~±18V, and the current consumption is 50 ~ 250μA. At present, the power consumption of some products has reached μW level, for example, the power supply of ICL7600 is 1.5V and the power consumption is 10mW, which can be supplied by a single battery.  High voltage and power type: The output voltage of the operational amplifier is mainly limited by the power supply. In an ordinary operational amplifier, the maximum output voltage is only dozens of volts and the output current is only dozens of Ma. In order to increase the output voltage and current, the auxiliary circuit must be added to the external circuit of the operational amplifier. High-voltage and high-power operational amplifier can output high voltage and high current without any additional circuit. For example, the power supply voltage of the D41 integrated operational amplifier can reach ±150 V, and the output current of μA791 integrated operational amplifier can reach 1A.  Programmable control type: In the usage of instruments will be involved in the measurement range problem. In order to get the fixed voltage output, we must change the magnification of the operational amplifier. For example, there is an operational amplifier with a magnification of 10 times, where the input signal is 1mv, the output voltage is 10mv when the input voltage is 0.1mv, the output is just 1mv. To obtain 10mv, the magnification must be changed to 100. A programmable control operation amplifier is to solve this problem. For example, the PGA103A changes the magnification by controlling the level of pin 1 and pin 2.  IV. Op Amp Design Consideration After knowing some basic types op amps, there are some basic questions you should ask before looking for a suitable op amp. Basics:（1）What is the input signal going to look like?（2）Current-input or voltage-input?（3）What is the expected operating frequency range? Maximum range?（4）What amplitude is needed? (Typical and maximum values.)（5）What’s the impedance of the circuit it’s going into?（6）What is an acceptable output signal going to look like?（7）What is the expected range of frequencies the output signal might cover?（8）What is the expected amplitude range?（9）Will the op-amp be driving another device? If so, how much power will be needed?（10）How accurate or precise does the op-amp need to be? The operating environment:What supply voltage(s) are available?Is there a physical size limitation? You may need to make a list of packages of an acceptable size.What is your operating temperature range? Figure out a Max, Min, and Typical. Look at how the temperature affects your most critical parameters using the graphs in the datasheet. If the information you need is missing, you can contact the company or set it aside and move on to another spec that is more thorough. Buying:Are you restricted to certain manufacturers that your company deals with?Will you need to second source the op amp?What is the lifecycle of the op amp? Do not select any op amp that is Not Recommended for New Design (NRND), End of Life (EOL), or otherwise a special factory order (this might mean that it’s about to go EOL).Price might be a specification of a sort, but this should be one of the last parameters you look at when you are deciding between otherwise identical op amps. Other points:When selecting parameters, it's good to allow a margin of error on the specifications. Not every op amp will be precisely the values as listed, and op amp values change with temperature, age, and stress. Make sure the finalists in your part selection are actually for sale. “Vapor-ware” is when a manufacturer announces a part to be released in the near future, but some parts have been known as “about to release” for a year or more, depending upon the manufacturer. That’s why you second source your product, and why you confirm the product's lifecycle prior to finalizing. V. Op Amp Examples Expressions The ADC architecture, resolution, signal bandwidth, and other specific application details are at work when understanding the various types of operational amplifiers that determine the best way to choose the best amplifiers. We consider these issues in the context of driving SAR ADC in this article. SAR ADC is the mainstay of the A-D converter world. In general, this kind of ADC is located between high resolution, low-speed incremental ADC and high speed, low-resolution pipeline ADC. By virtue of its delay-free feature, SAR ADC is often a better choice than ΔΣ ADC and pipeline ADC in applications with multiplexed signals, or applications that need to implement accurate first-time conversions after an arbitrary idle cycle (such as ATE), what's more, applications where ADC is located in a loop that requires quick feedback. In most cases, the sensor output cannot be directly connected to the SAR ADC input. An amplifier is needed to obtain the optimal SNR and distortion.  SAR ADC to sample the input to the internal capacitor and to compare the input voltage with the reference voltage with a successive binary-weighted sequence. When the switch to the sampling capacitor is open, the charge is injected into the input node due to the voltage mismatch from the sampling capacitor to the input node. A simple monopole RC filter is arranged between the amplifier and ADC. It not only used to filtering high-frequency noise and aliasing components but also to absorb this injected charge. Care must be taken when selecting cutoff frequencies for such filters. Besides, the cutoff frequency should be set at a low frequency enough, which can effectively absorb the injected charge and filter the noise, but the frequency should be high enough so that the amplifier can achieve stability within the sampling time of the data converter. Since this filter can't limit noise alone, it is generally included at the amplifier input end, and a filter with a lower cut-off frequency is also installed simultaneously. Figure 5. LTC2379 18-bit 1.8Msps  Differential Input SAR ADCSINGLE-ENDED-INPUT SIGNALSINGLE-ENDED-TO-DIFFERENTIAL DRIVER  SAR ADC Drive Differential Input SAR ADC Many of the sound performance SAR ADC use differential input to maximize the dynamic range of low power supply voltage. One such example is the LTC2379-18 shown in Fig, which operates with a 2.5V power supply and a reference of up to 5V to achieve a peak-to-peak differential input range of 10V. If the input signal is differential, all that is needed to buffer the signal and drive the ADC, or maybe a low-noise, fast, and stable dual-channel operational amplifier such as LT6203. These amplifiers are configured which as unit gain buffers for the input signal provides a high impedance input. In many cases, however, the input is single-ended and must be converted to a differential signal. This task can be easily accomplished with amplifiers such as LT6350. This type of amplifier has two stages: the first stage generates a buffered non-invert input signal and the second stage generates an inverted output. If the input signal matches the input range of the ADC, the amplifier can be used to provide a high impedance buffer for the signal, as shown in the upper part of Fig. 6(a). If the signal needs to be expanded and shifted to match the input range of the ADC, it can be done as shown in Fig. 6(b) below.  In this example, a single-ended ±10V signal is converted into a differential signal from 0 to 5V (R2 and R3 are used to shift the signal, and RIN and R1 are used to expand the signal). What is often overlooked inaccurate analog circuits is the need for a high match between gain setting and level shift resistors. If a discrete resistor with 0.1% accuracy is used, the mismatch will vary with time, temperature, and common-mode voltage range, which makes it possible that it will be the main source of the fault circuit. Using precisely matched resistors such as LT5400 will help improve this situation. The amplifier needs space between the supply voltage and the output voltage. To maintain optimal accuracy and linearity, depending on the amplifier, the output must generally be within 0.5V or more of the power rail. This means that the amplifier must be provided with a power supply voltage range wider than the ADC input range, or that the ADC must accept a limited input range from the amplifier.  ADC such as LTC2379-18 includes a "digital gain compression" function. The function sets the full scale of the ADC from the inside and the difference between the ground voltage and the reference voltage is 0.5V. This allows the use of a single 5V amplifier that matches the full scale of the ADC.  Figure 6 (a): Single-to-difference conversion using LT6350 Fig. 6(b): Single-to-difference conversion using LT6350 ADC Driving Pseudo Differential ADC Another way is when converting a single-ended analog signal to a digital signal, skipping the differential conversion completely and using a new pseudo-differential ADC, such as LTC2369-18. The shortcoming is that the noise-signal ratio of SNR which up to 6dB is lost due to a smaller input range.  Besides, differential structures are inherently easier to eliminate even harmonics. However, using it also has some important advantages. The drive circuit is simpler: it can be as simple as using a low-noise, fast, stable operational amplifier, such as LT6202, while another operational amplifier and resistor are not required to establish the inverted input. Apart from using fewer groups, the power and noise of the circuit are generally low. Because a lower noise anti-aliasing filter behind the amplifier can have a higher cut-off frequency. This makes it easier for the amplifier to achieve stability within the ADC conversion time, making it a good choice in applications where successive conversions are likely to change throughout the scale, as is the case with multiplexed signals.  It is necessary to emphasize again that the space of the amplifier must be considered-the supply voltage must be far enough away from the output of the amplifier, which can drive the signal without distortion. In other words, this means that the amplifier must be provided with a negative orbit.  One way to solve this problem is to use products such as LTC6360. This new amplifier (Fig. 7) is optimized to drive the SAR ADC with an integrated ultra-low noise charging pump that generates its own internal negative voltage rail. Although it has a single positive source, this allows the output to swing to the ground, even slightly lower than the ground. The LTC6360 maintains excellent accuracy (250V misalignment, 2.3nV/Hz noise) and is fast and stable (16-bit, 150ns). Figure 7. When using a single power source, the LTC6360 wobbles to 0V  VI. ConclusionSeveral amplifier topologies can be used to drive SAR ADC. The best choice depends on the input signal, ADC input architecture, and application details, such as whether the input signal is multiplexed. Factors to be weighed include power, complexity, performance, and speed (conversion rate and stabilization time). Choosing an op-amp requires matching your requirement to the op-amp datasheet. Blindly assuming that any op-amp will work in any circuit is only going to result in frustration and disappointment. What's more, using the right op-amp can allow you to do things you never thought were possible.  FAQ 1. What is operational amplifier and its types?An operational amplifier (op amp) is an analog circuit block that takes a differential voltage input and produces a single-ended voltage output. Op amps usually have three terminals: two high-impedance inputs and a low-impedance output port. 2. Why is it called operational amplifier?Op-amp stands for operational amplifier. ... Originally, op-amps were so named because they were used to model the basic mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, integration, differentiation, etc. in electronic analog computers. In this sense a true operational amplifier is an ideal circuit element. 3. What is the difference between amplifier and operational amplifier?Amplifiers can be either electronic or mechanical in common definition whereas operational amplifiers are electronic amplifiers. Amplifiers, in general, have a limited capability of amplifying DC signals but all op-amps are capable of amplifying DC signals. 4. What is the main function of operational amplifier?An operational amplifier is an integrated circuit that can amplify weak electric signals. An operational amplifier has two input pins and one output pin. Its basic role is to amplify and output the voltage difference between the two input pins. 5. What are the advantages of operational amplifier?Advantages: 1. increased circuit stability2. increased input impedance 3. decreased output impedance 4. increased frequency bandwidth at constant gain. 6. What are op amps used for in real life?Op amps are widely used in amplifiers oscillators, filters, comparators, integrators and differentiation,voltage regulator, current regulator. Non linear applications include precision rectified log amplifier . It is also used in analog to digital and digital to analog converter. 7. Where are operational amplifiers used?Operational amplifiers are linear devices that have all the properties required for nearly ideal DC amplification and are therefore used extensively in signal conditioning, filtering or to perform mathematical operations such as add, subtract, integration and differentiation. 8. What is an ideal operational amplifier?Operational amplifier: The ideal op amp is an amplifier with infinite input impedance, infinite open-loop gain, zero output impedance, infinite bandwidth, and zero noise. It has positive and negative inputs which allow circuits that use feedback to achieve a wide range of functions. 9. Why op-amps are better than transistors?1 Answer. A transistor is a single electronic element. ... An operational amplifier is the equivalent of many transistors and is thus able to perform much better than a single transistor (e.g. higher input impedance, lower output impedance, higher gain, differential inputs and/or differential outputs, etc.). 10. Why does an operational amplifier need a power supply?Operational amplifiers have two power supply rails because they usually need to swing bipolar - output voltages that go either positive or negative in response to the normal range of input signals. ... Without the dual supplies the output signal would clip at the ground potential. 11. How op-amp can be used as a differentiator?An op-amp differentiator is an inverting amplifier, which uses a capacitor in series with the input voltage. ... Differentiators have frequency limitations while operating on sine wave inputs; the circuit attenuates all low frequency signal components and allows only high frequency components at the output. 12. Is an op amp a transistor?Well for starters, an op amp is simply a combination of transistors, so by varying the transistor you can get different properties. One thing to also remember is that op amps are class A amplifiers which basically means that they are always on and therefore drawing power which can be undesirable. 13. Why is op amp a versatile device?Op Amps or operational amplifiers, are fundamental building blocks in electronic design, mainly because these analog integrated circuits (ICs) are very versatile. ... The term “differential amplifier,” for instance, simply means that the op amp will try to amplify any difference between the signals. 14. Does op amp need ground?An Op Amp inverting input (-) is at zero potential (A virtual ground), even though it does not have a galvanic connection to ground. 15. What is the difference between real ground and virtual ground?Real ground is when a terminal is connected physically to the ground or earth. where as virtual ground is a concept used in Op-Amps in which a node is assumed to have the potential that of the ground terminal.   You May Also LikeOperational Amplifier(OP Amp) TutorialAbout Operational Amplifier LM358: 24 Classical CircuitsA Load Insensitive High-Power Balanced Power Amplifier

IntroductionThe audio power amplifier is a device used to drive the speaker to produce sound, thereby reproducing the sound. It is used in all electronic products that produce sound, which amplifies the smaller audio signal, increases its power, and then outputs it. Pre-amplification mainly used for small signals, and amplifies the voltage of the input audio small signals by using a non-inverting amplifier circuit to obtain the input required by the latter stage. The latter stage mainly amplifies the power so that it can drive the resistor to obtain the required audio.Making an Audio Power AmplifierCatalogIntroductionⅠ What is Power Amplifier Distortion?Ⅱ Types of Audio Power Amp Distortion2.1 Harmonic Distortion (THD)2.2 Intermodulation Distortion (IMD)2.3 Transient Distortion 2.4 AC Interface DistortionⅢ ConclusionⅣ FAQⅠ What is Power Amplifier Distortion?Distortion is the phenomenon that the input signal and the output signal change in the amplitude proportional relationship, phase relationship and waveform shape. The distortion of audio power amplifiers is divided into electrical distortion and acoustic distortion. The former is caused by the circuit, and the latter is caused by the speaker of the sound reproduction device. The types of electrical distortion are: harmonic distortion, intermodulation distortion, and transient distortion. The acoustic distortion is mainly the distortion of the AC interface. According to the nature, there are nonlinear distortion and linear distortion.Linear distortion refers to the change in the amplitude and phase relationship between signal frequency components, and only the amplitude and phase distortion of the waveform appear. The characteristic of it is that no new frequency components are generated.Figure 1. Linear DistortionNon-linear distortion means that the signal waveform has been distorted and new frequency components have been generated.  Ⅱ Types of Audio Power Amp DistortionThe main points of distortion produced by audio power amplifiers are as follows:2.1 Harmonic Distortion (THD)🔸What is THD?This distortion is caused by non-linear components in the circuit. After the signal passes through these components, new frequency components (harmonics) are generated, which affect the original signal. The characteristic of this distortion is the input signal waveform inconsistent with the shape of the output signal. That is, the waveform is distorted. The following is a specific analysis.Harmonic distortion refers to the more harmonic components of the output signal than the input signal. It is caused by a system that is not completely linear. The sum of all additional harmonic levels is called total harmonic distortion, which is related to frequency. Generally speaking, at a frequency of 1000Hz, the distortion is the smallest. So many products confirm the distortion at this frequency as a indicator.Harmonic distortion is actually the distortion of the sound when the speaker reproduces the sound due to the resonance phenomenon that occurs during the working process of the speaker. Although only the fundamental frequency signal in the speaker is the original sound signal, due to the inevitable resonance phenomenon (the second, third and even multiple harmonics are generated on the basis of the original sound wave), there is no longer only the fundamental frequency signal in the sound signal, but also includes harmonics and their frequency multiplier components. These frequency multiplied signals will cause distortion when the speaker is playing. For ordinary speakers, a certain harmonic signal component is allowed, but it must be a prerequisite that it does not have a large impact on the sound fundamental frequency signal output.The total harmonic distortion usually expressed as a percentage. Generally speaking, the smaller the value, the better. Generally speaking, the THD value of high-quality equipment is very low (less than 0.002%), but there are exceptions. Many electronic tube devices have very high THD, but transistor devices must have low THD because their excess harmonics can make the sound uncomfortable.🔸How to Calculate THD?In the above formula, G represents the effective value of the harmonic component. It will be replaced by I when expressing current and U when expressing voltage as required. The value of H is given in each standard related to the limit. According to the above definition, THD does not include interharmonics, and there is a fixed upper limit of harmonics.In the above formula, Q is the total effective value, and Q1 is the fundamental effective value, which can represent the voltage or the current. According to the above definition, THD includes interharmonics and DC components.🔸How to Reduce THD?The main ways to reduce harmonic distortion are: 1) Apply an appropriate amount of negative feedback. 2) Choose amplifiers with high characteristic frequency, low noise figure and good linearity. 3) Increase the power reserve of the power supply and improve the filtering performance of it. 2.2 Intermodulation Distortion (IMD)🔸What is IMD?This distortion is usually produced by active devices in the circuit (such as transistors and tubes). Two or more signals of different frequencies pass through an amplifier or speaker to produce beats and form new frequency components. The magnitude of the distortion is related to the output power. Since these newly generated frequency components have no similarity with the original signal, the less intermodulation distortion is also easy to be noticed by the human ear.🔸How to Calculate IMD?The excitation signal used in the measurement technique of IMD is more than a single simple sinusoidal signal. In the fields of professional audio, broadcasting and consumer audio, two sine waves are used as excitation signals to measure it. When any two sine signals with frequencies of F1 and F2 are applied to the nonlinear device, the original two sine waves will be generated plus countless IMD terms, that is, countless combined frequency components, as shown in the following formula: mF1±nF2Where m and n are any positive integers. The order of any particular IMD value is the sum of m and n. The order of some terms are listed below:F1-F2 2nd order (even order)F1+F2 2nd order (even order)2F1-F2 3rd order (odd order)F1-2F2 3rd order (odd order)2F1+F2 3rd order (odd order)3F1-F2 4th order (even order)3F1+2F2 5th order (odd order)…….The above "odd" and "even" refer to whether m+n is odd or even.The measurement method of IMD is actually the measurement of harmonic voltage components, and its formula is:Where, F1 is high frequency, F2 is low frequency.🔸How to Reduce IMD?Methods to reduce intermodulation distortion: 1) Use electronic frequency division to limit the working bandwidth of the amplifier circuit or loudspeaker, thereby reducing the generation of beats. 2) Choose a tube or circuit structure with good linearity. 2.3 Transient Distortion Transient distortion is an important indicator of modern acoustics. It reflects the ability of the power amplifier circuit to keep track of transient signals, so it is also called transient response. This kind of distortion makes music lack level or transparency, and there are two forms of expression:🔸A. Transient Intermodulation Distortion (TIM)When inputting a pulsed transient signal, the output terminal cannot get the proper output voltage immediately due to the capacitance in the circuit, and the negative feedback circuit cannot get a timely response. The amplifier is in an open loop state at this moment, making the output instantaneous. Clipping occurs due to overload. This clipping distortion is called transient intermodulation distortion, and it is more serious on transistor machines.Transient intermodulation distortion is a dynamic indicator of the power amplifier, which is mainly caused by the deep negative feedback inside the power amplifier. It will affect the sound quality of the stone machine and cause "transistor noise" and "metal noise".The main methods to reduce this distortion are as follows: 1) The TIM can be eliminated by controlling the gain within the delay time of the negative feedback amplifier. 2) Multistage negative feedback can be used, so it is not easy to cause TIM due to fast feedback time and short path.3) Take well anti-interference measures.🔸B. Distortion Caused by Too Low Conversion RateAs mentioned above, high-level input pulses cause the amplifier to clip and then cause transient intermodulation distortion. Will low-level input pulses cause distortion? It depends on the response time of the amplifier. Because the response time of the amplifier is too long, the change of the output signal of the amplifier cannot keep up with the rapid change of the input signal. The transient distortion is caused by the low conversion rate. It reflects the response speed of the amplifier to the signal. This low-distortion amplifier has very good sound quality resolution, layering and positioning. 2.4 AC Interface DistortionThe distortion of the AC interface is caused by the back EMF of the speaker (the electric potential generated by cutting the magnetic lines of force when the speaker sounds vibration) feedback to the circuit.The improving methods are:1) Reduce the output impedance of the circuit.2) Choose a suitable speaker to make the damping coefficient more reasonable.3) Reduce the internal resistance of the power supply. Ⅲ ConclusionFor different types of audio power amplifiers, due to the differences the circuit itself, their sound is different. Transistor power amplifiers are affected by odd harmonic distortion and transient intermodulation distortion, and the sound will be cold, straightforward, burr or metallic. The sound of the tube amplifier is warm, thick, and stretched. So far, the electronic tube is still the active amplifier device with the best linearity and the smallest native distortion, and the transistor cannot be compared. But in fact, the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the tube power amplifier is several orders of magnitude larger than that of the transistor power amplifier. This is because it is difficult to add sufficient negative feedback to improve the linearity of the tube power amplifier. Most of these non-linear distortions are even harmonics that are pleasing to the ears, but they make people feel pleasant to the ears. The transistor power amplifier uses a large loop deep negative feedback to significantly improve the linearity. Due to the stability requirements, a compensation capacitor is introduced as the main pole. However, it may cause a problem of poor transient response. With the advancement of technology, the sound quality of integrated chip audio power amplifiers is getting closer and closer, even surpassing the above two types of power amplifiers, and it also has obvious advantages in terms of volume, cost, and scope of application. Ⅳ FAQ1. What is power amp distortion?The short answer is that power amp distortion derives from overloading/distorting an amplifier's power section. After the preamp portion of an amplifier is 'done' with the signal, it is then passed on to the phase inverter and out to the amp's power tubes. 2. Why is my amp distortion?You can create distortion by merely increasing the volume of your guitar and setting the input gain high enough on your amplifier. This combination of volume and preamp gain will create distortion as explained above, the gain exceeding the voltage capacity, causing the sound waves to clip. 3. Is amp distortion better than pedal distortion?Distortion pedals are considered more versatile with more parameters to shape your ideal sound. Their downfall is that some cheap pedals can sound unnatural. In contrast, the majority valve amp distortion provides a more, smoother, and overall, more well-rounded distortion. 4. How do I adjust the distortion on my amp?Turn knobs marked "gain" or "overdrive" all the way up. Turn other volume knobs down to get the loudness you want. Once you've proved you can get heavy distortion, dial things back to find the tone you want. Some amps won't distort at low volumes. 5. Do amps have built in distortion?The answer to the question do all guitar amps have distortion is no; not all guitar amps have distortion. In fact, there are different categories you could place guitar amps in depending on how they generate their distortion. 6. Does preamp reduce distortion?Preamp distortion generally offers higher gain than power amp distortion and is more compressed and smoother, with higher sustain at lower volume levels. ... In general, vintage-style amps sound best when driven into power amp distortion — depending on the amp, its preamp may not even be able to distort. 7. Do tube amps need distortion pedals?Most tube amps won't need a distortion pedal, digital or otherwise. When an amp has both a dirty (gain) and a clean channel, this allows you to dial your distorted tones along with whatever clean sound you might want to use. 8. Can you use a distortion pedal without an amp?Most modern multi-effects pedals have a jack where you can plug in any speakers or headphones. This means you can play an electric guitar without an amp by using a multi-effects pedal. Simply plug your guitar into a suitable multi-effects pedal and plug headphones or speakers into the pedal. 9. What amp is good for distortion?Top 5 Amps for Creating Clean and Distortion Sounds1) Orange Micro Terror2) Blackstar HT1R3) Peavey Vypyr VIP 14) Fender Champion 205) Marshall MG50CFX 10. Why is my audio distorted?The most common reason for distortion is an input overload like the microphone overload mentioned above. Mic'ing an instrument, or even a vocal, is more than sticking a microphone right up to the sound source. ... A distorted sound can be resolved by placing a greater distance between the sound source and the microphone.

 Kynix Semiconductor Limited, a professional independent distributor of electronic components, recently announced that it would attend PCIM Europe. The exhibition will be held at Nuremberg Exhibition Center in Germany from Tuesday, May 9th to Thursday, May 11th, 2023. Kynix will show its strength in the sales channels, after-sales service, quality-inspection ability, brand marketing, etc. in the exhibition, at HALL 7 BOOTH 650. PCIM Europe 2023 is the leading exhibition for power electronics and its applications, and also the largest power semiconductor exhibition in the world. Since its inception, the show has provided a professional communication platform for a wide range of professionals from the field of power electronics and their drive skills. The exhibits range from sensor components to development software, power quality, power supplies and more. Enterprises participating in this exhibition come from all over the world. Kynix is honored to be one of the participating brands. Kynix is a professional independent distributor of electronic components, with broad and smooth supply channels and a strong inventory of electronic  components. Based on guaranteed quality and firm professionalism, Kynix's achievements are increasingly recognized by the industry. After years of development, Kynix has become an important force in the electronic power market. Kynix adheres to the business philosophy of quality first, honesty and trustworthiness, and strives to become a leader in the electronic power industry. Since its establishment in 2008, Kynix has won great praise from global electronics manufacturers in terms of providing high-quality components and supply chain management services. Based on the good reputation passed down by word of mouth, Kynix has cooperated with a wider range of customers and has established good cooperative relationships with more and more suppliers. In the future, Kynix will also work with more partners to promote the prosperity and development of the industry. Attending PCIM Europe will not only prove Kynix's highly competitive development advantages, but also further enrich Kynix's overseas service network, and help Kynix establish and develop cooperation opportunities with more peers. Here Kynix sincerely invites all new and old customers who are interested in deep cooperation with electronic component distributors to come to the exhibition. Kynix will be waiting for you at HALL 7 BOOTH 650. Kynix will show you its corporate culture and win together with more partners.

From 9 to 11 May 2023, the three-day PCIM Europe 2023 was held in Nuremberg, Germany. This annual event attracts many enterprises at home and abroad. Kynix, a trusted distributor of electronic components for suppliers and customers, appeared at the exhibition intending to gain new customers and open up new business opportunities. It is understood that as many as 515 brands are participating in this year's PCIM Europe 2023 exhibition, with an exhibition area of 25,000 square meters. More than 12,000 visitors came to the Nuremberg Exhibition Center. This exhibition is an international exhibition that enjoys a good reputation in the power electronics industry. It has a large scale and a wide range of influence and provides a communication platform for relevant people in the industry. Every year, the exhibition will set up wonderful forums, such as Industry Forums, Exhibitor Forums, E-mobility & Energy Storage Forums, and various high-quality presentations are also one of the highlights of PCIM Europe. Every participant can get information about the new trends in the field of power electronics, the latest product innovations of participating companies, and so on. Infineon, STMicroelectronics, Texas Instruments (German company), Nexperia, and other well-known electronic and power companies all participated in the exhibition, competing to highlight their enthusiasm for participation. Many well-known enterprises at home and abroad focus on exhibiting semiconductors, sensors, power supplies, diodes, and other related products in the field of power electronics. During the exhibition, Kynix attracted a lot of visitors. Kynix always communicated with the exhibitors with enthusiasm. As a leading distributor of electronic components, Kynix has risen rapidly in the fierce market competition by virtue of its business philosophy of "best products, best reputation, best efficiency, best service, and reasonable price" and its advantages in the workshop, management system, supply channels and other aspects. Taking advantage of PCIM Europe 2023, Kynix shares its strengths, strengths and culture with its global customers, with a view to establishing more win-win cooperation relationships. PCIM Europe 2023 is an industry feast and a harvest trip. At this exhibition, Kynix exchanged, communicated, and negotiated with new and old customers, which further enhanced the brand's popularity and influence. Kynix is committed to showing its superior development attractiveness and strong supply chain service strength to customers around the world. While showing Kynix's brand advantages, it will let more people know about Kynix's corporate culture, so that they can trust and cooperate with Kynix more.

Recently, JSCJ has reached a collaboration agreement with Kynix, authorizing Kynix as an authorized distributor for JSCJ, effective from January 1, 2024, to December 31, 2024. As an authorized distributor for JSCJ, Kynix will uphold a professional attitude and innovative spirit, continuously providing users with high-quality products and services.About JSCJJSCJ plays a significant role in the development of the semiconductor industry in China. The company focuses on the design, development, and production of various semiconductor products, including diodes, transistors, and lithium protection chips. With advanced production processes and equipment, JSCJ possesses outstanding capabilities in technology innovation and product quality.About KynixKynix is a well-known electronic components distributor and supply chain solutions provider. As one of the leading global electronic component distributors, Kynix is committed to providing customers with a wide range of electronic components and professional supply chain services. Kynix offers an extensive product line, including integrated circuits (ICs), sensors, memory modules, connectors, capacitors, resistors, switches, and more. The company collaborates with numerous renowned electronic component manufacturers and brands to ensure the delivery of high-quality and reliable products to customers.The collaboration between Kynix and JSCJ will bring more opportunities and value to customers. We will leverage the strengths and resources of both parties to strengthen supply chain cooperation, enhance product reliability, and improve delivery efficiency.

Recently, XKB Connectivity and Kynix signed an agency authorization agreement, where Kynix will be the authorized agent of XKB Connectivity from December 4, 2023 to December 3, 2024. XKB Connectivity and Kynix will work together to provide excellent products and services to customers.About XKB Connectivity XKB Connectivity is a global company supplying standard and custom interconnect components, dedicated to providing high-performance interconnect components and related services to customers worldwide. As a leading provider of interconnect solutions, XKB Connectivity has established an excellent reputation in the electronics industry.About Kynix Technology Kynix Technology is a global leading electronic components distributor headquartered in Shenzhen, China. As a professional electronic components supplier, Kynix Technology offers various types of electronic components, including integrated circuits (ICs), sensors, connectors, memory, processors, covering a wide range of applications. With its extensive product line, strong supply chain capabilities, and professional customer service, Kynix Technology has earned the trust and praise of customers worldwide. They continuously pursue excellence, enhance their competitiveness, and strive to be the preferred partner in the field of electronic components for customers. This collaboration is significant for Kynix Technology and XKB Connectivity. Through close cooperation, we will provide customers with more innovative and reliable semiconductor products to meet the ever-changing market demands.