Warm hints: The word in this article is about 5400 words and reading time is about 25 minutes This article is equal to a comprehensive course about automobile sensors which including the basic introduction of automobile sensors, their types, applications, functions, and market analysis, etc. Electronic technology has become the leading factor in the direction of the development of a new generation of automobiles, and sensors are the core components of electronic technology. More and more modern cars have used sensors more and more, in order to improve the economic, dynamic and emission performance of automobile engines, improve the braking performance, steering performance and safety performance of the vehicle. The key to achieve these goals lies in the electronic and intelligent vehicle, the prerequisite is the timely acquisition of all kinds of information, which is bound to require a large number of sensors in the car. Catalogs I. An Overview of Automobile Sensors II. The Development History of Automobile Sensors III. Types of Automobile Sensors and Their Functions IV. Sensors Used in Automobile Engines and Their Functions 4.1 Automobile Temperature Sensor 4.2 Automobile Pressure Sensor 4.3 Air Flow Sensor 4.4 Fuel Flow Sensor 4.5 Engine Speed Sensor 4.6 Gas Concentration Sensor-oxygen Sensor V. Application of Vehicle Sensor in Vehicle Chassis Electronic Control System VI. Sensor Application in Automobile Safety System VII. Other Major Automotive Sensors VIII. Automotive Sensors Market Size--Its Market Trend FAQ I. An Overview of Automobile Sensors The automobile sensor is the input device of the automobile computer system. It takes all kinds of working condition information in the car, such as speed, temperature of various medium, engine operation condition and so on, and convert it into the device or device that can be input signal according to certain law. Simply speaking, the sensor transfers the non electric quantity to the electrical signal to transmit to the ECU, so that the car is in the best working state. An Overview of Automobile Sensors In modern automotive electronic control, sensors are widely used in various systems of engine, chassis, and body. Automobile sensors are responsible for the acquisition and transmission of information in these systems. The information collected by the sensors is processed by the computer (electronic control unit), and the instructions sent to the actuator are formed to complete the electronic control. The sensor is a very important device in the electronic control and self-diagnosis system. It can identify the changes in the outside world and the changes of the system itself in time and then control the work of the system itself according to the information of the change. Each system control process relies on sensors to feedback information and achieves automatic control. Automotive sensors usually consist of three parts: sensing element, converting element, and measuring circuit. （1）the sensitive element is the part that can be measured directly (or response), and is about to be converted into a non electric or other quantity that is determined to be determined by the sensing element of the sensor. （2）the conversion element converts the above non electric quantity into electrical parameters. （3）The function of the measurement circuit is to convert the electrical parameters input by the conversion element to the measurable quantity of voltage, current, or frequency, in order to display, record, control and handle the parts. Measurement circuit The sensor is at the interface between the research object and the test system, namely the first of detection and control. The sensor is a window to perceive, obtain and detect information. All the information obtained in the process of scientific research and automated production must be obtained by the sensor and converted into an easy transmission and processing electrical signal. Its role and status are particularly important. The following figure is the list of correspondence between the human body and machine, which helps us further understand its function. In modern automotive electronic control, sensors are widely used in various systems of engine, chassis, and body. The vehicle sensors are responsible for the acquisition and transmission of information in these systems. The computer (electronic control unit ECU) sends out instructions to the actuator after the signal is processed in a hurry, and the electronic control is implemented. The sensor is a very important device in the electronic control and self-diagnosis system. It can identify the changes in the outside world and the changes of the system itself in time and then control the work of the system according to the information of the change. Each system control process relies on sensors to feedback information and achieves automatic control. II. The Development History of Automobile Sensors In the 1960s, there were only oil pressure sensors, oil sensors, and water temperature sensors on cars. They were connected with meters or indicator lights. After the 1970s, in order to control emissions, a number of sensors were added to help control the vehicle's power system, as the catalytic converters, electronic ignition, and fuel injection devices needed to maintain a certain air-fuel ratio to control emissions during the same period. Until the 1980s, ABS and airbags improved vehicle safety. The Development History of Automobile Sensors Sensors are used today to determine the temperature and pressure of various fluids, such as intake temperature, air inlet pressure, cooling water temperature, and fuel injection pressure, and sensors used to determine the speed and position of various parts (such as speed, throttle opening, camshaft, crankshaft, angle and speed of the transmission, the position of the exhaust recirculation valve (EGR), etc.); and for measurement. Sensors for engine load, detonation, broken fire, and oxygen content in exhaust gas; sensors to determine the seat position; sensors to determine wheel speed, road elevation difference, and tire pressure in the anti-lock braking system and suspension control device; and to protect the airbags of the front occupants, not only need more collision sensors and acceleration sensors. The researchers also use the anti-collision sensors (ranging radar or other ranging sensors) to determine and control the lateral acceleration of the car, the instantaneous speed of each wheel and the required torque, so that the braking system is a part of the vehicle stability control system. III. Types of Automobile Sensors and Their Functions （1）According to the relationship of energy, sensors can be classified into two types: active and passive based on their energy relations. Most of the sensors used in cars belong to passive sensors, which require additional input power to produce electrical signals, so the sensor is actually an energy controller. （2）According to the classification of signal conversion according to the signal conversion classification, it can be divided into one kind of non electricity conversion into another kind of non electricity, such as elastic sensitive element and pneumatic sensor; the other is the transducer converted from non electricity to electricity, such as thermocouple temperature sensor, piezoelectric accelerometer and so on. （3）Classification according to input quantity according to input quantity is classified according to the measurement, which can be divided into displacement, velocity, acceleration, angular displacement, angular velocity, force, torque, pressure, vacuum degree, temperature, current, gas composition, concentration sensor and so on. For example, the following air flow sensor: Air flow sensor （4）According to the working principle classification according to the working principle of the sensor, there are resistance, capacitance, strain, inductance, photoelectric, photosensitive, piezoelectric, thermoelectric sensor, etc. （5）According to the output signal classification, according to the sensor output signal, there are analog and digital sensors. Simulation system adoption and digital system adoption IV. Sensors Used in Automobile Engines and Their Functions Electronic control of engines has been considered to be one of the main technology fields of automobiles. The sensor of engine control system is the core of the whole automobile sensor, and there are many kinds, including temperature sensor, pressure sensor, position and speed sensor, flow sensor, gas concentration sensor and detonation sensor, etc. These sensors provide the engine's work condition information to the engine's electronic control unit for accurate control of the engine working condition, in order to improve engine power, reduce fuel consumption, reduce exhaust emissions and perform fault detection. Sensors Used in Automatic Inductive Door 4.1 Automobile Temperature Sensor Temperature sensor like automobile temperature sensor is mainly used to detect engine temperature, suction gas temperature, cooling water temperature, fuel temperature, and catalytic temperature. Water temperature state indicatior The temperature sensor has three main types: thermistor, wire wound resistor, and thermal couple resistor. These three types of sensors have their own characteristics, and their applications are also slightly different. The thermistor temperature sensor has high sensitivity and good response characteristics, but it has poor linearity and low temperature. Among them, the universal temperature range is -50 C to 30 C, the precision is 1.5%, the response time is 10ms, the high-temperature type is 600 to 1000, the precision is 5%, the response time is 10ms; the precision of the wire-wound resistance temperature sensor is high, but the response characteristic is poor; the precision of the thermocouple resistance temperature sensor is high and the temperature range is wide, but it needs to be used together with the amplifier and cold end treatment. Other practical products have ferric oxygen sensor (temperature range from -40 to 120, 2%), metal or semiconductor membrane air temperature sensor (temperature range from -40 to 150, 2%, 5%, response time 20ms). 4.2 Automobile Pressure Sensor The pressure sensor is the most used sensor in automobiles. It is mainly used to detect air pressure of airbags, the fluid pressure of transmission system, injection pressure, engine oil pressure, inlet pipe pressure, the fluid pressure of air filtration system, and so on. At present, the more commonly used vehicle pressure sensors are capacitive, piezoresistive, differential transformer, and surface acoustic wave. The capacitive pressure sensor is mainly used to detect negative pressure, hydraulic pressure, and air pressure. The measurement range is 20kPa to 100kPa. Its characteristics are high input energy, good dynamic response characteristics, and good environmental adaptability. The performance of the piezoresistive pressure sensor is affected by temperature, and it needs another temperature compensation circuit, but it is suitable for mass production; the differential transformer type pressure sensor has a large loss. The acoustic surface wave pressure sensor has the characteristics of small volume, lightweight, low power, low power, high reliability, high sensitivity, high resolution, and digital output. It can be used in the pressure detection of the automobile air suction valve and can work steadily at high temperatures. 4.3 Air Flow Sensor The flow sensor is mainly used for measuring the airflow and fuel flow of the engine. The intake volume is one of the basic parameters for fuel injection calculation. The Mass Air Flow Sensor (MAF) is a computer-controlled sensor that calculates the volume and density of the air taken in by the engine. This in turn ensures the right amount of fuel is used for optimized operating conditions. If this sensor is faulty, the car may stall and the fuel usage will be higher than necessary. The function of the airflow sensor is to perceive the size of the airflow and transform it into an electrical signal to transmit to the electronic control unit of the engine. The measurement of airflow is used in the engine control system to determine combustion conditions, control air-fuel ratio, start, and ignition. There are 4 types of airflow sensors: rotary wing, Carmen vortex, hot wire, and hot film. The main technical indicators of the airflow sensor are: the working range is 0.11m3/min to 103m3/min, the working temperature is -40 to 120 degrees, and the accuracy is more than 1%. 4.4 Fuel Flow Sensor The fuel flow sensor is used to detect the flow rate of fuel, mainly with a water wheel and circulating ball. The dynamic range is 0 ~ 60kg/h, the working temperature is -40 to 120, the precision is 1%, and the response time is < 10ms. The position and speed sensor of position and speed sensor crankshaft and speed sensor is mainly used to detect engine crankshaft angle, engine speed, throttle opening, speed, and so on. It provides a reference point signal for ignition time and injection time and provides an engine speed signal at the same time. 4.5 Engine Speed Sensor Engine Speed Sensor is attached to the crankshaft and monitors the spinning speed of the crankshaft, which controls the fuel injection and timing of the engine. Electromagnetic crankshaft position sensor At present, the position and speed sensors used in automobile are mainly AC generator type, magnetoresistance type, Holzer effect type, reed switch type, optical type, semiconductor magnetic transistor and so on. The measurement range is from 0 to 360 degrees, the precision is better than 0.5 degrees, and the bending angle is up to 0.1 degrees. There are many kinds of speed sensors, such as sensitive wheel rotation, sensitive power transmission shaft and sensitive differential driven shaft. When the speed of the vehicle is higher than 100km/h, the general measurement error is larger. The non contact photoelectric speed sensor should be used, the speed range is 0.5km/h to 250km/h, the repetition precision is 0.1%, and the distance measurement error is better than 0.3%. 4.6 Gas Concentration Sensor-oxygen Sensor A gas concentration sensor is mainly used to detect gas and exhaust emissions in vehicle bodies. The most important thing is the oxygen sensor. It detects the oxygen content in the exhaust gas of the car. According to the oxygen concentration in the exhaust, the air-fuel ratio is measured, and the feedback signal is sent to the microcomputer control device to control the air-fuel ratio to converge to the theoretical value. The commonly used germanium oxide sensors (using the temperature of -40 to 900, 1%), chromium oxide concentration cell type gas sensor (using temperature 300 to 800 C), solid electrolyte chromium oxide gas sensor (using temperature 0~400, precision 0.5%), and two oxide oxygen sensor and two oxidation oxygen sensor. The Oxygen sensor measures the amount of unburdening oxygen that is present in the exhaust pipe and will indicate if the fuel is burning rich or lean. A faulty oxygen sensor will cause the car to idle poorly and jerk as well as cause high fuel consumption. Gas concentration sensor Compared with the germanium oxide sensor, the titanium dioxide oxygen sensor has characteristics like basic structure, lightness, cheapness, and strong resistance to lead pollution. The two zirconia micro ion sensor consists of calcium oxide stable oxidation plasma, porous platinum thick film working electrode, palladium/oxidation, and thick film parameter electrode, water layer, electrode contact, and guard layer. titanium dioxide oxygen sensor Among them, the stable oxidation of calcium oxide is deposited by reactive sputtering. Working electrodes and reference electrodes are made by thick film technology. The output voltage of the ideal A/F point is abrupt, the ratio of air to air is higher, the output voltage of the oxygen sensor decreases when the oxygen concentration is added in the exhaust gas; when the air-fuel ratio becomes lower and the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas decreases, the output voltage of the oxygen sensor is increased. The electronic control unit recognizes the mutation signal and corrections the injection volume, so as to adjust the air-fuel ratio accordingly and make it change near the ideal air-fuel ratio. At present, the NOx sensor is more and more strict for the diesel exhaust emission of NOx and PM. To cope with this limitation, it is not enough to improve the combustion mode of diesel engines. Therefore, post-processing technology is more and more valued. The selective reduction catalyst (SCR) method is one of the NOx purification techniques. The NOx in the tail gas can be selectively adsorbed to the catalyst. By spraying urea to the catalyst, the NOx can be decomposed into nitrogen, water, and discharge by reduction reaction. The sensor in urea SCR can detect whether the dosage of urea water needed for SCR is suitable. This sensor is essential for reducing agents using nitrogen oxides (NOx) as urea water purifiers. Knock sensor detonation sensor is used to detect engine vibration, by adjusting ignition advance angle and avoiding detonation. Detonation can be detected in three ways, namely cylinder pressure detection, engine block vibration, and combustion noise. The detonation sensors have magnetostrictive and piezoelectricity. The use temperature of the magnetostrictive detonation sensor is -40 C ~125 C and the frequency range is 5~10kHz; the piezoelectric detonation sensor has a sensitivity of 200mV/g at the center frequency 5.417kHz and has good linearity in the range of 0.1g~10g. titanium dioxide oxygen sensor has characteristics like basic structure, lightness, cheapness, and strong resistance to lead pollution. The two zirconia micro ion sensor consists of calcium oxide stable oxidation plasma, porous platinum thick film working electrode, palladium/oxidation, and thick film parameter electrode, water layer, electrode contact, and guard layer. V. Application of Vehicle Sensor in Vehicle Chassis Electronic Control System Chassis sensors are sensors distributed in the transmission control system, the suspension control system, the power steering system, and the braking system. They are different in different systems, but the working principle is the same as the sensor in the engine, which is mainly used in the following. Suspension sensors are used to control and control vehicle dynamics by interfering and adjusting the characteristics of vehicle suspension components. The continuous damping control system (ADC) consists of 4 control units, CAN, 4 wheel vertical acceleration sensors, 4 body vertical acceleration sensors, and 4 damper proportional valves. According to the vehicle movement and the information detected by these sensors, the optimal damping coefficient of each wheel suspension damper is calculated, the height of the car is adjusted automatically, the change of the vehicle posture is suppressed, and the control of vehicle comfort, handling stability and driving stability is realized. The system is realized by the electronic control of the steering angle of the wheel. The common system has the active front-wheel power steering system ESP, the active front-wheel superposition steering system AFS, and the active rear-wheel steering system RWS. The sensors used mainly include the speed sensor, engine speed sensor, torque sensor, and so on, which make use of these sensors to make the power steering control system realize steering control light, improve response characteristic, reduce engine loss, increase output power, save fuel and so on. Whether it is ESP, AFS, or RWS, the principle of it is the driver's manipulation instruction, which senses the condition of the road surface by the sensor, and passes the network to the electronic controller and the actuator in the form of the electrical signal. （1）The anti-lock braking sensor of the ABS system mainly uses the wheel angular velocity sensor to detect wheel speed. When the slip rate of each wheel is 20%, the brake oil pressure is controlled, the braking performance is improved, and the vehicle handling and stability are ensured. In this system, the wheel speed sensor is a very important part of ABS. It needs to provide reliable and precise wheel speed to ECU in time. The sensors have electromagnetic, Holzer, and magnetoresistance. （2）TCS system, when the driving torque of the vehicle driving wheel is too large, the driving wheel will move relative to the ground. It is generally hoped that the slip rate of the driving wheel should not exceed 20%. This system of control for driving wheel skating is called the TCS system. It is developed on the basis of ABS. In most cars, TCS and ABS share an ECU. They identify and judge the driving condition of a vehicle based on the signal input by sensors. （3）ESP electronic stabilization system ESP is an active safety system with good maneuverability and direction stability by adjusting the size and matching of the longitudinal force of the wheel to control the yaw motion of the car. The basic principle of ESP is to identify the expected motion state of a driver by means of sensors and operational logic. In order to identify the driver's expectation of the car and know the actual motion state of the car, the ESP system needs more sensors than ABS and TCS. They are hydraulic sensors of steering wheel sensor, vehicle yaw rate sensor, lateral acceleration sensor, and brake master cylinder. VI. Sensor Application in Automobile Safety System Safety is the primary factor for automobile consideration, and there are many sensors for safety, such as micro accelerometers for automobile airbags, surface micromachined gyroscopes of angle measurement rate, etc. Microaccelerometer micro accelerometer is usually composed of a parallel cantilever beam, one end of the beam is fixed on the frame and a small mass block (about 10mg) is suspended at the other end. When there is no acceleration, the mass block is not moving. When there is a vertical acceleration, the mass block is moving, the acceleration is sensitive to the acceleration, and the signal is converted to the output by C/V transformation and phase-sensitive demodulation. According to the detection mode, the micro accelerometer has several kinds of piezoresistive, capacitive, tunnel, resonant, and thermal forms. The capacitance micro accelerometer has high sensitivity, low noise, small drift and a simple structure. It is widely used in automobile airbag systems and anti-skid systems. The mass of capacitance micro accelerometer mass block moves downward when it has acceleration and changes the distance from another electrode on the frame. The displacement of mass movement can be obtained by measuring the change of capacitance. The main structure is divided into suspension. The arm swing type and comb-like folded beam type are changed into other types. The structure of the former is relatively simple, and the bulk silicon processing method is mostly used. The simple pendulum type structure consists of the upper and lower fixed electrodes and the movable sensitive silicon cantilever beam electrode, the anisotropic corrosion of the semiconductor plane process, and the encapsulation of the electrostatic sealing technology. The latter can be regarded as the combination of the cantilever beam and the combination. The design is much more complicated. The micromachining method is mainly based on surface sacrificial layer technology. The isotropic properties of the polysilicon material can guarantee the symmetry of the micromechanical properties, the precision of the batch processing is high, and the sensitive parts of this structure are small in size, and the monolithic integration of the peripheral circuits is realized. Micromachined gyroscope (MEMS) micromachined gyroscope (MEMS) is a vibrational angular rate sensor, which has attracted much attention in the application and development of automobiles. It is mainly used in GPS signal compensation and chassis control system for automobile navigation. There are two vibration modes in the micromechanical gyroscope, one is the transverse vibration mode, that is, the mode of driving vibration, which is usually called the reference vibration, which will produce additional motion under the action of the Coriolis force; the other is the normal vibration mode, the sensitive vibration mode, the detection of the additional movement of the Coriolis force, and the angular rate information contained in the Coriolis force. According to the material used, the micromachined gyroscope is divided into two kinds of quartz and silicon vibrating beams. The quality factor of quartz material has the highest Q value, the top characteristic of the gyroscope is the best, but the quartz processing is difficult and the cost is very high. Silicon material has complete structure, good elasticity, and easy to get high Q value micromechanical structure, which has become the mainstream of low-cost research and development at present. The structure of the silicon micromachined gyroscope, the vibration beam structure, the double frame structure, the plane-symmetric structure, the transverse fork structure, the comb tuning fork structure, the beam island structure are used. The driving modes for the reference vibration are electrostatic, piezoelectric, and electromagnetic driving. The detection methods of additional vibration caused by the Coriolis force are capacitive detection, piezo detection, and piezoresistive. Testing. The gyroscope design with electrostatic drive and capacitance detection are the most common. Some of the products have been developed successfully. Vehicle monitoring and self-diagnosis sensor in-vehicle monitoring and self-diagnosis, the main application of vehicle sensors will be tire pressure monitoring, followed by sensors applied to cooling, braking, and other systems. In addition, such as the use of light sensors in the luminance control system, the use of magnetic sensors and airflow velocity sensors in the driving system, the use of indoor temperature sensors, suction temperature sensors, air volume sensors, sunshine sensors, and humidity sensors in the automatic air conditioning system, and the use of azimuth sensors and speed sensors in the steering system. The collision sensor is the main control signal input device in the airbag system. The effect is when the vehicle collides on the road, the collision sensor is used to detect the intensity signal of the car collision, and the signal is entered into the airbag computer. The airbag computer determines whether the inflatable element is detonated to inflate the airbag according to the signal of the collision sensor. After the transformation of many countries, many cars are also equipped with side airbags. When the car has a lateral collision, the airbag will also be inflated, so a system equipped with a lateral airbag is equipped with a collision sensor on the left and right sides of the car. This is more humane in ensuring the safety of vehicle users. The lateral tilt angle sensor is an effective method to prevent the car from turning over the car during driving. It is an important measure to improve the safety of the car, especially the high gravity cars, such as the off-road vehicle and the double-deck passenger car, which is more necessary. Take an example, an angle sensor made with the principle of gravity. The mass of the swing part is m, and the distance between the center of gravity and the shaft is L. When the car body tilts or curves, it can make the swing part deflect. The force analysis in Figure 1 is an ideal state without any friction. The force F is the result of the joint action of the sliding force F1 and the centripetal force F2. The force F is proportional to the tilting force, and the beta-generated deflection angle is proportional to the tilting force. The resultant force T of the gravitational G and F in the oscillating part is the tension of the pendulum, and the swing angle of beta =tg-1 (F/G) is independent of L. When the mass m is fixed, the beta is only related to F and is proportional. In fact, due to the existence of friction on the shaft, the longer the L is, the larger the swing torque is, the higher the accuracy. Angle sensor is usually used as a sampling element in the control system, and its performance plays an important role in the whole system. The potentiometer angle sensor has been widely used in all kinds of control systems, but its disadvantage is the existence of sliding wear and electrical noise of the contact. The magnetic sensitive resistance angle sensor is a new pure resistive element made of semiconductor technology. It is characterized by no contact. When the swing partial deflection, the flux of the magnetic resistor is changed to make the resistance of the magnetic sensitive resistance several times. The above changes fundamentally eliminate the electrical noise and improve the accuracy. All kinds of angle sensors have a damping function so that there is a short delay in response to the measured angle, which is beneficial for the control system. VII. Other Major Automotive Sensors Alcohol detection MEMS system is a new type of integrated alcohol sensor, which can adsorb oxygen according to the oxygen concentration in the environment and change the resistance value. In normal conditions, the element can keep a certain resistance value after the oxygen is adsorbed in the air, and once the air contains alcohol, the oxygen element on the surface of the element will react with the alcohol to reduce the resistance value. By measuring the resistance value, we can detect the alcohol concentration in the breath. The alcohol detection MEMS sensor will be embedded in the sealed shell of the diameter 8mm, together with the signal processing circuit and so on, and will be embedded in the steering wheel together. Once the driver's exhaled gas contains alcohol, a safety alarm will be issued. When the raindrop is hit on the glass of the induction zone, the intensity of the light reflected by the raindrop will change because of the rainfall or moisture content on the glass and changes the brushing frequency of the wiper. Or through the infrared electronic rainfall sensor to induce the amount of rainfall, and automatically adjust the speed of the wiper with the change of speed to improve the driver's driving convenience to make the driving safer. The tire pressure monitoring system installs highly sensitive sensors on each tire to monitor the tire condition at any time in the driving state and transmit it wireless to the receiver through a sensor to enable the driver to grasp the condition of the tire at any time, to ensure the safety of the car, to prolong the service life of the tire and to reduce the consumption of the fuel. The most advanced direct tire pressure monitoring solutions include advanced warning systems, pressure, temperature, voltage and motion detection. When the oil viscosity sensor changes the oil, it usually depends on the time or mileage specified by the manufacturer. A few manufacturers have adopted a more advanced way to calculate the oil exchange interval by recording engine speed and temperature. VIII. Automotive Sensors Market Size--Its Market Trend Because of the important role of automotive sensors in the automotive electronic control system and the rapid growth of the market demand, all countries in the world have paid great attention to its theoretical research, new material application, and new product development. The development trend of automotive sensor technology in the future is miniaturization, multi-function, integration, and intelligence. The microsensor with low cost and high performance can be designed by means of micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) technology and computer-aided design technology. At the current level of technology, micromachining technology has been able to produce microstructures with different levels of 3D, and then produce tiny sensor sensors with very small sizes. Because the components are relatively small, the use is relatively convenient and efficient, making the economy improved. Multifunction means that a sensor can detect 2 or more two characteristic parameters or chemical parameters, thus reducing the number of sensors and improving the reliability of the system. Integration refers to the use of IC manufacturing technology and fine processing technology to make IC sensors. Intelligentization refers to the combination of sensors and large-scale integrated circuits with CPU, which is intelligent, to reduce the complexity of ECU, to reduce its volume, and to reduce the cost. In addition, the development of new materials is an important basis for sensor technology. Now new materials, such as optical fiber, nanomaterials, superconducting materials, have opened a new world for the development of sensors. With the development of research, more and more new sensor materials will be developed. The function of the sensor is not only related to its material, but also to its processing technology. Micromachining technology has been increasingly used in the sensor manufacturing process. With the development of modern manufacturing technology, more advanced manufacturing technologies will be applied to the manufacture of automotive sensors. The principle of the sensor is based on various physical, chemical, biological effects, and laws, which enlightens people to further explore sensitive functional materials with new effects and to develop new sensors with new principles. This is an important way to develop low-cost, high-performance, multi-functional, and miniaturized sensors. FAQ 1. What is a sensor in automobile? Automobile sensors are intelligent sensors which can be used to control and process the pressure of oil, temperature, level of emission, coolant levels, etc. There are different types of sensors used in automobiles, but knowing the working of these sensors is essential. 2. How many sensors does a car have? Currently, each vehicle has from 60 to 100 sensors on board and we can expect that number to rise as cars get 'smarter'.” In fact, recent industry figures suggest the number of sensors is projected to reach as many as 200 per car based on current trends. 3. What is the importance of sensors in the automobile? Sensors monitor vehicle engines, fuel consumption and emissions, along with aiding and protecting drivers and passengers. These allow car manufacturers to launch cars that are safer, more fuel efficient and comfortable to drive. 4. How do vehicle sensors work? Using echo-times from sound waves that bounce off nearby objects, the sensors can identify how far away the vehicle is from said object, and alert the driver the closer the vehicle gets. Electromagnetic sensors create an electromagnetic field around the bumper, and offer an alert whenever objects enter it. 5. How many sensors does a F1 car have? 300 sensors. With help from over 300 sensors on each car, McLaren's F1 ECU deals with over 1000 input parameters and transmits more than 1.5GB of live data back to the garage during an average 300km grand prix. 6. Where are sensors located on cars? Depending on the vehicle engine model, you often have 1 to 4 exhaust gas temperature sensors. The sensors are installed on the exhaust pipe and the exhaust manifold, and sometimes also on the turbocharger. The sensors are often quite expensive and can be difficult to reach and replace; they often rust and get stuck. 7. How long do car sensors last? Newer oxygen sensors are supposed to work efficiently for 60,000 to 90,000 miles, depending on the model of your car. If your mechanic determines that your car's problem is due to a bad or failing oxygen sensor, the replacement shouldn't take long and you'll be ready to tackle many more miles on the road. 8. Do all cars have sensors? Modern cars have an increasing amount of sensors. Most cars have an oxygen sensor and a throttle position sensor, but parking sensors are optional. Professional mechanics agree that one of the most important evolutions to come about in recent years is the expansion of sensors to monitor mechanical systems. 9. How do I know if my upstream or downstream oxygen sensor is bad? A decrease in fuel efficiency can be a telltale sign that an O2 sensor is not performing as it should. This can happen because of a fuel mixture that is either too lean or too rich. Such a swing in A/F ratio is a sign that an upstream or control sensor is faulty. 10. What does a car do when the oxygen sensor is bad? If your oxygen sensor is failing, then its readings will be inaccurate, again, resulting in a sub-optimal fuel-to-air composition. Your car's performance isn't the only thing that is harmed by a malfunctioning oxygen sensor - it can do damage to the environment as your car's emissions will increase drastically.
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