The Kynix Components

Have you ever wondered what is meant by "switch" in switching power supply? To be specific, what is " switching on" and " switching off"?As the name implies, the switching power supply uses electronic switching devices (such as transistors, field effect transistors, thyristors, etc.) to make the electronic switching devices "on" and "off" continuously through the control circuit. What happened next? Then, let the electronic switching device pulse modulate the input voltage to realize DC/AC, DC/DC voltage conversion, as well as adjustable output voltage and automatic voltage stabilization.After you have an understanding of the basic definition of switching power supply, you may be willing to further explore its application and deepen your understanding. Therefore, in this blog, we will introduce 6 simple switching power supply circuit design schematics to you.Of course, if you have any questions about the circuit diagram, please leave your questions in the comment, and we will provide you with enthusiastic and professional answers.A video introducing basics of switching mode power supplysCatalogI What is switch mode power supplyII 6 switching power supply circuit diagrams2.1 A simple switching power supply circuit2.2 24V switching power supply circuit2.3 Single-ended forward switching power supply circuit2.4 Push-pull switching power supply circuit2.5 Power feedback isolation circuit2.6 Inverter and rectifier circuitIII ConclusionI What is switch mode power supplySwitch Mode Power Supply (SMPS), also known as switching power supply and switching converter, is a high-frequency electric energy conversion device and a type of power supply. Its function is to convert a level of voltage into the voltage or current required by the user through different forms of architecture.NameSwitching Mode Power SupplyNatureUtilize modern power electronics technologyMethodPulse width modulationFeaturesSmall size, light weight and high efficiencyII 6 switching power supply circuit diagrams2.1 A simple switching power supply circuitThis circuit is not difficult and can work normally without too many requirements. Basically pay attention to the following points:Adjust C3 and R5 so that the oscillation frequency is 30KHz-45KHz;The output voltage needs to be stabilized;The output current can reach 500mA.The effective power is 8W and the efficiency is 87%.2.2 24V switching power supply circuit24V switching power supply is a type of high frequency inverter switching power supply. The switch tube is controlled by the circuit to conduct high-speed pass and cut-off, convert the direct current into high-frequency alternating current and provide it to the transformer for transformation, thereby generating the required one or more sets of voltages.The working principle of 24V switching power supply is:The AC power input is rectified and filtered into DC;Control the switching tube by high-frequency PWM (pulse width modulation) signal, and add that DC to the primary of the switching transformer;High-frequency voltage is induced in the secondary of the switching transformer, which is rectified and filtered and supplied to the load;The output part is fed back to the control circuit through a certain circuit to control the PWM duty cycle to achieve the purpose of stable output.2.3 Single-ended forward switching power supply circuitThe typical circuit of a single-ended forward switching power supply is shown in the figure below. This circuit is similar in form to a single-ended flyback circuit, but the working conditions are different:When the switch tube VT1 is turned on, VD2 is also turned on. At this time, the grid transmits energy to the load, and the filter inductor L stores energy;When the switch VT1 is turned off, the inductor L continues to release energy to the load through the freewheeling diode VD3.There is also a clamping coil and diode VD2 in the circuit. The diode can limit the maximum voltage of the switch tube VT1 to between twice the power supply voltage. In order to meet the magnetic core reset condition, that is, the flux establishment and reset time should be equal, so the duty cycle of the pulse in the circuit cannot be greater than 50%.Because this circuit transfers energy to the load through the transformer when the switch tube VT1 is turned on, the output power range is large, and it can output power of 50-200 W. However, there are few practical applications of this circuit. The reason is that the transformer used in this circuit has a complicated structure and a large volume.2.4 Push-pull switching power supply circuitThe typical circuit of push-pull switching power supply is shown in the figure below. It is a double-ended conversion circuit, and the magnetic core of the high-frequency transformer works on both sides of the hysteresis loop. The circuit uses two switching tubes VT1 and VT2. The two switching tubes are switched on and off alternately under the control of an external excitation square wave signal. The square wave voltage is obtained in the secondary group of the transformer T, which is rectified and filtered into the required DC Voltage.The advantage of this circuit is that the two switching tubes are easy to drive, and the main disadvantage is that the withstand voltage of the switching tubes must reach twice the peak voltage of the circuit. The output power of the circuit is relatively large, generally in the range of 100-500 W.2.5 Power feedback isolation circuitIn the switching power supply, the power feedback isolation circuit is composed of a photocoupler such as PC817 and a shunt regulator TL431, and its typical application is shown in the following figure. When the output voltage fluctuates, the sampled voltage obtained after the resistor divider is compared with the 2.5V bandgap reference voltage in the TL431, and an error voltage is formed on the cathode. Subsequently, the LED operating current in the optical coupling device changes accordingly. In this way, the current size of the TOPSwitch control terminal can be changed through the optical coupling device, and then the output duty ratio can be adjusted, so that Uo can be kept unchanged to achieve the purpose of voltage stabilization.The role and selection of the main components in the feedback loop: The main role of R1R4R5 is to work with the TL431 and the optical coupling device. Among them, R1 is the current limiting resistor of the optocoupler, and R4 and R5 are the voltage divider resistors of TL431, which provide the necessary working current to complete the protection of TL431.2.6 Inverter and rectifier circuitThe circuit takes the UC3842 oscillator chip as the core to form an inverter and rectifier circuit. UC3842 is a high-performance single-ended output current-controlled pulse width modulator chip. The AC220V power supply is introduced through the common mode filter L1, which can better suppress the high frequency interference from the power grid and the radiation from the power supply itself. The AC voltage is filtered by the bridge rectifier circuit and the capacitor C4 to become an unstable DC voltage of about 280V, which serves as an inverter circuit composed of the oscillating chip U1, the switching tube Q1, the switching transformer T1 and other components.III ConclusionThe above are 6 simple switching power supply circuit diagrams that we have prepared for you. During the browsing process, is there anything that I don’t understand or have doubts about? If so, don't hesitate to leave your thoughts in the comment area.

DescriptionThe MMBT3904LT1G is a NPN silicon Bipolar Transistor, designed for use in linear, lower power surface mount and switching applications.MMBT3904LT1GHow does a transistor work?CatalogMMBT3904LT1G DescriptionMMBT3904LT1G PinoutMMBT3904LT1G FeaturesMMBT3904LT1G Marking DiagramMMBT3904LT1G CAD ModelsMMBT3904LT1G Functional EquivalentsMMBT3904LT1G Package OutlinesMMBT3904LT1G Popularity by RegionMMBT3904LT1G Marketing Price AnalysisMMBT3904LT1G ManufacturerComponent DatasheetFAQOrdering & QuantityMMBT3904LT1G PinoutMMBT3904LT1G FeaturesThese Devices are Pb−Free, Halogen Free/BFR Free and are RoHS Compliant S Prefix for Automotive and Other Applications Requiring Unique Site and Control Change Requirements; AEC−Q101 Qualified and PPAP CapableMMBT3904LT1G Marking DiagramMMBT3904LT1G CAD ModelsPart SymbolFootprint3D ModelMMBT3904LT1G Functional EquivalentsMMBT3904LT1G Package OutlinesMMBT3904LT1G Popularity by RegionMMBT3904LT1G Marketing Price AnalysisMMBT3904LT1G ManufacturerON Semiconductor (Nasdaq: ON) is driving energy efficient innovations, empowering customers to reduce global energy use. The company offers a comprehensive portfolio of energy efficient power and signal management, logic, discrete and custom solutions to help design engineers solve their unique design challenges in automotive, communications, computing, consumer, industrial, LED lighting, medical, military/aerospace and power supply applications. ON Semiconductor operates a responsive, reliable, world-class supply chain and quality program, and a network of manufacturing facilities, sales offices and design centers in key markets throughout North America, Europe, and the Asia Pacific regions.Component DatasheetMMBT3904LT1G DatasheetFAQWhat are Equivalents for MMBT3904LT1G transistor?MMBT100, MMBT2222A, MMBT3904, MMBT3904L, MMBT3904LT1, MMBT3904LT3, MMBT3904LT3G, MMBT4401, MMBTA05, etc..What is MMBT3904LT1G?The MMBT3904LT1G is a NPN silicon Bipolar Transistor, designed for use in linear, lower power surface mount and switching applications.What is a transistor?A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit.What is PNP transistor?A PNP transistor is a bipolar junction transistor constructed by sandwiching an N-type semiconductor between two P-type semiconductors. A PNP transistor has three terminals – a Collector (C), Emitter (E) and Base (B). The PNP transistor behaves like two PN junctions diodes connected back to back.What does a transistor do?A transistor, also known as a BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor), is a current driven semiconductor device which can be used to control the flow of electric current in which a small amount of current in the Base lead controls a larger current between the Collector and Emitter.How many types of transistor are there?Transistors are basically classified into two types; they are Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT) and Field Effect Transistors (FET). The BJTs are again classified into NPN and PNP transistors. The FET transistors are classified into JFET and MOSFET.What is transistor diagram?   Diagram 'A' shows an NPN transistor which is often used as a type of switch. A small current or voltage at the base allows a larger voltage to flow through the other two leads (from the collector to the emitter).The circuit shown in diagram B is based on an NPN transistor. When the switch is pressed a current passes through the resistor into the base of the transistor. The transistor then allows current to flow from the +9 volts to the 0vs, and the lamp comes on.The transistor has to receive a voltage at its ‘base’ and until this happens the lamp does not light.What are the two main appilcations of transistor?Transistors are commonly used in digital circuits as electronic switches which can be either in an "on" or "off" state, both for high-power applications such as switched-mode power supplies and for low-power applications such as logic gates. 

74LS47 is a BCD to 7-segment decoder/driver IC. This is an introduction blog to 74LS47 BCD to 7-segment decoder ic, which will cover as much information as possible, including its pinout, features, some useful application circuits and other information. Anyway, i hope you guys like it!This tutorial video shows how to use 74LS47 in a display project.Catalog74LS47 Description74LS47 Pinout74LS47 Features74LS47 Parameter74LS47 Application Circuits74LS47 Package74LS47 ManufacturerComponent DatasheetFAQ74LS47 Description74LS47 is a Low Power Schottky BCD to 7-Segment Decoder/Driver consisting of NAND gates, input buffers and 7 AND-OR-INVERT gates. They offer direct active low, high sink current outputs for driving indicators. Seven NAND gates and one driver are connected in pairs to make BCD data and its complement available to the seven AND-OR-INVERT gates.74LS47 Pinout74LS4774LS47 Pinout Pin NoPin NameDescription1BBCD input of the IC2CBCD input of the IC3Display test/Lamp testTo test the display LED4Blank InputTo turn-off the LEDs of the display5StoreStore or strobe a BCD code6DBCD input of the IC7ABCD input of the IC8GNDGround Pin9e7 segment output 110d7 segment output 211c7 segment output 312b7 segment output 413a7 segment output 514g7 segment output 615f7 segment output 716VCCSupply Voltage74LS47 FeaturesFunction: Decoder, DemultiplexerTechnology Family: LSVCC (Min): 4.75VVCC (Max): 5.25VChannels: 1Voltage (Nom): 5VMax Frequency at normal Voltage: 35Mhztpd at normal Voltage (Max): 100 nsecConfiguration: 4:7Type: Open-CollectorIOL (Max): 3.2mAIOH (Max): -0.05mARating: CatalogOperating temperature range (C): 0 to 70Bits (#): 7Digital input leakage (Max): 5uAESD CDM (kV): 0.75ESD HBM (kV): 274LS47 ParameterManufacturer:Texas InstrumentsSeries:-Packaging:TubePart Status:ActiveDisplay Type:LEDConfiguration:7 SegmentInterface:BCDDigits or Characters:-Current - Supply:7mAVoltage - Supply:4．75V ~ 5．25VOperating Temperature:0°C ~ 70°CMounting Type:Through HolePackage / Case:16-DIP (0．300" 7．62mm)Supplier Device Package:16-PDIPBase Part Number:SN74LS4774LS47 Application Circuits74LS47 has integral ripple-blanking facilities, but does not include data latches. Figure 1 shows the functional diagrams and pin designations of these devices, each of which is housed in a 16-pin package.Figure 1. Functional diagram of the 74LS47 BCD-to-seven-segment decoder/driver ICs. The 74LS47 has active-low outputs designed to drive a common-anode LED display via external current-limiting resistors (Rx) as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2. Basic way of using a 74LS47 IC to drive a common-anode LED display. Note: Figure 1 shows that each of these ICs has three input 'control' terminals, which are designated LT (Lamp Test), BI/RBO, and RBI. The LT terminal drives all display outputs when the terminal is connected to logic 0 with the RBO terminal open or to logic 1. When the BI/RBO terminal is pulled low, all outputs are cleared; this pin also functions as a ripple-blanking output terminal. Figure 3 shows how to connect the ripple-blanking terminals to the leading zero suppression on the first three digits of the four-digit display.Figure 3. Method of applying leading-zero suppression to the first three digits of a four-digit display using 74LS47 ICs.74LS47 Package74LS47 ManufacturerTexas Instruments Inc. (TI) is an American technology company that designs and manufactures semiconductors and various integrated circuits, which it sells to electronics designers and manufacturers globally. Its headquarters are in Dallas, Texas, United States. TI is one of the top ten semiconductor companies worldwide, based on sales volume. Texas Instruments's focus is on developing analog chips and embedded processors, which accounts for more than 80% of their revenue. TI also produces TI digital light processing (DLP) technology and education technology products including calculators, microcontrollers and multi-core processors. To date, TI has more than 43,000 patents worldwide.Component Datasheet74LS47 DatasheetFAQWhat is the function of IC 7447?BCD Seven Segment Display Using IC 7447. A decoder is one kind of combinational logic circuit that connects the binary data from n-input lines toward 2n output lines. The IC7447 IC is a BCD to seven segment decoder.What type of display will the 74LS47 drive?Common-anode LED display. The 74LS47 has active-low outputs designed for driving a common-anode LED display via external current-limiting resistors (Rx), as shown in Figure 2. FIGURE 2. Basic way of using a 74LS47 IC to drive a common-anode LED display.What is BCD to 7 segment decoder?BCD to seven segment decoder is a circuit used to convert the input BCD into a form suitable for the display. It has four input lines (A, B, C and D) and 7 output lines (a, b, c, d, e, f and g).How do you display a 7 segment?The displays common pin is generally used to identify which type of 7-segment display it is. As each LED has two connecting pins, one called the “Anode” and the other called the “Cathode”, there are therefore two types of LED 7-segment display called: Common Cathode (CC) and Common Anode (CA). 

Button cells are used to power small portable electronics devices. It has a round diameter, and two metal electrodes. An electrolyte that is placed between them controls the flow of ions that make the electricity.Button batteries are widely used in various miniature electronic products due to their small size. It is generally used as a backup power supply for various electronic products, such as computer motherboards, electronic watches, electronic dictionaries, electronic scales, memory cards, remote controls, etc.What is BUTTON CELL? What does BUTTON CELL mean?But sometimes button batteries like CR2025 and CR2032 are too similar! When we buy them, we often get confused. Consumers, confused by these seemingly indistinguishable buttons, were helplessly left on the battery purchase page, annoyed while hesitant.This post will help you remove the fog of the batteries CR2025 and CR2032. We'll help you understand what the CR2025 battery and the CR2032 battery are, their similarities and differences, and whether they can be replaced when in use.CatalogI. What is a CR2032 battery?II. What is a CR2025 battery?III. CR2025 & CR2032 Specs ComparisonIV. What are the similarities between CR2032 and CR2025 batteries?V. What’s the difference between CR2032 and CR2025 batteries?VI. CR2025 &CR2032 Pros and ConsVII. Can I use a CR2025 battery instead of a CR2032?I. What is a CR2032 battery?CR2032 batteries are a type of non-rechargeable lithium coin or “button” cell battery. The CR2032 battery has a voltage of up to 3 volts and a capacity of up to 240mAh. The CR2032 is the most common lithium cell battery in the world.The battery CR2032 is also known as BR2332, BR2032, DL2032, EA2032C, ECR2032, L2032, LF1/2V, LM2032, CR2032, CR2332, 2032, 5004LC, AWI L14,RFA-35 and Seiko SB-T15.CR2032 BatteryII. What is a CR2025 battery?The CR2025 battery is a 20mm diameter x 2.5mm thick lithium coin or "button" cell. The CR2032 battery has a high voltage of 3V, a capacity of up to 170mAh and is also disposable/unrechargeable.The CR2025 battery is also known as 280-205, 5003LC, BR2025, DL2025, ECR2025 and SB-T14, AWI L12, Citizen 280-205, Duracell DL2025, ElectroChem 3B980, Energizer ECR2025, Eveready CR2025, Fuji CR2025, I.E.C. CR2025, Kodak KCR2025, Maxell CR2025, NEDA 5003LC, Panasonic CR2025, RadioShack CS0155, RadioShack CS1005, RadioShack UBATL0006TAZ, Rayovac KECR2025, Saft LM2025, Sanyo CR2025, Seiko SBT14.CR2025 BatteryIII. CR2025 & CR2032 Specs ComparisonType: CoinType: CoinChemical System: Lithium / Manganese DioxideChemical System: Lithium / Manganese DioxideDiameter: 20mmDiameter: 20mmThickness: 2.5mmThickness: 3.2mmNominal Voltage: 3.0 VoltsNominal Voltage: 3.0 VoltsTypical Capacity: 170 mAhTypical Capacity: 235 mAhTypical Weight: 2.6 gramsTypical Weight: 3.0 gramsOperating Temp: -30C to 60COperating Temp: -30C to 60CSelf Discharge: ~1% / yearSelf Discharge: ~1% / yearIV. What are the similarities between CR2032 and CR2025 batteries?Both the CR2025 and CR2032 are 3-volt lithium coin or button cells measuring 20mm in diameter. As far as technology is concerned, both CR2025 and CR2032 batteries have the same voltage, chemistry and diameter. Both batteries can power small devices such as calculators, computer motherboards, fitness appliances, laser pens, POS systems, safety devices, sensors, smart carport keyless input devices, wrist watches, and various medical devices such as clinical thermometers, glucose monitors, heart pacemakers, and tensiometers.All major battery brands such as Duracell, Energizer, Panasonic, Philips, Maxell, Murata (formerly Sony), Renata and others carry both the CR2025 and CR2032 batteries in their product catalogs as two of the most widely used batteries in the world.CR2032 & CR2025 BatteryV. What’s the difference between CR2032 and CR2025 batteries?The obvious difference between the two types of batteries would be the thickness. The CR2032 is 3.2mm thick and the CR2025 is 2.5mm thick. Since the CR2032 is 0.7mm thicker than the CR2025, it has a higher capacity (mAh) to deliver the current to the load. The standard CR2032 can nominally deliver 225mAh, while the average CR2025 can nominally deliver only 160mAh. Due to its smaller capacity, the thinner battery may not last as long and may need to be replaced sooner.CR2032 & CR2025 BatteryVI. CR2025 &CR2032 Pros and Cons CR2032CR2025Pros1.Higher capacity, which will lead to a longer life.2.Perfect for watches, heart monitor scans, and hearing aids.1.It takes less space, and you won’t worry about damaging the battery when you put it in the device2.It is best used for children’s toys and calculators.ConsTakes more space1.Less capacity2.Shorter durationVII. Can I use a CR2025 battery instead of a CR2032?For as long as either fits in the battery compartment, the CR2025 and CR2032 can be used interchangeably with minimal effect, although the CR2032 is likely to last slightly longer simply because it has a higher capacity (mAh). Here's a tip: if you're in a pinch with only the CR2025 available, you can fold up a piece of aluminum foil or another conductor to fill up the 0.7mm extra space. Place it on the (+) side of the battery and close the compartment to hold it in place. Ensure good contact with the battery and the spring otherwise there is a risk that the battery will be intermittent.Another good way to explain the similarity and difference between the batteries CR2025 and CR2032 is by looking at their names and understanding the code used by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) to name these batteries. The combination of letters and numbers used to name the batteries is not arbitrary. It tells you a lot about the physical attributes of the battery. The two letters tell you about the chemistry of the battery. C means it's a manganese lithium dioxide battery. R indicates the round (cylindrical) shape. The first two numbers concern the diameter of the battery, while the last two numbers relate to the depth of the battery. It is essentially said along these lines that the CR2032 has a diameter of 20.0mm and a thickness of 3.2mm, while the CR2025 has a diameter of 20.0mm and a thickness of 2.5mm.

DescriptionTIP122 is an NPN Darlington transistor. Darlington transistor means there are two transistor in one package connected to increase gain at output. TIP122 transistor has a lot of good features like 5A collector current, max emitter-base voltage is 5V, max collector dissipation is 65 watt, minimum & maximum current gain is equal to 1000. This transistor is designed to use as a switch and for amplification purposes.CatalogDescriptionTIP122 Component DatasheetTIP122 PinoutTIP122 FeaturesTIP122 ApplicationsTIP122 Environmental and Export ClassificationsTIP122 ParametersWorking of TIP122How to Safely Long Run in a CircuitDarlington Circuit SchematicWhere to use TIP122How to use TIP122TIP122 Replacement and EquivalentComplement of TIP122TIP122 Alternative NPN TransistorsTIP122 Same Family TransistorsAdditional ResourcesFAQOrdering & QuantityTIP122 Component DatasheetResource TypeLinkDatasheets    TIP120-22TIP120-22, TIP125-27TO220B03 Pkg DrawingPCN Obsolescence/ EOL    Multiple Devices 19/Jun/2009Mult Device EOL 19/May/2017PCN Design/Specification   Heatsink Desing Changes 24/Feb/2014Logo 17/Aug/2017PCN Packaging    Tape and Box/Reel Barcode Update 07/Aug/2014Mult Devices 24/Oct/2017HTML DatasheetTO220B03 Pkg DrawingTIP122 Pinout Pin NumberPin NameDescription1BaseIt governs the biasing of the transistor and works to turn ON or OFF the transistor.2CollectorCurrent flows in through collector, usually connected to load3EmitterCurrent comes out by the emitter, it is usually linked to ground.TIP122 Features High DC Current Gain −hFE = 2500 (Typ) @ IC= 4.0 AdcCollector−Emitter Sustaining Voltage − @ 100 mAdcVCEO(sus) = 60 Vdc (Min) − TIP120, TIP125= 80 Vdc (Min) − TIP121, TIP126= 100 Vdc (Min) − TIP122, TIP127Low Collector−Emitter Saturation Voltage −VCE(sat) = 2.0 Vdc (Max) @ IC = 3.0 Adc= 4.0 Vdc (Max) @ IC = 5.0 AdcMonolithic Construction with Built−In Base−Emitter Shunt ResistorsPb−Free Packages are Available*TIP122 Applications　　• Audio Amplifier　　• Audio Amplifier Stages　　• Audio Preamplifiers　　• Switching Loads Under 5ATIP122 Environmental and Export ClassificationsAttributeDescriptionRoHS StatusRoHS non-compliantMoisture Sensitivity Level (MSL)1 (Unlimited)TIP122 ParametersBase Product NumberTIP122CategoryDiscrete Semiconductor Products-Transistors - Bipolar (BJT) - SingleCollector- Base Voltage VCBO100 VConfigurationSingleCurrent - Collector (Ic) (Max)5 ACurrent - Collector Cutoff (Max)500µADC Current Gain (hFE) (Min) @ Ic, Vce1000 @ 3A, 3VDescriptionTRANS NPN DARL 100V 5A TO220ABDetailed DescriptionBipolar (BJT) TransistorEmitter- Base Voltage VEBO5 VFactory Pack Quantity200Height9.4 mmLength10.67 mmManufacturerON SemiconductorManufacturer Product NumberTIP122Maximum Collector Cut-off Current200 uAMaximum DC Collector Current5 AMaximum Operating Temperature+ 150 C Minimum Operating Temperature- 65 CMounting StyleThrough HoleMounting TypeThrough HoleOperating Temperature-65°C ~ 150°C (TJ)PackagingBulkPart StatusObsoletePower - Max2 WProduct TypeDarlington TransistorsSeriesTIP122   SubcategoryTransistorsTransistor TypeNPN - DarlingtonUnit Weight0.042329 ozVce Saturation (Max) @ Ib, Ic4V @ 20mA, 5AVoltage-Collector Emitter Breakdown (Max)100 VWidth4.83 mmWorking of TIP122This transistor is recognized for its higher current gain which is 1000 and higher collector current 5 amperes, therefore, it is usually used to switchThis transistor has less base and emitter Voltage of the merely 5V henceforth can be effortlessly organized by a Logic instrument such as a microcontrollerThough precaution has to be engaged to check, if the logic instruments can font up to 120mA.Though TIP122 has extraordinary current at collector and current gain, it is impartially modest to switch the expedient meanwhile it has an Emitter-Base voltage (VBE) of the only 5V and Ib of merely 120mA.How to Safely Long Run in a CircuitTo get better performance with this darlingtion transistor we suggest to always staying below its maximum ratings. Do not operate it in circuits using more than 100V. Do not provide load more than 5A. Always use a suitable base resistor to provide required current at its base. Use a suitable heatsink to save it from overheating and do store or use it in temperature below -65 centigrade and above +150 centigrade.Darlington Circuit SchematicWhere to use TIP122This transistor is known for its high current gain (hfe = 1000) and high collector current (IC =5A) hence it is normally used to control loads with high current or in applications where high amplification is required. This transistor has a low Base-Emitter Voltage of the only 5V hence can be easily controlled by a Logic device like microcontrollers. Although care has to be taken to check if the logic device can source up to 120mA.So, if you looking for a transistor that could be easily controlled by a Logic device to switch high power loads or to amplify high current then this Transistor might be an ideal choice for your application.How to use TIP122Although TIP has high collector current and current gain, it is fairly simple to control the device since it has an Emitter-Base voltage (VBE) of only 5V and base current of only 120mA. In the below circuit I have used the TIP122 to control a 48V motor which has a continuous current of about 3A.The continues collector current of this transistor is 5A and our load consumes only 3A which is fine. The maximum base current is about 120mA, but I have used high value of 100ohm resistor to limit it to 42mA. You can use even a 1K resistor if your collector current requirement is less. The peak (pulse) current of this transistor is 8A so make sure your motor does not consume more than that. This is just a model circuit diagram that shows the working on this transistor it cannot be used as such. So, similarly you can control your load in the same way.TIP122 Replacement and EquivalentTIP132, TIP102, NTE261, NTE263, 2N6045, 2N6045G, 2SD2495, BDT65B, 2N6532, BDT63B, BDW43, TIP142T (Pin configuration of some transistors may differ from TIP122, check pin configuration before replacing in a circuit)TIP22 is a darlingtion pair transistor manufactured in TO-220 package, its a good transistor to use as a high gain switch or amplifier.Complement of TIP122The complement of the TIP122 transistor is TIP127.TIP122 Alternative NPN TransistorsBC547, BC548,BC549, BC636, BC639, 2N2369, 2N3055, 2N3904, 2N3906, 2SC5200TIP122 Same Family TransistorsNPN Family transistors are TIP120, TIP121, TIP122, and PNP Family are TIP125, TIP126, TIP127 (PNP)Additional ResourcesAttributeDescriptionOther NamesTIP122FSTIP122FS-NDTIP122FS-NDRTIP122OSFAQWhat is TIP122 transistor?TIP122 Transistor is an NPN Darlington transistor. ... TIP122 Darlington transistor has a lot of good features, like 5A collector current, maximum emitter-base voltage is 5V, maximum collector dissipation is 65 watt, and so on. This transistor is manufactured to use as a switch and for amplification purposes.What type of package is used for TIP122 transistor?The TIP122 is a silicon NPN Darlington transistor in a TO-220 type package designed for general purpose amplifier and low-speed switching applications.How do you test a transistor TIP122?Harvino. The proper way to test is to set your dmm to diode test (usually 2k setting on the ohm scale). Transistors have three legs; an emitter, a base, and a collector. How do I know if my transistor is blown?Connect the base terminal of the transistor to the terminal marked positive (usually coloured red) on the multimeter. Connect the terminal marked negative or common (usually coloured black) to the collector and measure the resistance. It should read open circuit (there should be a deflection for a PNP transistor).What are the 3 terminals of a transistor?A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals.How to make mini audio amplifier use TIP122 / TIP127 transistor?

I DescriptionClass D power amplifiers are often used for music playback of various electronic products in daily life. The Class D power amplifier in this blog uses the NE5532 operational amplifier and LM311 to form a self-oscillation to generate a 150kHz carrier wave and modulate the input low-frequency signal into a constant-amplitude pulse. Then the power amplifier pushes the moving tube. Finally, the low-frequency signal is separated by filtering.Figure 1. Class-D Power AmplifierCatalogI DescriptionII How to Choose an AmplifierIII Working Principle of Class D AmplifierIV Principle Block DiagramV Working Principle5.1 Channel Selection and Display Principle5.2 Carrier Generation Circuit5.3 Comparator Circuit5.4 Drive Circuit and Power Amplifier Circuit5.5 Low-pass FilterVI ConclusionFAQOrdering & QuantityII How to Choose an AmplifierTraditional power amplifiers  mainly fall into the following three categories:Class A power amplifiers.  ;Class AB power amplifiers  ;Class B power amplifiers,  Class A power amplifiers mainly amplify small signals and need to set a bias voltage to stabilize the circuit, so the efficiency is low.Class B power amplifiers do not rely on bias voltage for amplification but use the principle that when the input signal is greater than the conduction voltage of the transistor, the transistor is turned on for amplification. Since the input signal is divided into positive and negative, it needs to use 2 triodes for amplification. Because when the input signal is less than the turn-on voltage, that is, in the range of -0.6V to 0.6V, the transistor cannot be turned on. Therefore, the input signal cannot be amplified and there is distortion. Therefore, a Class AB power amplifier is proposed.Class AB power amplifier, because it directly amplifies the analog signal when it works, it requires the transistor to be in a linear amplification state. Therefore, too much power consumption needs to be dissipated, which also has drawbacks.Class D power amplifier overcomes the drawbacks of the above class A power amplifier, class AB power amplifier, and class B power amplifier. It uses pulse high and low-level control switching devices to turn on and off. Then the voltage and current of the output signal have been amplified, that is, the power is amplified, so the power consumption is very small.III Working Principle of Class D AmplifierFirst, use the op amp self-oscillation to generate a high-frequency carrier, and then modulate the input low-frequency analog signal to a high-frequency signal through a comparator. This modulating wave is a series of pulse signals of constant amplitude whose width is modulated and the frequency changes with the amplitude of the low-frequency signal. This process is also called pulse width modulation, or pulse width modulation for short.This system is generally composed of a comparator, the input signal is a triangle wave (carrier) and a low-frequency signal, and the two signals are compared. If the low-frequency signal is greater than the triangle wave signal, the comparator outputs a constant. If it is less than, 0 is output. Therefore, the comparator output is a series of modulated pulse width modulated waves. The output modulation wave is amplified by the switching power and filtered to output a low-frequency signal.IV Principle Block DiagramFigure 2. Principle Block DiagramV Working Principle5.1 Channel Selection and Display PrincipleChannels can be divided into 1 channel and 2 channels. The selection circuit uses the 74ls74 chip, which is a dual-rising-edge D flip-flop chip with a total of 14 pins. Since the input signal is a low-frequency analog audio signal, the multiplexer of this blog uses a 74HC4052 chip.When the output terminal of the D flip-flop is high, the digital tube displays 2. At the same time, the signal enters the 10th pin of 74HC4052. The chip's digital selection terminal selects Y1 channel signal input and output Y1 signal, that is, channel 2 is selected.When the output of the D flip-flop is low, the digital tube displays 1. At the same time, the signal enters the 10th pin of 74HC4052. The digital selection terminal of the chip selects Y0 channel signal input and output Y0 signal, that is, channel 1 is selected.5.2 Carrier Generation CircuitThe carrier wave used in this blog is a triangular wave with a frequency of 170kHz.The function of the carrier is to modulate the input analog low-frequency signal to high-frequency to form a modulated wave.The circuit uses NE5532 operational amplifier and voltage comparator LM311 to form a self-oscillation.When setting the circuit parameters, it should be noted that the chips are all powered by a 5V power supply, and the operational amplifier can be divided by a 10kΩ resistor to make the voltage divided into 2.5V. At the same time, it is required to set the parameters so that the amplitude of the carrier output is 3V.5.3 Comparator CircuitThe circuit in this article uses an LM311 chip. The power supply voltage of the chip is 5V. In order to obtain a static potential of V+=V-=2.5V, the resistance value of the 4 resistors is 10kΩ.Since the carrier Vp-p=3V, Vp-p of the audio signal is required to be 4V or less. Otherwise, it will cause distortion. This part is used as a modulator circuit, and the original input audio signal is input to the 2-pin positive input terminal of the operational amplifier LM311 after channel selection, amplification, and  DC  bias. Generate a triangular carrier wave through the self-oscillation circuit and input it to the 3-pin negative input terminal of the comparator LM311.When the voltage on the positive terminal of pin 2 is greater than the voltage on the negative terminal of pin 3, the output will be high, otherwise, it will be low. When there is no input signal, the voltage value of the  DC bias is half of the peak value of the triangular wave. At this time, the output of the comparator is a square wave.When there is an audio signal input  and it is a positive half cycle, the comparator output high level time is longer than the low level time, and the duty cycle of the square wave is greater than one-half;In the negative half cycle, the voltage at the positive input of the comparator is greater than zero. However, the time for the audio signal amplitude to be higher than the triangular wave amplitude is greatly reduced, and the square wave duty cycle is less than one-half. Therefore, the waveform output by the comparator is a waveform whose pulse width is amplitude modulated by the audio signal.In this way, low-frequency audio information is modulated into the pulse waveform. The waveform is shown in Figure 3.Figure 3. Modulation Waveform Graph5.4 Drive Circuit and Power Amplifier CircuitThe drive circuit adopts IR2110 full-bridge drive. The power amplifier circuit uses a class D power amplifier, which is a pulse-controlled high-current switching amplifier. It turns the  PWM  signal output by the comparator into a high-voltage, high-current, high-power  PWM signal.5.5 Low-pass FilterThe 150kHz carrier uses a fourth-order LC filter. The function is to separate the low frequency signal from the PWM waveform.Working principle: When a pulse with a duty cycle greater than one-half arrives, the charging time of the capacitor is longer than the discharging time, and the output level rises. When the narrow pulse arrives, the discharge time of the capacitor is longer than the charging time, and the output level decreases, which coincides with the amplitude change of the original audio signal. So that the original audio signal is separated.VI ConclusionUse NE5532 and LM311 operational amplifiers to design class D  power amplifiers,  By making PCB boards, soldering, debugging, and realizing corresponding functions, the sound quality is better. So it is a more practical class D power amplifier. The circuit design and production are suitable for students who have a good grasp of analog and digital electronics and have a certain design foundation. This experiment will enable them to master electronic technology.FAQWhat is NE5532？The NE5532 is a Dual Low Noise Op-Amp in 8-pin package commonly used as amplifiers in audio circuits for its noise immunity and high output drive capability. The Op-Amp is internally compensated for high unity gain with maximum output swing bandwidth, low distortion and high slew rate.How to check NE5532 IC with digital multimeter?Whats the size of NE5532 produced by Texas Instruments? Anything to compare?You will find all physical sizes in inches as well as millimeters in page 19 of the official TI datasheet at:http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/ne5532.pdfHow to use LM311?LM311 is a single-channel comparator. When using it, connect the reference voltage and the compared signal voltage to its non-inverting and inverting input terminals (pin 2 and pin 3), and its output is the result of the comparison. If you want the foward output result, pin 7 is connected to the positive power supply and pin 1 is the output. If the result is to be output in reverse, pin 1 is grounded and pin 7 is the open collector output.lm311 and lm393 are both voltage comparators, so what is the difference between them?LM311 is single voltage comparaotor, LM393 is dual voltage copatpr. LM311 has a load current of up to 50MA and a voltage of 40V. It can drive relays with a minimum power supply voltage of 5V.The LM393 load current is 16MA, and the minimum voltage is 2V for a single power supply.What’s the difference between LM311 and LM111?Their functions are the same, and the 1XX series can be used in harsher environments.The 3XX series can only be used in a commercial environment, typically the applicable temperature range of the device.The price of 1xx is much more expensive than 3xx.What does the 5 and 6-pin balance strobes of LM311 mean?The function of balancing the mirror current of the reverse circuit is realized by connecting a potentiometer in the middle. In addition to the balance function, the 6 pin also has a strobe function, and the 6 pin can be grounded through the transistor drive circuit for strobe output.What is the difference between lm311 voltage comparator dual power supply and single power supply?The comparators are all open-collector outputs, without load resistance, they cannot output voltage signals.Dual power supplies can detect signals lower than 0, and single power supplies can only detect signals higher than 0.Can the lm311 comparator be powered by a positive and negative five-volt dual power supply?Of course, LM311 can be powered by ±5V dual power supply. Its requirement for working power supply is that the voltage difference between the positive and negative power supply (or single power supply voltage) is at least 3.5V and the maximum is 30V, as long as it is within this range.