The Kynix Components

DescriptionThe weather in the past two days has suddenly cooled down, and I forgot to install a switch on the bedside, and I don’t want to get out of bed to turn off the light because of the cold. At this time, it would be nice to have an intelligent control switch.This blog introduces a smart switch controller based on  ATMEGA328P-PU. The controller, without changing the existing switches and circuits, can automatically turn off the lights after a power failure. At the same time, the wireless control light switch function can also be realized through the Bluetooth module, and the light can be turned on and off while lying down, and there is no need to get out of bed. ATMEGA328P-PUCatalogDescriptionI IntroductionII ATmega328P-PU Based System PricipleIII ATmega328P-PU Based System Hardware Design3.1 Central control module3.2 Light detection circuit3.3 Bluetooth moduleIV ATmega328P-PU Based Structure DesignV ATmega328P-PU Based System Software DesignVI ConclusionComponent DatasheetFAQOrdering & QuantityI IntroductionThe smart switch light controller based on ATmega328P-PU introduced in this blog consists of the following modules:Light Detection Module: Perceive the change of indoor light intensity;Bluetooth Module: control and realize automatic light switch;Steering Gear and Mechanical Linkage Mechanism: It can also automatically turn off the lights.The controller uses the organic combination of mechatronics, which is reliable and easy to control.II ATmega328P-PU Based System PricipleThe intelligent switch light controller system is mainly composed of light detection module, Bluetooth module, steering gear, and  Arduino control system. The system control process is as follows:The light detection module perceives the environment from bright to dark;The light detection module sends the sensed information to the Arduino;Arduino turns off the lighting equipment by controlling the steering gear according to this information;Or, to complete the operation of turning off the lights, you can also directly control it through the mobile phone APP Bluetooth.The system principle diagram of the intelligent switch light controller is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. System schematic diagramIII ATmega328P-PU Based System Hardware Design3.1 Central control moduleThe most widely used microcontrollers for the central control module are  AVR  and 51 microcontrollers. From the perspective of function and upgrade potential, the AVR 8-bit microcontroller ATMEGA328P-PU was selected as the central control module.So, what are the advantages of the ATMEGA328P-PU control module? Why choose it?ATMEGA328P-PU, as a central control module, has flexible I/O port resources and powerful functions. It not only has low power consumption but is reliable, and can meet the needs of subsequent equipment updates.Figure 2 shows the minimum system diagram of ATMEGA328P. Figure 2. ATMEGA328P minimum system3.2 Light detection circuitHere, the light detection circuit is a four-wire system. The AO port is an analog signal output port, which converts the external light intensity into a continuous output voltage value.When the brightness of the light changes, how does the DO port act as a digital signal output port?When the ambient light brightness does not reach the set threshold, the DO terminal outputs a high level;When the brightness of the ambient light exceeds the set threshold, the DO terminal outputs a low level.Because the signal output by the circuit is stable and reliable, the controller selects the digital signal output by the DO port as the input signal of the control module. In this way, the sensitivity and reliability of the system can be improved.Illumination detection circuit diagram is shown in Figure 3. Figure 3. Illumination detection circuit diagram3.3 Bluetooth moduleThis blog uses the HC-05 master-slave integrated Bluetooth module. Its circuit diagram is shown as in Fig. 4.Figure 4. Bluetooth detection circuitThe module adopts CSR mainstream Bluetooth chip, Bluetooth V2.0 protocol standard, and can work with 3.3V low voltage. It is cheap, small in size, stable in signal, low in power, and can be used in conjunction with mobile APP to realize wireless control of the system.In this design, Bluetooth only acts as a slave, receiving instructions from the mobile phone.IV ATmega328P-PU Based Structure DesignTake the dormitory as an example to design the controller for the switch (as shown in Figure 5). Figure 5. Power switchAfter measurement, when the switch is in the equilibrium position, that is, between the closed and open positions, if the light-off position is pressed more than 2mm, the button will turn off the power. When the light-on position is pressed down more than 2mm, the button will turn on the power.We can design a link mechanism connected with the steering gear to make:When the steering gear rotates to 180°, the connecting rod position is the highest;When the steering gear rotates to 0°, the connecting rod position is lowest.Then, set the initial position of the steering gear to 90°, so that the button is at the value of the balance position.At this time, coincide the middle position of the "T"-shaped fixing bracket with the middle position of the button. In addition, in order to facilitate the realization of functions, the central position can be set as a chute.Figure 6 shows the design and installation.Figure 7 shows that the controller is designed as a rectangular box.Figure 8 shows the layout of each module.Figure 9 shows the physical object and installation diagram of the smart switch controller. Figure 6. Design and installation drawing of connecting rod part  Figure 7. Overall view of the controller  Figure 8. Schematic diagram of each module installation  Figure 9. Physical image of smart switch controller V ATmega328P-PU Based System Software DesignThe software part completes the processing of the signals received by the light detection module and the Bluetooth module and then controls the mechanical structure to switch the lights.Figure 10 shows the system software flow chart.The light detection module (the schematic diagram of the light detection module is shown in Figure 11) is used to detect changes in the brightness and darkness of the surrounding environment.When the surrounding environment is always in a light state, the light detection circuit  will continuously send a low-level signal "0" to the central control module;When the surrounding environment has been in a dark state, the light detection circuit will continuously send a high-level signal "1" to the central control module.When the surrounding environment changes from no light to light (judging the daybreak), in this case, the system does not act.When the surrounding environment changes from light to no light (judged as a moment of power failure), the light detection circuit will start to send a high-level signal "1" to the central control module.At the moment of transition, the central control module will control the system to execute a work cycle. After turning off the light, the system will automatically reset and wait for the next change from light to no light.Because the port memory of the central control module is limited, the light detection circuit continuously transmits data to the port. This will cause the central control module to restart in a short time due to exhaustion of memory, making the system unstable and unreliable.Therefore, a port clearing function is specially written when compiling the system to ensure that the expired data sent by the light detection circuit is cleared in time. Thereby improving the stability and reliability of the system. Figure 10. System software flow chart After talking about the light detection module, how does the Bluetooth module process the received signal to control the switch? We can use mobile phone APP and Bluetooth module to control the system to turn on and off the lights through wireless transmission.When the mobile phone sends the command character "A" to the central control module through the Bluetooth module, the system will execute a cycle of turning off the lights, and then automatically reset;In the same way, when the mobile phone sends the command character "B" to the central control module through the Bluetooth module, the system executes a light-on command for a working cycle, and then automatically resets. Figure 11. Schematic diagram of the light module VI ConclusionThe smart switch light controller discussed in this blog has significant advantages:* Do not change the circuit of the original push-type power switch. Therefore, it is not only safe, but also easy to disassemble and assemble;* Turn on and off the lights via Bluetooth wireless control. Therefore, it has strong operability;* After completing the switch lamp work cycle, realize automatic reset. In addition, while realizing automation, we can also move our fingers to easily switch lights on the bed;* ATmega328P-PU has great development potential. The reason for using it is to meet the needs of expanding functions in the future. such as:Cooperate with WIFI module: can realize ultra-remote control;Cooperate with timer: it can realize the function of turning on the lights at a time.In summary, the intelligent switch light controller based on ATmega328P-PU we introduced is simple and reasonable in structure, easy to install, safe, convenient and efficient to operate.With the smart switch light controller of ATmega328P-PU, when we lazily lie on the bed and play with the mobile phone, we use the mobile phone to control the light switch. At night, we are afraid that we forget to turn off the lights when we fall asleep, and we don’t need to get out of bed. It can also automatically turn off the lights when it gets dark.Component DatasheetATMEGA328P DatasheetFAQWhat is meant by ATMEGA328P?ATMEGA328P is high performance, low power controller from Microchip. ATMEGA328P is an 8-bit microcontroller based on AVR RISC architecture. It is the most popular of all AVR controllers as it is used in ARDUINO boards.What is the difference between ATMEGA328 and ATMEGA328P?ATMEGA328P and ATMEGA328 are the same every sense architecturally.ATMEGA328P just consumes lower power than ATMEGA328, which means that the 328P is manufactured in a finer process than the 328.Why ATMEGA328 is used in Arduino?The ATMEGA328/P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR® enhanced RISC (reduced instruction set computer) architecture. In Order to maximize performance and parallelism, the AVR uses Harvard architecture – with separate memories and buses for program and data.How do you code ATMEGA328P?Is ATMEGA328P a microcontroller?The ATMEGA328 is a single-chip microcontroller created by Atmel in the megaAVR family (later Microchip Technology acquired Atmel in 2016). It has a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC processor core.Can the ATMEGA328P microcontroller be used without the Arduino board?Yes. You can use ATMega328P without arduino board. ... You can use arduino board with the IC. Program the IC and then take it out and use it in your circuit. You will have to use 16MHZ Oscillator with capacitors.How do I program Atmega328P without bootloader?Programming AVR With Arduino As ISP Without Bootloader and External CrystalStep 1: Things You Need. ...Step 2: Upload ArduinoISP Code on Arduino Board. ...Step 3: Open Command Prompt (in Windows OS) ...Step 4: Required Downloads.. ...Step 5: Installation of WinAVR (only Help for Windows OS Is Covered for Now)

 The Alaska® 88E1510/88E1518/88E1512/88E1514 device is a physical layer device containing a single 10/100/1000 Gigabit Ethernet transceiver.  CatalogProduct OverviewCAD ModelsProduct PinoutDevice Functional Block DiagramFeaturesDatasheetProduct AttributesAlternate Part NumbersManufacturerUsing Warning Product OverviewThe Alaska® 88E1510/88E1518/88E1512/88E1514 device is a physical layer device containing a single 10/100/1000 Gigabit Ethernet transceiver. The transceiver implements the Ethernet physical layer portion of the 1000BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, and 10BASE-T standards. It is manufactured using standard digital CMOS process and contains all the active circuitry required to implement the physical layer functions to transmit and receive data on standard CAT 5 unshielded twisted pair. The device supports the RGMII (Reduced pin count GMII) and SGMII for direct connection to a MAC/Switch port. The SGMII can also be used on media/line side to connect to SFP modules that support 1000BASE-X, 100BASE-FX and SGMII. It also supports Copper/Fiber Auto-media applications with RGMII as the MAC interface. SGMII operates at 1.25 Gbps over a single differential pair thus reducing power and number of I/Os used on the MAC interface. The device integrates MDI termination resistors into the PHY. This resistor integration simplifies board layout and reduces board cost by reducing the number of external components. The new Marvell® calibrated resistor scheme will achieve and exceed the accuracy requirements of the IEEE 802.3 return loss specifications. The device has an integrated switching voltage regulator to generate all required voltages. The device can run off a single 3.3V supply. The device supports 1.8V, 2.5V, and 3.3V LVCMOS I/O Standards. The 88E1510/88E1518/88E1512/88E1514 device supports Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE) and Precise Timing Protocol (PTP) Time Stamping, which is based on IEEE1588 version 2 and IEEE802.1AS. The 88E1510/88E1518/88E1512/88E1514 device supports IEEE 802.3az-2010 Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) and is IEEE 802.3az-2010 compliant. The device incorporates the Marvell Advanced Virtual Cable Tester® (VCT™) feature, which uses Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technology for the remote identification of potential cable malfunctions, thus reducing equipment returns and service calls. Using VCT, the Alaska device detects and reports potential cabling issues such as pair swaps, pair polarity and excessive pair skew. The device will also detect cable opens, shorts or any impedance mismatch in the cable and reporting accurately within one meter the distance to the fault. The device uses advanced mixed-signal processing to perform equalization, echo and crosstalk cancellation, data recovery, and error correction at a Gigabits per second data rate. The device achieves robust performance in noisy environments with very low power dissipation. CAD Models Figure: 88E1512 Part Symbol  Figure: 88E1512 Footprint Product Pinout Figure: 88E1512 Pinout Device Functional Block Diagram Figure: 88E1512 Device Functional Block Diagram Features■10/100/1000BASE-T IEEE 802.3 compliant■Multiple Operating ModesRGMII to CopperSGMII to Copper (88E1512/88E1514 device only)RGMII to Fiber/SGMII (88E1512 device only)RGMII to Copper/Fiber/SGMII with Auto-Media Detect (88E1512 device only)Copper to Fiber (1000BASE-X) (88E1512/88E1514)■Four RGMII timing modes including integrated delays - This eliminates the need for adding trace delays on the PCB■Supports 1000BASE-X and 100BASE-FX on the Fiber interface along with SGMII (88E1512 device only)■Supports LVCMOS /0 Standards on the RGMII Supports Energy Eficient Ethernet (EEE)- IEEE802.3az-2010 compliantEEE BufferingIncorporates EEE buffering for seamless support of legacy MACs■Ultra Low Power■Integrated MDI termination resistors that eliminate passive components■Integrated Switching Voltage Regulators■Supports Green EthernetActive Power Save ModeEnergy Detect and Energy Detect+ low power modes■IEEE1588 version 2 Time Stamping■Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE) Clock Recovery■Three loopback modes for diagnostics "Downshift" mode for two-pair cable installations■Fully integrated digital adaptive equalizers, echo cancellers, and crosstalk cancellers■Advanced digital baseline wander correction■Automatic MDI/MDIX crossover at all speeds of operation■Automatic polarity correction■IEEE 802.3 compliant Auto-Negotiation■Software programmable LED modes including LED testing■MDC/XMDIO Management Interface■CRC checker, packet counter■Packet generation■Wake on L AN (WOL) event detection■Advanced Virtual Cable Tester8 (VCT" )■Auto-Calibration for MAC Interface outputs■Temperature Sensor■Supports single 3.3V supply when using internal switching regulator■I/O pads can be supplied with 1.8V, 2.5V, or 3.3V■Commercial grade, Industrial grade (88E1510 and 88E1512 only)■48-Pin QFN 7 mm x 7 mm Green package with EPAD (88E1510 and 88E1518) and 56-Pin QFN 8mm x 8 mm Green package with EPAD(88E1512/88E1514 device) Datasheet88E1512-Datasheet Product AttributesPhysicalMountSurface Mount TechnicalAmbient Temperature Range High85 °CData Rate1.25 GbpsInterfaceEthernetMax Junction Temperature (Tj)125 °CMax Operating Temperature85 °CMax Supply Voltage3.46 VMin Operating Temperature-40 °CMin Supply Voltage950 mVNumber of Channels4Number of Transceivers1Simplex/DuplexDuplex DimensionsHeight1 mm ComplianceRoHSCompliant Alternate Part NumbersThis part may be known by these alternate part numbers:88E1512-A0--NNP2I00088E1512-A0-NNP-2I00088E1512-A0NNP2I00088E1512A0NNP2I000 ManufacturerMarvell Technology, Inc. is an American company, based in Delaware, which develops and produces semiconductors and related technology. Founded in 1995, the company had more than 6,000 employees as of 2013,[3] and 10,000 patents worldwide and annual revenue of $2.9 billion (FY19). Its U.S. headquarters is located in Santa Clara, California. Using WarningNote: Please check their parameters and pin configuration before replacing them in your circuit. FAQWhat is Marvell PHY?Marvell's Ethernet PHY legacy products are a collection of Fast Ethernet, Alaska®, and AQrate PHYs that are utilized for a wide array of enterprise, carrier, small-medium business, industrial, and cloud data center applications. What is Ethernet PHY chip?The Ethernet PHY is a chip that implements the hardware send and receive function of Ethernet frames; it interfaces between the analog domain of Ethernet's line modulation and the digital domain of link-layer packet signaling. What are the specs of 88E1512?88E1512-A0-NNP2I000 – 4/4 Transceiver Full, Half IEEE 802.3, IEEE 1588 56-QFN (8x8) from Marvell Semiconductor, Inc..

IRL540 Transistor is a N-CH MOSFET utilize advanced processing techniques to achieve the lowest possible on-resistance per silicon area.Top 5 Electronics Projects using IRF540CatalogProduct OverviewIRL540 Packages InfoIRL540 FeaturesIRL540 Product AttributesAlternate PartsComponent DatasheetUsing WarningsFAQIRL540 ManufacturerProduct OverviewIRL540 N-CH MOSFETIRL540 MOSFET belongs to the Third Generation Power MOSFETs provides the designer with the best combination of fast switching, ruggedized device design, low on-resistance and cost-effectiveness.Its TO-220AB package is universally preferred for all commercial-industrial applications at power dissipation levels to approximately 50 W. The low thermal resistance and low package cost of the TO-220AB contribute to its wide acceptance throughout the industry.IRL540 Packages InfoIRL540 TO-220-1 Package IRL540 TO-220AB Package✔️ Table 1. Dimensions DescriptionDIM.MillimetersInchesMIN.Max.MIN.Max.A4.244.650.1670.183b0.691.020.0270.040b(1)1.141.780.0450.070c0.360.610.0140.024D14.3315.850.5640.624E9.9610.520.3920.414e2.412.670.0950.105e(1)4.885.280.1920.208F1.141.400.0450.055H(1)6.106.710.2400.264J(1)2.412.920.0950.115L13.3614.400.5260.567L(1)3.334.040.1310.159Ø P3.533.940.1390.155Q2.543.000.1000.118ECN: X15-0364-Rev. C, 14-Dec-15DWG: 6031Note:M* = 0.052 inches to 0.064 inches (dimension including protrusion), heatsink hole for HVM.IRL540 Features• Dynamic dV/dt Rating• Repetitive Avalanche Rated• Logic-Level Gate Drive• RDS(on) Specified at VGS = 4 V and 5 V• 175 °C Operating Temperature• Fast Switching• Ease of Paralleling• Compliant to RoHS Directive 2002/95/ECPackage PictureIRL540 Product AttributesSpecificationsValuesManufacturerVishay SiliconixSeries-PackagingTubePart StatusObsoleteECCN CodeEAR99FET TypeN-ChannelTechnologyMOSFET (Metal Oxide)Drain to Source Voltage (Vdss)100VCurrent - Continuous Drain (Id) @ 25°C28A (Tc)Drive Voltage (Max Rds On, Min Rds On)4V, 5VRds On (Max) @ Id, Vgs77mOhm @ 17A, 5VVgs(th) (Max) @ Id2V @ 250µAGate Charge (Qg) (Max) @ Vgs64nC @ 5VVgs (Max)±10VInput Capacitance (Ciss) (Max) @ Vds2200pF @ 25VFET Feature-Power Dissipation (Max)150W (Tc)Operating Temperature-55°C ~ 175°C (TJ)Mounting TypeThrough HoleSupplier Device PackageTO-220ABPackage / CaseTO-220-3JESD-30 CodeR-PSFM-T3JEDEC-95 CodeTO-220ABJESD-609 Codee0FET TechnologyMETAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTORPbfree CodeNoRohs CodeNoAlternate PartsSIHL540, SIHL540-E3, IRL540PBFComponent DatasheetIRL540 PDFUsing WarningsPlease check their parameters and pin configuration before replacing them in your circuit.FAQ1. What is an N-channel MOSFET?The N-Channel MOSFET has an N- channel region located in between the source and drain terminals. It is a four-terminal device having the terminals as gate, drain, source, body. In this type of Field Effect Transistor, the drain and source are heavily doped n+ region and the substrate or body are of P-type.2. What is IRF540 MOSFET?IRF540 is an N-Channel powered MOSFET used for very fast switching operations as well as for amplification processes. It operates in enhancement mode. It has a lot of applications in daily life for example, switching regulators, relay drivers, switching converters, motor drivers, high speed power switching drivers etc.3. What is Logic Level MOSFET?It means the MOSFET can be driven by the output voltage (4 to 5 V) of general-purpose logic IC. When the general-purpose logic IC does not have enough output current capability, the MOSFET cannot be driven.4. Is IRF540 a logic level MOSFET?IRF540 is not a logic level.5. What is the use of N channel MOSFET?The N-channel MOSFET transistors improve control of voltage and current for a wide range of power supply design needs, including high switching frequencies. 6. What is the IRL540 MOSFET part of?Third Generation Power MOSFETsIRL540 ManufacturerVishay Intertechnology, Inc. is an American manufacturer of discrete semiconductors and passive electronic components founded by Polish-born businessman Felix Zandman. Vishay has manufacturing plants in Israel, Asia, Europe, and the Americas where it produces rectifiers, diodes, MOSFETs, optoelectronics, selected integrated circuits, resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Vishay Intertechnology revenues for 2018 were $3.035 billion. Vishay is one of the world's foremost manufacturers of power MOSFETs. They have a wide range of power electronic applications, including portable information appliances, internet communications infrastructure, power integrated circuits, cell phones, and notebook computers.

Product OverviewAM412 is a new digital intelligent PIR sensor. This Smart digital detector offers a complete motion detector solution, with all electronic circuitry built into the detector housing. Only a power supply and power-switching components need to be added to make the entire motion switch, a timer is included.This blog will introduce AM412 systematically from its features, applications to its specifications, PIR sensor circuit, also including AM412 datasheet and so much more. CatalogProduct OverviewAM412 FeaturesAM412 ApplicationsWhat are Octopus Electronic BricksAM412 DimensionAM412 Typical ApplicationSpectral Response of Window MaterialsAM412 Technical DataPIR Sensor CircuitPIR Sensor WorkingAM412 ManufacturerAM412 DatasheetAM412 DatasheetUsing WarningsAM412 FAQ AM412 FeaturesDigital signal processing（DSP）Power adjustable, save more energyTwo-way differential high impedance sensor inputBuilt-in filter, screen the interference by other frequencyExcellent power supply rejection, Insensitive to RF interference  Schmidt REL outputLow voltage, low power consumption, instantaneous settling after power up AM412 ApplicationsToysDigital photo frameTV, Refrigerator, Air-conditionerUSB AlarmsPIR motion detectionIntruder detectionOccupancy detectionMotion sensor lightsComputer monitorSecurity systemAutomatic controlCorridorStairs Lights etc. What are Octopus Electronic BricksPi Supply Octopus Electronic Bricks can be used to build electronics projects just as easy as piling bricks. You can also connect  Arduino compatible boards easily with various digital, analog, and  I2C /Uart interfaces. The breadboardless connections let you connect expansion modules like potentiometers, sensors, relays, servos, buttons in a plug and play way. AM412 DimensionThe following figure is the diagram of the AM412 dimension. AM412 Dimension AM412 Typical ApplicationThe following figure is the diagram of AM412's typical application. AM412 Typical Application Spectral Response of Window MaterialsThe following figure is the diagram of Spectral Response of Window Materials. Spectral Response of Window Materials AM412 Technical DataCharacteristicsSymbolMin. ValueMax. ValueMax. ValueSupply VoltageVDD2.73.3VWorking TemperatureTST-2085°CCurrent into any pinInto-100100mAStorage TemperatureTST-40125°C PIR Sensor CircuitThe PIR sensor circuit consists of three pins, power supply pin, output signal pin, and ground pin. The PIR sensor circuit is having ceramic substrate and filter window as shown in the figure and also has dome like structure called as Fresnel lens. PIR Sensor Circuit PIR Sensor WorkingWhenever, human being (even a warm body or object with some temperature) passes through the field of view of the PIR sensor.  then it detects the infrared radiation emitted by a hot body motion. Thus, the infrared radiation detected by the sensor generates an electrical signal that can be used to activate an alert system or buzzer, or alarm sound. PIR Sensor Detection Area The PIR sensor internally is split into two halves, one half is positive and the other is considered as negative. Thus, one half generates one signal by detecting the motion of a hot body and the other half generates another signal. The difference between these two signals is generated as the output signal. Primarily, this sensor consists of Fresnel lens which are bifurcated to detect the infrared radiation produced by the motion of a hot body over a wide range or specific area. PIR Sensor Working If once the sensor gets warmed up, then the output remains low until it detects motion. If once it detects the motion, then the output goes high for a couple of seconds and then returns to a normal state or low. This sensor requires settling time, which is characteristically in the range of 10 to 60 seconds. AM412 ManufacturerSince its inception in 1959, RLC has been the leading designer and manufacturer of high-quality, state-of-the-art coaxial switches, band-pass filters, precision attenuators, and other transmission line components for the microwave industry. RLC  Electronics offers a custom design capability that integrates discrete components into a specific common platform for multi-function ability, tailored to meet your specifications. AM412 DatasheetYou can download this datasheet for AM412–Datasheet from the link given below:AM412 Datasheet Using WarningsNote: Please check their parameters and pin configuration before replacing them in your circuit. AM412 FAQCan a PIR sensor be connected to an Arduino?There's no difference wiring a PIR sensor to an Arduino vs. CircuitPython board. You must connect the power, ground, and sensor output to your board. The sensor output should be connected to any digital I/O line on your board. In this example we'll use pin D2 on a Trinket M0. What kind of regulator does a Pir module use?All of the signal processing is done within the sensor chip and it has a very low power logic output. It is designed to run at 3 volts and the module provides this using a HT7530-1 low dropout smd regulator. There is a decoupling capacitor on the regulator input and two on the 3 volt output to the PIR chip. What does Pir stand for in motion sensor?PIR stands for P yroelectric I nfra r ed (many times, they are also referred as P assive I nfra r ed sensors). This is because their principle of operation is based on the detection of infrared energy emitted by a moving body. What does AM412 offer?Complete motion detector solution Are PIR sensors universal?The motion detector module is suitable for many applications where motion or presence is registered and so switching operations are caused. The sensor reacts to the heat radiation of moving objects.

I DescriptionDo you know the DC regulated power supply?DC regulated power supply is widely used in industrial production and daily life, and its design occupies a very important position in power supply technology.Therefore, based on the analysis of the problems of the traditional DC stabilized power supply, the method and calculation of each part of the 5 V, 1 A DC stabilized power supply based on L7805CT are described. Besides, it can also provide a 5 V DC power supply for counters, decoders, and digital tubes to realize addition and subtraction counting.The system circuit based on L7805CT introduced in this blog is simple, stable, easy to control, cost-effective, and is of high use-value.CatalogI DescriptionII IntroductionIII Design requirements for DC stabilized power supplyIV Hardware unit circuit design4.1 Overall structure of the power supply4.2 Component selectionV ApplicationVI ConclusionFAQOrdering & QuantityII IntroductionWith the continuous development of electronic technology, the design requirements of electronic equipment for power supply are getting higher and higher, from traditional requirements to high-quality, high-efficiency, and high-stability to meet the needs of objects.The normal operation of electronic devices requires DC power. DC power sources include solar batteries, accumulators, and dry batteries. But do you know which one is the most cost-effective? Of course, the most cost-effective method is to convert the AC power provided by the grid into the required DC power. Most electronic equipment uses this mode, and the three-terminal regulator is the most widely used.Although people use many types of DC stabilized power supplies with different functions, the principles are similar. The voltage regulator chip used in the system introduced in this blog is L7805CT. L7805CT has the advantages of small size, simple external wiring, stable operation and strong applicability. It can meet people's requirements in life, study, and work.III Design requirements for DC stabilized power supplyThe design requirements of the DC regulated single-channel power supply based on L7805CT are as follows:Input AC voltage 220 V;Output DC voltage +5 V;Output DC current 1 A;The output ripple of the circuit is less than 50 mV;The equivalent internal resistance is less than 0.15 Ω;Ripple coefficient is less than 0.002%;Voltage adjustment rate ≤0.001%;Voltage stabilization coefficient ≤0.005%.IV Hardware unit circuit design4.1 Overall structure of the power supplyThis design focuses on the knowledge and skills involved in the main links of the DC power supply, and completes the circuit design and production of 220 V AC input and 5 V, 1 A DC output.The DC power supply is usually composed of four links:Power Transformers;Rectifier circuit;Filter circuit;Regulator circuit .As shown in Figure 1.Figure 1. Block diagram of DC power supply4.1.1 Power transformerThe power transformer converts the high-voltage AC mains power into the appropriate voltage AC and sends it to the single-phase bridge rectifier circuit.When choosing a power transformer model, the parameters we need to consider are capacity and output voltage.4.1.2 Rectifier circuitThe rectifier circuit uses the unidirectional conductivity of the diode to complete the rectification. Commonly used rectifier circuits are as follows: single-phase half-wave rectifier circuit, single-phase full-wave rectifier circuit and single-phase bridge rectifier circuit.Through comparative research, in order to overcome the shortcomings of half-wave rectification, the L7805CT-based system uses a single-phase bridge rectifier circuit. It consists of 4 diodes VD1～VD4 connected in the form of a bridge. Whether it is a positive half-cycle or a negative half-cycle, the direction of the current flowing to the load RL is the same. Both transform the AC voltage output by the secondary winding of the power transformer into a pulsating DC voltage. The reverse voltage that each device bears is the peak value of the power supply voltage, and symmetrical current flows through the positive and negative half cycles of the transformer, the utilization rate is higher than that of the full-wave rectifier circuit, and the current ripple is reduced. Therefore, there is no unidirectional magnetization.4.1.3 Filter circuitThe rectified direct current contains a relatively large alternating current component, and the pulsation coefficient is relatively large, so it cannot be directly used as the power supply for electronic circuits. Filter circuits are commonly used to remove or reduce the AC component in the output voltage, so that pure AC power is used on the device.This design uses the energy storage characteristics of capacitors and inductors to set appropriate parameters.When the circuit voltage rises, the energy storage element stores energy.When the voltage drops, the energy storage element releases energy, so as to achieve the purpose of reducing pulsation.The capacity of the capacitor is related to the discharge time. To make the filtering effect better, a capacitor with a larger capacity can be used as the filter capacitor. The filter capacitor is generally selected as RLC≥(3～5)T/2.4.1.4 Voltage stabilizing circuitThe DC voltage obtained after the AC power is rectified and filtered often fluctuates with the fluctuation of the grid voltage, temperature changes, and load resistance changes. Then, the quality of power supply will be reduced, affecting the operation of the equipment. Therefore, a voltage stabilizing circuit needs to be added between the filter circuit and the load link to achieve the purpose of stabilizing power supply.The chip L7805CT has the characteristics of good voltage regulation performance, high reliability, easy installation and low cost. Therefore, the linear stabilized power supply replaces the discrete stabilized circuit and is widely used. In order to reduce the interference and make the voltage stabilizing circuit work normally, the input voltage should be at least 2.5~3V higher than the output voltage.4.2 Component selection4.2.1 Selection of power transformerConsidering the diode forward voltage drop, wire resistance, and power grid fluctuations, the output voltage UI of the three-terminal integrated regulator should meet: Where:Uomax is the maximum output of regulated power supply;(UI-UO) min is the minimum voltage difference between the input and output of the integrated regulator;ΔUI is the change of the input voltage caused by the fluctuation of the power grid (generally taken as 10% of the sum of UO, (UI-UO) min, and UIP).For the integrated three-terminal regulator, when (UI-UO) min=2～10V, it has better voltage regulation characteristics.When U1 = 10 VWhen U2 = 9 VIn a single-phase bridge rectifier circuit, the relationship between the transformer secondary winding current I2 and the capacitor filter output current II is:In summary, choose a transformer with a capacity of 15VA and 9V.4.2.2 Selection of rectifier diodeBecause, the current flowing through each rectifier diode in the bridge circuit is: The maximum reverse peak voltage of each rectifier diode is: In summary, select the transistor IN4001, its parameters are: ID=1A, URM=50V.4.2.3 Selection of filter capacitorAlthough the current passing through the diode is a pulsating current, because the capacitor C has an energy storage and discharge function, this reduces the degree of voltage pulsation across the load RL and increases the average value.The average value and smoothness of the DC voltage on the load are related to the discharge time constant τ=RLC. The larger the value of C or RL, the slower the discharge of C. The larger the output DC voltage value, the better the filtering effect; otherwise, the worse. Generally take:The AC power supply in some Asian countries is a 50Hz sine wave, with 50 identical waveforms per second. After full-wave rectification, both the positive and negative half waves become pulsating direct current in the same direction. At this time, there are 100 identical waveforms per second, that is, f=100Hz.So the filter capacitor capacity is:among them,The output DC voltage of the capacitor filter circuit is estimated as:In summary, two electrolytic capacitors of 2200μF and 50V can be used, and they are connected in parallel. In order to filter out the interference of high-frequency signals and improve the dynamic characteristics of the power supply, a 105pF, 50V high-frequency ceramic capacitor is connected in parallel at both ends of the filter capacitor.4.2.4 How to choose a three-terminal integrated voltage regulatorThe condition that the power consumption of the three-terminal integrated voltage regulator must meet is greater than 5W and the output voltage is 5V. This design chooses L7805CT, the output voltage is 4.8～5.2V, the quiescent current is 4.2～8mA, and the maximum output current can be 1.5A, which meets the design requirements. Considering the large output current, a heat sink needs to be added.V ApplicationAdopt the design based on L7805CT to provide 5V DC power supply for counter, decoder and digital tube.Use the button to generate a single clock, realize the count of modulo 10 through the standard counter circuit, and generate the corresponding code. The value is output to the integrated decoding circuit through the decoder to display the numbers 0-9. Use the "DP" section of the integrated decoding circuit as a power-on indication. The counter has a reset button, and the integrated decoding circuit adopts a common cathode structure to realize addition and subtraction counting. as shown in figure 2.Figure 2. L7805 CircuitVI ConclusionThe 5V, 1A DC power supply design based on the L7805CT described in this blog can provide 5V DC power supply for counters, decoders, and digital tubes to achieve addition and subtraction counting.The design circuit of the L7805CT is simple, with few components, low power consumption and stable. Therefore, it can be extended to other object applications as a DC stabilized power supply to provide electrical energy.FAQWhat is l7805?A voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. 7805 IC, a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulators used to maintain such fluctuations, is a popular voltage regulator integrated circuit (IC). ... 7805 IC provides +5 volts regulated power supply with provisions to add a heat sink.What is the working principle of IC 7805?A voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. 7805 IC, a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulators used to maintain such fluctuations, is a popular voltage regulator integrated circuit (IC). The xx in 78xx indicates the output voltage it provides.How do I test a 7805 with a multimeter?Turn on the DC power supply and adjust the output voltage of about 8V or slightly larger. Or alternatively you can use a battery 9V-12V as voltage source. Look at the voltmeter panel when you set the voltage. Prepare a DC voltmeter readings on voltage range 50V to measure the output voltage of the IC 7805.How does 7805 regulate voltage?For 7805 IC, it is +5V DC regulated power supply. This regulator IC also adds a provision for a heat sink. The input voltage to this voltage regulator can be up to 35V, and this IC can give a constant 5V for any value of input less than or equal to 35V which is the threshold limit.

Catalog Description CAD Models Pin Configuration Block Diagram Features Applications Datasheet Specifications Manufacturer Using Warning FAQ   Description The TPS7B770x-Q1 family of devices feature a single and dual, high-voltage low-dropout regulator (LDO) with current sensing, designed to operate with a wide input-voltage range from 4.5 V to 40 V (45-V load dump protection). These devices provide power to the low-noise amplifiers of the active antenna through a coax cable with 300 mA per channel current. Each channel also provides an adjustable output voltage from 1.5 V to 20 V. These devices provide diagnostics through the current sense and error pins. To monitor the load current, a high-side current-sense circuitry provides a proportional analog output to the sensed load current. The accurate current sense allows detection of open, normal, and short-circuit conditions without the need for further calibration. Current sense can be multiplexed between channels and devices to save analog-to-digital converter (ADC) resources. Each channel also implements adjustable current limit with an external resistor.   CAD Models   Figure: Symbol     Figure: PCB Footprints     Figure: 3D Model   Pin Configuration   Figure: Pin Configuration   Block Diagram   Figure: Block Diagram   Features Qualified for Automotive ApplicationsAEC-Q100 Qualified With the Following Results:          – Device Temperature Grade 1: –40°C to 125°C            Ambient Operating Temperature Range          – Device HBM ESD Classification 2 – Device CDM ESD Classification C4B Single and Dual-Channel LDO With Current          Sense and Adjustable Current-Limit 4.5-V to 40-V Wide Input Voltage Range, 45-V          Load Dump Power Switch Mode When Tying FB to GND1.5-V to 20-V Adjustable Output VoltageUp to 300-mA Output Current per ChannelAdjustable Current-Limit With External ResistorHigh Accuracy Current-Sense to Detect Antenna          Open Condition at Low Current Without Further          Calibration High Power-Supply Rejection Ratio: Typical 73 dB          at 100 Hz Integrated Reverse-Polarity Protection, Down to          –40 V and No Need for External Diode 500-mV Max Dropout Voltage at 100-mA LoadStable With Output Capacitor in 2.2-µF to 100-µF          Range (ESR 1 mΩ to 5 Ω) • Integrated Protection and Diagnostics          – Thermal Shutdown          – Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO)          – Short-Circuit Protection          – Reverse Battery Polarity Protection          – Reverse-Current Protection          – Output Short-to-Battery Protection          – Output Inductive Load Clamp          – Multiplexing Current Sense Between Channels             and Devices          – Ability to Distinguish All Faults With Current            Sense 16-Pin HTSSOP PowerPAD™ Package   Applications Infotainment Active-Antenna Power SuppliesSurround-View Camera Power SuppliesHigh-Side Power Switch For Small-CurrentApplications   Datasheet You can download the datasheet the link given below. TPS7B7702QPWPRQ1-Datasheet   Specifications TYPEDESCRIPTIONCategoryIntegrated Circuits (ICs)Power Management (PMIC)Voltage Regulators - LinearMfrTexas InstrumentsSeriesAutomotive, AEC-Q100PackageTape & Reel (TR)Cut Tape (CT)Digi-ReelProduct StatusActiveOutput ConfigurationPositiveOutput TypeAdjustableNumber of Regulators2Voltage - Input (Max)40VVoltage - Output (Min/Fixed)1.5VVoltage - Output (Max)20VVoltage Dropout (Max)0.5V @ 100mACurrent - Output300mACurrent - Quiescent (Iq)1 mAPSRR73dB (100Hz)Control FeaturesCurrent Limit, EnableOperating Temperature-40℃ ~ 150℃Mounting TypeSurface MountPackage / Case16-PowerTSSOP (0.173", 4.40mm Width)Supplier Device Package16-HTSSOPBase Product NumberTPS7B7702   Manufacturer Texas Instruments Incorporated (TI) is an American technology company headquartered in Dallas, Texas, that designs and manufactures semiconductors and various integrated circuits, which it sells to electronics designers and manufacturers globally. It is one of the top 10 semiconductor companies worldwide based on sales volume.The company's focus is on developing analog chips and embedded processors, which account for more than 80% of its revenue.TI also produces TI digital light processing technology and education technology products including calculators, microcontrollers and multi-core processors.   Using Warning Note: Please check their parameters and pin configuration before replacing them in your circuit.   FAQ What is LDO in voltage regulator? Linear and low-dropout (LDO) regulators are a simple, inexpensive way to provide a regulated output voltage that is powered from a higher voltage input in a variety of applications.   How do LDO regulators work? A low-dropout regulator's (LDO) nature is to regulate a voltage by turning excess power into heat, making this integrated circuit a good fit for low-power or small VIN-to-VOUT differential applications.   How is LDO efficiency calculated? The efficiency of an LDO regulator can be calculated by dividing the output power by the input power.