The Kynix Components

CatalogUC3842AN DescriptionRelated Video InstructionUC3842AN CAD ModelsUC3842AN Pin ConfigurationsUC3842AN FeaturesUC3842AN ApplicationsUC3842AN DatasheetUC3842AN Product AttributesRelated Electronics Part NumberUC3842AN VS UC3842NManufacturerUsing WarningFAQ about UC3842ANUC3842AN DescriptionThe UCx84xA family of control devices is a pin-for-pin compatible improved version of the UCx84x family. Providing the necessary features to control currentmode or switched-mode power supplies, this family of devices has many improved features: startup current is less than 0.5 mA, oscillator discharge is trimmed to 8.3 mA, and during UVLO, the output stage can sink at least 10 mA at less than 1.2 V for VCC over 5 V. Related Video InstructionVideo: Current Mode PWM SMPS controller UC3842UC3842 Video Description:in this video i discussed Functional Description of Current Mode PWM SMPS controller UC3842 Video: UC3842 OPEN LOOP TEST CIRCUIT (Alfaro, Bugnot, Maramara, Ocampo, Pascual)UC3842AN Video Description: The UC3842 is a fixed frequency current-mode PWM controller. They are specially designed for Off-Line and DC to DC converter applications with minimum external components. These integrated circuits feature a trimmed oscillator for precise duty cycle control, a temperature compensated reference, high gain error amplifier, current sensing comparator and a high current totem pole output for driving a Power MOSFET. UC3842AN CAD Models Figure: UC3842AN Part Symbol  Figure: UC3842AN Footprint  Figure: UC3842AN 3D Model UC3842AN Pin Configurations Figure: UC3842AN Pin Configurations UC3842AN FeaturesOptimized for Off-Line and DC-DC ConvertersLow Start-Up Current (< 0.5 mA)Trimmed Oscillator Discharge CurrentAutomatic Feedforward CompensationPulse-by-Pulse Current LimitingEnhanced Load Response CharacteristicsUndervoltage Lockout With HysteresisDouble Pulse SuppressionHigh-Current Totem Pole OutputInternally-Trimmed Bandgap ReferenceUp to 500-kHz OperationCreate a Custom Design Using the UCx84xA With the WEBENCH® Power Designer UC3842AN ApplicationsSwitch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS)DC-DC ConvertersPower ModulesIndustrial PSU  Battery Operated PSU UC3842AN DatasheetClick the link given below to download the datasheet.UC3842AN-DatasheetUC3842AN Product AttributesPhysicalCase/PackagePDIPNumber of Pins8Weight528.605208 mg TechnicalDuty Cycle1Fall Time50 nsFrequency450 kHzInput Current11 mAMax Duty Cycle1Max Frequency500 kHzMax Input Voltage25 VMax Operating Temperature70 ℃Max Output Current1 AMax Output Voltage13.5 VMax Power Dissipation1 WMax Supply Voltage30 VMin Operating Temperature0 ℃Min Supply Voltage12 VNominal Input Voltage15 VNumber of Channels1Number of Outputs1Output Current1 AOutput Voltage5 VPower Dissipation1 WReference Voltage5 VRise Time50 nsSchedule B8542390000Switching Frequency500 kHzTerminationThrough HoleTolerance0.02TopologyFlyback, Boost, Buck-Boost DimensionsHeight5.08 mmLength9.81 mmThickness3.9 mmWidth6.35 mm ComplianceLead FreeLead FreeRadiation HardeningNoREACH SVHCNo SVHC Related Electronics Part NumberUC3842A, PWM Controllers With Low Start-up Current UC3842M, Current-Mode PWM Controller UC3843A, Current Mode PWM Controller UC3844A, Current Mode PWM Controller UC3845A, Current Mode PWM Controller PT2202, Low-Cost Current Mode PWM Controller PT2201, Current Mode PWM Controller NCP5322A, Two-Phase Buck Controller With Integrated Gate Drivers And 5-Bit DAC ISL6556B, Optimized Multiphase PWM Controller With 6-Bit DAC And Programmable Internal Temperature Compensation For VR10.X Application MIC2169, MIC2169 500kHz PWM Synchronous Buck Control IC ISL65426MREP, Enhanced Product (EP) 6.0A Dual Synchronous Buck Regulator With Integrated MOSFETs   UCC1570, Low Power Pulse Width Modulator HIP6019B, Advanced Dual PWM And Dual Linear Power Control UC3842AN VS UC3842NSource Content uidUC3842ANUC3842NRohs CodeNoYesPart Life Cycle CodeObsoleteObsoleteIhs ManufacturerON SEMICONDUCTORFAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR CORPPart Package CodeDIPDIPPackage DescriptionDIP, DIP8,.3DIP, DIP8,.3Pin Count88Reach Compliance Codenot_compliantcompliantECCN CodeEAR99EAR99HTS Code8542.39.00.018542.39.00.01Analog IC - Other TypeSWITCHING CONTROLLERSWITCHING CONTROLLERControl ModeCURRENT-MODECURRENT-MODEControl TechniquePULSE WIDTH MODULATIONPULSE WIDTH MODULATIONInput Voltage-Max30 V30 VInput Voltage-Min11.5 V12 VInput Voltage-Nom15 V15 VJESD-30 CodeR-PDIP-T8R-PDIP-T8JESD-609 Codee0e3Length9.78 mm9.2 mmNumber of Functions11Number of Terminals88Operating Temperature-Max70 °C70 °COperating Temperature-Min--Output Current-Max1 A1 APackage Body MaterialPLASTIC/EPOXYPLASTIC/EPOXYPackage CodeDIPDIPPackage Equivalence CodeDIP8,.3DIP8,.3Package ShapeRECTANGULARRECTANGULARPackage StyleIN-LINEIN-LINEPeak Reflow Temperature (Cel)NOT SPECIFIEDNOT APPLICABLEQualification StatusNot QualifiedNot QualifiedSeated Height-Max4.45 mm5.08 mmSurface MountNONOSwitcher ConfigurationSINGLESINGLESwitching Frequency-Max500 kHz500 kHzTechnologyBIPOLARBIPOLARTemperature GradeCOMMERCIALCOMMERCIALTerminal FinishTin/Lead (Sn/Pb)Matte Tin (Sn)Terminal FormTHROUGH-HOLETHROUGH-HOLETerminal Pitch2.54 mm2.54 mmTerminal PositionDUALDUALTime@Peak Reflow Temperature-Max (s)NOT SPECIFIEDNOT APPLICABLEWidth7.62 mm7.62 mmBase Number Matches75 ManufacturerTexas Instruments Incorporated (TI) is an American technology company headquartered in Dallas, Texas, that designs and manufactures semiconductors and various integrated circuits, which it sells to electronics designers and manufacturers globally. It is one of the top 10 semiconductor companies worldwide based on sales volume.The company's focus is on developing analog chips and embedded processors, which account for more than 80% of its revenue.TI also produces TI digital light processing technology and education technology products including calculators, microcontrollers and multi-core processors. The company holds 45,000 patents worldwide as of 2016. Using WarningNote: Please check their parameters and pin configuration before replacing them in your circuit. FAQ about UC3842ANIs the uc3842 IC a current mode controller?Note: Complete Technical Details can be found at the UC3842 datasheet given at the end of this page. The UC3842 IC is a current Mode PWM Controller, meaning it can be used to provide a constant current by varying the output voltage to the load. Is the uc3842 output driver biased to a high impedance?During UVLO, the UC3842 output driver is biased to a high impedance state. However, leakage currents (up to 10 µA), if not shunted to ground, could pull high the gate of a POWERMOS. A 100 k Ω shunt, as showing in figure 6, will hold the gate voltage below 1V. APPLICATION NOTE 3/16 What is the under voltage lockout on uc3842?UNDER-VOLTAGE LOCKOUT (UVLO) This circuit insures that VCCis adequate to make the UC3842 fully operational before enabling the output stage. Figure 5a shows that the UVLO turn-on and turn-off thresholds are fixed internally at 16 V and 10 V respectively. The 6 V hysteresis prevents VCC oscillations during power sequencing. How is the peak current determined in uc3842?UC3842 Block Diagram. Current limiting is simplified with current-mode con- trol. Pulse-by-pulse limiting is, of course, inherent in the control scheme. Furthermore, an upper limit on the peak current can be established by simply clam- ping the error voltage. What is the use of PWM in SMPS?PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) power supplies are a type of switching power supply. Pulse Width Modulation is generally used to help regulate the voltage in a switching power supply. This is necessary when the current demand on the power supply or the charging system's supply voltage is not constant. How is power control done using PWM?Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a commonly used technique for controlling power made practical by modern electronic power switches. The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the (transistor) switch between supply and load on and off at a fast pace. What is the advantage of using SMPS?The device is used in SMPS is compact and very small in size. The manufacturing cost is reduced. Provide isolation between multiple output. Low power wastage. How does SMPS power supply works?SMPS works by turning the main power on and off at a high speed to reduce the voltage. In such a case the reduction in voltage depends on the ratio of time and off time. Switching happens very quickly, 10,000 times or faster per second. Why are PWM controllers preferred?Pulse width modulation is a great method of controlling the amount of power delivered to a load without dissipating any wasted power. The above circuit can also be used to control the speed of a fan or to dim the brightness of DC lamps or LED's. What is PWM in power supply?Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), also known as pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a technique for reducing the average power in an Alternating Current (AC) signal. Effectively chopping off parts of the waveform reduces the average voltage without affecting the base frequency of the signal. 

LM331 is basically a precision voltage to frequency converter from National Semiconductors. CatalogProduct OverviewRelated Video InstructionCircuit DiagramFeaturesPrinciples of OperationSimplified Voltage-to-Frequency ConverterBlock DiagramSchematic DiagramDatasheetProduct AttributesUsing WarningFAQ Product OverviewLM331 is basically a precision voltage to frequency converter from National Semiconductors. The IC has a hand full of applications like analog to digital conversion, long-term integration, voltage to frequency conversion, frequency to voltage conversion. Wide dynamic range and excellent linearity make the IC well suitable for the applications mentioned above. The LM231 /LM331 family of voltage-to-frequency converters are ideally suited for use in simple low-cost circuits for analog-to-digital conversion, precision frequency-to-voltage conversion, long-term integration, linear frequency modulation, or demodulation, and many other functions. The output when used as a voltage-to-frequency converter is a pulse train at a frequency precisely proportional to the applied input voltage. Thus, it provides all the inherent advantages of the voltage-to-frequency conversion techniques and is easy to apply in all standard voltage-to-frequency converter applications. Further, the LM231A/LM331A attain a new high level of accuracy versus temperature which could only be attained with expensive voltage-to-frequency modules. Additionally, the LM231 /331 are ideally suited for use in digital systems at low power supply voltages and can provide low-cost analog-to-digital conversion in microprocessor-controlled systems. And, the frequency from a battery-powered voltage- to-frequency converter can be easily channeled through a simple photo isolator to provide isolation against high common-mode levels. The LM231/LM331 utilie a new temperature-compensated band-gap reference circuit, to provide excellent accuracy over the full operating temperature range, at power supplies as low as 4.0V. The precision timer circuit has low bias currents without degrading the quick response necessary for 100 kHz voltage-to-frequency conversion,  And the output is capable of driving 3 TTL loads, or a high voltage output up to 40V, yet is short-circuit-proof against Vcc-. Related Video InstructionVideo: VOLTAGE to FREQUENCY CONVERTERLM331 Video Description: The voltage to frequency (V-F) converter accepts an analog input 𝑽_𝒊𝒏 and generates a pulse train with frequency f. Mathematically it is expressed as 𝒇=𝒌𝑽_𝒊𝒏 Where k is the sensitivity of V-F converter in 𝑯𝒛∕𝑽. The op-amp 𝑨_𝟏is comparator while op-amp 𝑨_𝟐 is integrator. When 𝑽_𝒐𝟏 is negative the diode D is forward biased and Capacitor C starts charging. Circuit Diagram Figure: LM331 Circuit NotesThe circuit can be assembled on a vero board.I used 15V DC as the supply voltage (+Vs) while testing the circuit.The LM331 can be operated from anything between 5 to 30V DC.The value of R3 depends on the supply voltage and the equation is R3= (Vs – 2V)/ (2mA).According to the equation, for Vs = 15V, R3=68K.The output voltage depends on the equation, Vout = ((R4)/(R5+R6))*R1C1*2.09V*Fin.POT R6 can be used for calibrating the circuit. FeaturesEnsured Linearity 0.01% maxImproved Performance in Existing Voltage-to-Frequency Conversion ApplicationsSplit or Single Supply OperationOperates on Single 5V SupplyPulse Output Compatible with AIlI Logic FormsExcellent Temperature Stability: +50 ppm/°C maxLow Power Consumption: 15 mW Typical at 5VWide Dynamic Range, 100 dB min at 10 kHz Full Scale FrequencyWide Range of Full Scale Frequency: 1 Hz to 100 kHzLow Cost Principles of OperationThe LM231 /331 are monolithic circuits designed for accuracy and versatile operation when applied as voltage-to-frequency (V-to-F) converters or as frequency-to-voltage (F-to-V) converters. A simplified block diagram of the LM231/331 is shown in the following figure and consists of a switched current source, input comparator, and 1-shot timer. Figure: LM331 Principle of Operation Simplified Voltage-to-Frequency ConverterThe operation of these blocks is best understood by going through the operating cycle of the basic V-to-F converter, the above-mentioned figure, which consists of the simplified block diagram of the LM231/331 and the various resistors and capacitors connected to it. The voltage comparator compares a positive input voltage, V1, at pin 7 to the voltage, Vx, at pin 6. If V1 is greater, the comparator will trigger the 1-shot timer. The output of the timer will turn ON both the frequency output transistor and the switched current source for a period t=1.1 RtCt. During this period, the current i will flow out of the switched current source and provide a fixed amount of charge, Q = i × t, into the capacitor, CL. This will normally charge Vx up to a higher level than V1. At the end of the timing period, the current i will turn OFF, and the timer will reset itself. Now there is no current flowing from pin 1, and the capacitor CL will be gradually discharged by RL until Vx falls to the level of V1. Then the comparator will trigger the timer and start another cycle. The current flowing into CL is exactly IAVE = i × (1.1×RtCt) × f, and the current flowing out of CL is exactly Vx/RL ≃ VIN/RL. If VIN is doubled, the frequency will double to maintain this balance. Even a simple V-to-F converter can provide a frequency precisely proportional to its input voltage over a wide range of frequencies. Block Diagram Figure: LM331 Block Diagram Schematic Diagram Figure: LM331 Schematic Diagram DatasheetYou can download the datasheet from the link given below.LM331-Datasheet Product AttributesProduct AttributeAttribute ValueSource Content uid:LM331N/A+Manufacturer Part Number:LM331N/A+Part Life Cycle Code:ObsoleteIhs Manufacturer:NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPPackage Description:DIP, DIP8,.3Reach Compliance Code:unknownECCN Code:EAR99HTS Code:8542.39.00.01Manufacturer:Texas InstrumentsRisk Rank:5.92Converter Type:VOLTAGE TO FREQUENCY CONVERTERJESD-30 Code:R-PDIP-T8JESD-609 Code:e0Number of Terminals:8Operating Temperature-Max:70 °CPackage Body Material:PLASTIC/EPOXYPackage Code:DIPPackage Equivalence Code:DIP8,.3Package Shape:RECTANGULARPackage Style:IN-LINEPower Supplies:5 VSubcategory:Analog Special Function ConvertersSupply Current-Max:8 mASupply Voltage-Nom:5 VTemperature Grade:COMMERCIALTerminal Finish:Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)Terminal Form:THROUGH-HOLETerminal Pitch:2.54 mmTerminal Position:DUALUsing WarningNote: Please check their parameters and pin configuration before replacing them in your circuit.  FAQWhat makes the IC well suitable for the applications mentioned above?Wide dynamic range and excellent linearity. What is the output when used as a voltage-to-frequency converter?Pulse train. What does the LM231/LM331 utilie?A new temperature-compensated band-gap reference circuit. What type of applications does the LM331 have?Analog to digital conversion What does the LM231/LM331 family of voltage-to-frequency converters provide?All the inherent advantages of the voltage-to-frequency conversion techniques. Where can the LM231/331 provide low-cost analog-to-digital conversion?Microprocessor-controlled systems. What is the power supply of the LM231/LM331?4.0V. 

I. DescriptionThe role of analog-to-digital conversion (AD) is to convert continuous analog quantities into discrete digital quantities through sampling. It is widely used in circuit design, such as the digitization of analog quantities such as image, voltage, and current. The function of the AD chip is to complete the analog-to-digital conversion function. There are many kinds of AD chips. This article takes ADC0804 as an example to elaborate on the software and hardware design methods of the AD conversion circuit.CatalogI. DescriptionII. ADC0804 IntroductionIII. Circuit Connection DiagramIV. ADC08904 Timing Analysis4.1 ADC08904 Start Conversion Timing Analysis4.2 ADC0804 Read Data Timing AnalysisV. ADC0804 Analog-to-digital Conversion Test ProgramVI. ConclusionFAQOrdering & QuantityII. ADC0804 IntroductionADC0804 is a step-by-step comparison AD converter, using CMOS manufacturing process, 20 pins, 8-bit resolution, the input analog voltage range is 0-5V, and the typical conversion time is 100us. The chip contains a three-state data output latch, which can be directly hung on the data bus of the microcontroller. III. Circuit Connection DiagramFigure 1 Circuit connection diagramThe circuit connection diagram is shown in Figure 1 above, which mainly includes AT89S52 single-chip microcomputer, ADC0804, and 8 light-emitting diodes. The 31-pin of the one-chip computer is connected to the high level, the purpose is to make the one-chip computer start to execute the program from the internal ROM after power-on. The following focuses on the peripheral circuit design of the ADC0804 chip and the connection between the corresponding pins and the microcontroller. The 20th pin of ADC0804  is connected to 5V for powering itself, and pin 0 is the power ground. Pins 11-18 are the converted digital signal output terminals, which are respectively connected to P1.7-P1.0 of the single-chip microcomputer and connected to the anodes of 8 light-emitting diodes (LED1-LED8). The function of connecting the light-emitting diode is to intuitively test the correctness of the circuit design and programming by observing the change of its on-off state. The details will be given later. Pin 1 CS is the chip selection terminal, connected to pin P3.5 of the microcontroller, and the low level is active. Once CS is active,  ADC0804  is ready to start working immediately. Pin 2 RD is the read signal input terminal, connected to pin P3.7 of the single-chip microcomputer, low level is effective. 3 pin WR is the write signal input terminal, connected to the single-chip P3.6 pin, the low level is valid, and the WR is valid, the AD conversion is started immediately. The 19-pin CLKR is the external resistance end of the internal clock generator. The RC oscillator circuit is formed by a 10K resistor and a 150pf capacitor. The oscillation signal output by the oscillator circuit is connected to the 4-pin CLKIN as the clock pulse of ADC0804,  The pulse frequency is 1/( 1.1R*C), if the capacitor is selected too much, the conversion rate will be affected. Pin 5 INTR is the interrupt signal output terminal. When it outputs a low level, it indicates the end of AD conversion and prompts the controller to do the corresponding processing. This article does not use the interrupt mode, so the pin is left floating. 6-pin VIN+ and 7-pin VIN- form a pair of analog differential signal input terminals. Among them, pin 6 VIN+ is connected to an adjustable resistor through a 10K current limiting resistor. By adjusting the size of the adjustable resistor, a voltage between 0-5V can be obtained. Since pin 7 VIN- is grounded, the voltage is It is the analog input voltage of ADC0804. The task of  ADC0804 is to convert the analog voltage into an 8-bit digital quantity, the range is 0x00-0xFF. Pin 9 VREF/2 is the reference voltage input terminal. The reference voltage is 2.5V, which is obtained by dividing the 5V voltage through two 1K resistors. IV. ADC08904 Timing Analysis4.1 ADC08904 Start Conversion Timing AnalysisFigure 2 ADC08904 start conversion timing diagram According to the ADC0804 start conversion timing diagram (Figure 2), it can be seen that the ADC0804 starts the conversion through the following series of processes: first, clear CS, that is, change CS to a low level, after a slight delay, change WR from high level to low level, and then change WR to a high level after a slight delay, and the AD conversion is officially started. After 1-8 AD conversion time periods, the analog-to-digital conversion is completed, and the conversion result is automatically stored in the internal latch. At the same time, the INTR interrupt output terminal becomes low level to inform the  MCU  of this AD conversion junction, and the  MCU then takes out the data by reading for subsequent processing. 4.2 ADC0804 Read Data Timing AnalysisFigure 3 ADC0804 read data timing diagram According to the ADC0804 read data timing diagram (Figure 3), it can be seen that the ADC0804 read data operation needs to go through the following series of processes: first clear CS, that is, CS becomes low, and after a slight delay, RD changes from high to high Low level, after Tacc time, the data on the digital signal output terminal (digital signal after A/D conversion) can be stabilized. At this time, the microcontroller can read the data on the digital signal output terminal, and then pull RD to a high level. V. ADC0804 Analog-to-digital Conversion Test ProgramThis article writes a complete ADC0804 analog-to-digital conversion test program, as shown below, and gives the program function comments line by line. The program is written strictly in accordance with the ADC0804 start-up conversion timing and read data timing. Its function is to obtain different voltages by adjusting the adjustable resistor R2 in Figure 1. This voltage is used as the analog input of ADC0804.  which is converted to 8-bit digital quantity by ADC0804 and drives 8-bit light-emitting diodes respectively. Different voltages are converted into different digital quantities so that the brightness of the 8-bit LED is different. Observing this phenomenon indicates that the design of the analog-to-digital conversion circuit in this article is correct. VI. ConclusionIn this paper, 8051 single-chip microcomputer is used as the controller, the ADC0804-based analog-to-digital conversion circuit is designed, the working principle of ADC0804 is discussed, and a complete test program is given and annotated. Through testing, the circuit can work normally, laying a good foundation for further research in the field of circuit design in the future.FAQWhat is the typical conversion time of ADC0804?100usWhat is the function of the AD chip?Complete the analog-to-digital conversion functionWhat is adc0804?The ADC0804 is a commonly used ADC module, for projects were an external ADC is required. It is a 20-pin Single channel 8-bit ADC module. Meaning it can measure one ADC value from 0V to 5V and the precision when voltage reference (Vref –pin 9) is +5V is 19.53mV (Step size).What is the difference between adc0804 and max1112?ADC0804 is used for parallel ADC and MAX1112 is used for serial ADC.Which pin of the adc0804 indicates end of conversion?PIN-5 – Interrupt (INTR) This pin automatically goes low when conversion is done by ADC0804 or when digital equivalent of analog input is ready.PIN-6 – Vin (+) connect input analog sensor pin/input voltage to this pin.What is ADC and DAC?ADC stands for Analog to Digital Converter, which converts the analog signal into the digital signal. DAC stands for Digital to Analog Converter and it converts the Digital signal into an analog signal.What is the resolution of 8 bit ADC?For example, an ADC with a resolution of 8 bits can encode an analog input to one in 256 different levels (28 = 256). The values can represent the ranges from 0 to 255 (i.e. as unsigned integers) or from −128 to 127 (i.e. as signed integer), depending on the application. 

MIC29302 is the linear regulator.It is a variable high current low drop voltage regulator with a maximum current of 3 A and a voltage drop of 450 mV at full load. The regulator has an enable pin that enables a zero-current shutdown mode, making it suitable for designs that require high efficiencies, such as battery-powered devices and linear power supplies.This post will introduce you to the basic information about MIC29302 Linear Regulators. You will learn some common descriptions, including:MIC29302 PinoutMIC29302 FeaturesMIC29302 Equivalent Alternative LDO RegulatorsMIC29302 AdvantageHow to use MIC29302MIC29302 ApplicationsMIC29302 PackageFAQMIC29302 PinoutPin NumberPin NameDescription1EnableTTL logic pin to turn the regulator on/off2INInput voltage to be regulated3GroundConnected to the ground system4OutRegulated output voltage5AdjustSets the output voltage using two resistor divider networkMIC29302 Features3A Variable Regulator LDO ICInput Supply Voltage: 3V to 16VOutput Voltage: 1.24V to 15V (Adjustable)Continuous Output Current: 3ADrop-out Voltage: 450mV at 3AEnable Logic HIGH: 2.4VEnable Logic LOW: 0.8VAvailable in  To-252  and To-263 PackageNote: The full technical details can be found on the datasheet at the end of this page.MIC29302 Equivalent MIC29500, MIC29750 , MIC29300 Alternative LDO RegulatorsAMS1117, MIC5225, LP2985MIC29302 AdvantageMIC29302 ICThe MIC29302 is an LDO (Low Drop Out) variable voltage regulator from  Microchip, which means that it is able to control voltage efficiently without reducing much voltage across the regulator and can deliver output voltage close to the input voltage. The regulator has a maximum output current of 3A during which the output voltage across the regulator is only 450mA. The input voltage of the regulator can be between 3V and 16V and the output voltage can be configured between 1.24V and 15V using a few resistors.Due to its low voltage drop and zero-current enable mode, the regulator is commonly used in high-current battery-operated applications. If you are looking for low voltage regulators, consider the MIC37xxx series LDO regulators.How to use MIC29302The output voltage of the MIC29302 IC regulator can be set simply by using two resistors of the desired values. The regulator comes in a 5-pin package in which the enable pin can be switched on or off by the regulator, helping designers to turn off the regulator and prevent the use of the battery when not in use. The Adjust pin is used to set the output voltage of the regulator to the required value using the circuit below.As you can see, the resistance values R1 and R2 determine the output voltage Vout of our controller. The Cin and 10uF capacitors are used to filter and ripple the input or output side of the regulator. If the regulator is powered by a battery, then Cin is not required. The output voltage of the regulator may vary from 150mV to a maximum of 450mV based on the current drawn from the regulator. Please refer to the data sheet for more information.MIC29302 ApplicationsUsed in battery circuits since they have high efficiencyStep-down Linear regulators  Used in small SMPS  circuitsBattery Operated ApplicationsVariable Voltage generatorsMiniature RPS CircuitsMIC29302 Package5-pin TO-263(U)5-Pin TO-252(D)All this is for the MIC29302 regulator introduction. If you find this blog useful, please bookmark our Apogeeweb website, we will provide you with electronic component blogs, industry news, tools, etc. that you are interested in. Stay tuned for the next blog...Component DatasheetMIC29302 DatasheetFAQWhat is the voltage drop of MIC29302 at full load?450 mV What is the input voltage of the regulator MIC29302?Between 3V and 16V What type of package does the MIC29302 IC regulator come in?5-pin

Atmega168 is a low-power 8-bit CMOS microcontroller based on an enhanced AVR RISC structure. Due to its advanced instruction set and single clock cycle instruction execution time, Atmega168  's data throughput rate is as high as 1MIPS/MHz, which can alleviate the contradiction between system power consumption and processing speed.Atmega168 is a microcontroller. This blog covers Atmega168 microcontroller advantages, applications, features, packages, and other information.CatalogATmega168 ApplicationsATmega168 FeaturesATmega168 AdvantageATmega168 PackageATmega168 ParametersATmega168 ManufacturerATmega168 DocumentsATmega168 Block DiagramComponent DatasheetFAQATmega168 ApplicationsIt is widely used in students projectsUsed in embedded and robotics systemIndustrial AutomationHome Security SystemFor the designing of quadcoptersATmega168 FeaturesAdvanced RISC Architecture  – 131 Powerful Instructions– Most Single Clock Cycle Execution– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers– Fully Static Operation– Up to 20 MIPS Throughput  at 20MHz– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments– 4K/8K/16KBytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash program Memory– 256/512/512Bytes EEPROM– 512/1K/1KBytes Internal SRAM– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM– Data Retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits• In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program• True Read-While-Write Operation– Programming Lock for Software Security• Atmel® QTouch® Library Support– Capacitive Touch Buttons, Sliders, and Wheels– QTouch and QMatrix® Acquisition– Up to 64 sense channels• Peripheral Features– Two 8-bit Timer /Counters with Separate Prescaler  and Compare Mode– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode– Real-Time Counter with Separate Oscillator – Six PWM  Channels– 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP  and QFN  /MLF package• Temperature Measurement– 6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package• Temperature Measurement– Two Master/Slave SPI  Serial Interface– One Programmable Serial USART– One Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I2C compatible)– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator– One On-chip Analog Comparator– Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change• Special Microcontroller Features– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection– Internal Calibrated Oscillator– External and Internal Interrupt Sources– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby, and Extended Standby• I/O and Packages– 23 Programmable I/O Lines– 28-pin PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, 28-pad QFN  /MLF, and 32-pad QFN  /MLF• Operating Voltage:– 2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega48/88/168– 1.8 - 5.5V for ATmega48V/88V/168V• Temperature Range: – -40°C to 85°C• Speed Grade:– ATmega48/88/168: 0 - 10MHz @ 2.7V - 5.5V, 0 - 20MHz @ 4.5V - 5.5V– ATmega48V/88V/168V: 0 - 4MHz @ 1.8V - 5.5V, 0 - 10MHz @ 2.7V - 5.5V• Power Consumption at 1MHz, 1.8V, 25°C– Active Mode: 0.3mA– Power-down Mode: 0.1μA– Power-save Mode: 0.8μA (Including 32kHz RTC)ATmega168 AdvantageThe high-performance, low-power Microchip AVR® RISC-based CMOS 8-bit microcontroller combines 16 KB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 512B EEPROM, 1 KB SRAM, 23 general-purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable USART, byte-oriented two-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, 6-channel/10-bit A/D converter (8-channel in TQFP and QFN  packages), programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the device achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, balancing power consumption and processing speed.ATmega168 Package28P328-lead, 0.300” Wide, Plastic Dual Inline Package (PDIP)32M1-A32-pad, 5 x 5 x 1.0 body, Lead Pitch 0.50mm Quad Flat No-Lead/Micro Lead Frame Package (QFN/ MLF)32A32-lead, Thin (1.0mm) Plastic Quad Flat Package (TQFP)32A32M1-A28P3ATmega168 ParametersProgram Memory TypeFlashProgram Memory Size (KB)16CPU Speed (MIPS/DMIPS)20SRAM (B)1,024Data EEPROM/HEF (bytes)512Digital Communication Peripherals1-UART, 2-SPI, 1-I2CCapture/Compare/PWM Peripherals1 Input Capture, 1 CCP, 6PWMTimers2 x 8-bit, 1 x 16-bitNumber of Comparators1Temperature Range (°C)-40 to 150Operating Voltage Range (V)1.8 to 5.5Pin Count32ATmega168 ManufacturerMicrochip Technology Inc. is a publicly-listed American corporation that is a manufacturer of microcontroller, mixed-signal, analog and Flash-IP integrated circuits. Its products include microcontrollers (PIC, dsPIC, AVR and SAM), Serial EEPROM devices, Serial SRAM devices, embedded security devices, radio frequency (RF) devices, thermal, power and battery management analog devices, as well as linear, interface and wireless solutions.ATmega168 DocumentsBoard Design FilesATmega168 IBIS ModelReference ManualsAVR Instruction Set ManualATmega168 Block DiagramComponent DatasheetATmega168 DatasheetFAQWhat is Atmega168s data throughput rate?1MIPS/MHzWhat structure is Atmega168 based on?AVR RISCWhat is a Microchip AVR® RISC-based microcontroller?CMOS 8-bit microcontrollerWhat is ATmega168?ATmega168 is an 8-bit AVR microcontroller that comes in three packages named as PDIP, MLF, and TQFP, where the first two contain 28 pins on each module while other comes with 32-pin interface.What is Meant by AVR?Stands for "Audio/Video Receiver." An AVR, often called a receiver, is the central routing and processing component in a home theater. It can receive signals from connected components and route them to different devices.What is the Difference Between ATMega168 and ATmega328?The differences between the 328 and the 168 are pretty minor and you should see no differences except for having double the programming space.How Many Digital Pins on ATmega168?The Arduino Duemilanove ("2009") is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega168 (datasheet) or ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.How do you program AVR?For example, to program the flash memory of an AVR MCU,Connect the AVR MCU to a programming tool.Open Atmel Studio and navigate to Tools->Device Programming dialog box.Select the programming tool, device and the programming interface.Read the Device ID to verify the connections between the tool and the device.How Many Registers in ATmega168?The AVR is mostly an 8-bit processor, with 32 general 8-bit registers. The Program Counter (PC) register is wider, 16 or 22 bits depending on the program-memory size of the device.How to Burn Arduino Bootloader on ATmega168?1. Upload the ArduinoISP sketch onto your Arduino board. ...2. Wire up the Arduino board and microcontroller as shown in the diagram to the right.3. Select "Arduino Duemilanove or Nano w/ ATmega328" from the Tools > Board menu. ...4. Select "Arduino as ISP" from Tools > Programmer.5. Run Tools > Burn Bootloader. 

I. DescriptionAutomatic gain technology (AGC) is widely used in the field of industrial automation closed-loop control. In industrial control, time-varying gain amplifiers are often needed to meet production needs, or made it has a certain regularity to ensure the stability of the control output amplitude , thereby reducing the interference of the input interference noise signal. For the system to adjust quikly, this paper designs an AGC controller based on the combination of AGC chip AD603 and switching power supply chip MC34063, cleverly using MC34063's stable reference voltage and dynamic voltage adjustment output to access AD603 gain control terminal to control the amplification gain, therefore  achieve the goal of constant system output amplitude.AD603CatalogI. DescriptionII. Working Principle of the SystemIII. AD603IV. MC34063V. System Hardware Circuit Diagram5.1 Input Buffer Attenuation Circuit5.2 AD603 Automatic Gain Amplifier5.3 Output Amplitude Detector5.4 MC34063 Feedback CircuitVI. System Operation ResultsVII. ConclusionFAQOrdering & Quantity II. Working Principle of the SystemThe system uses AD603 as the core control device, supplemented by the switching power supply chip MC34063 to collect the output of the controller, the output voltage is transferred to the voltage control terminal of AD603 through MC34063 to change the amplification gain. The system working principle block diagram is shown as in Fig. 1.Figure 1 System Block diagram In this closed-loop control system, the MC34063 circuit is used as its feedback link to dynamically collect the amplitude of the output signal of the system, and control the amplification gain of AD603 by adjusting the duty cycle output voltage of the internal signal. The feedback link in the figure can be replaced with a microprocessor. The microprocessor collects the output voltage amplitude through A/D, transfers it to the microprocessor chip for signal processing, and then feeds back to the input of the entire system through D/A output control voltage . However, this method is too complicated, because the rise and fall of the digital chip take a long time to set up, which affects the response speed of the entire system, and requires relatively high signal processing algorithms. The switching power supply chip widely used in power supply technology is dynamically adjusted to improve its operating speed. In addition, its development cost is low, which is conducive to the promotion of the industrial control field.III. AD603 AD603 is a chip with programmable gain, low noise, it has 3 working modes, corresponding to different gain ranges. In order to make the control more extensive, the maximum bandwidth mode is selected as 90MHz. The gain is expressed in decibels, the amplification gain is controlled by the control voltage to a linear relationship of 25mV/dB, and the slew rate is 275V/μs. The gain control voltage needs to be input during normal operation. The gain formula is: In the formula: G is the gain, dB; G0 is the starting point of the gain, and the size of G0 is determined by the pin connection. The circuit designed in this paper short-circuits VOUT and FDBK, G0=10dB is the wideband mode (90MHz wideband), the gain range G of AD603 is -11.09～+31.05dB, and VG is in the linear range when the range is -500～500mV. The gain control voltage VG is controlled by the MC34063 output. AD603 input signal amplitude UINP≤1.4V, the actual industrial control field often input plus interference sum is greater than 1.4V, if this signal is directly added to the system, the distortion is large and long-time work will damage the AD603, so you must add an input buffer and attenuation circuit. IV. MC34063 MC34063 is a monolithic bipolar integrated circuit used in the field of DC-DC converter control. It is cheap and widely used in the field of switching power supplies. It can use a minimum of external components to achieve switching boost and buck. Its operating frequency is 0.1-100kHz. The traditional AGC controller constitutes a closed-loop control system, which generally needs to perform A/D sampling on the output of the system, and then transfer the data to the single-chip or computer for algorithm data processing, and judge the execution signal D/A output to make the actuator execute. In this feedback process, sampling, algorithm processing and execution obviously consume too much time, and for some complex control signals, algorithm data processing requirements are high, and special DSP chips are required, which is costly. Therefore, the use of a single analog electronic circuit to achieve a closed-loop control system has higher efficiency and lower cost. Inspired by the working mode of the MC34063 step-down circuit, it is a new design idea to realize the change of the AD603 gain control voltage by using the characteristics of the MC34063 to dynamically adjust the output voltage. The experimental verification is feasible and it is simpler and faster than the program control method. Figure 2 shows the MC34063 step-down circuit.Figure 2 MC34063 step-down circuit As shown in Figure 2, the input is +12V, the output is +5V, the reference voltage of pin 5 to ground is +1.25V, the resistance of pin 5 to ground is R1=1.2kΩ, and the output and pin 5 are connected to R2=3.6kΩ, According to the resistance divider ratio, the output is clamped at +5V, thus achieving a regulated output. Applied in the field of AGC control, you can connect the output of MC34063 to the controller gain control terminal, and the input to the output terminal of the controller. According to its working principle, MC34063 collects the output of the AGC controller and transmits it to pin 5. Its internal dynamically adjusts the PWM duty cycle, dynamically changes the AD603 gain control voltage, and can avoid the interference of the system, and realize the function similar to the PID algorithm. It replaces the algorithmic data processing mechanism, which is simple and effective, and has certain reference significance to the field of industrial automation control. V. System Hardware Circuit Diagram Figure 3 is the system hardware circuit diagram. The system is mainly divided into input buffer attenuation circuit, AD603 automatic gain amplifier, output amplitude detector and MC34063 feedback circuit.Figure 3 System Hardware circuit diagram 5.1 Input Buffer Attenuation Circuit Because the AD603 input signal amplitude VINP is less than or equal to 1.4V, four diode clamps are used. According to the unidirectional conductivity of the diode and the forward conduction voltage drop of silicon, the input characteristics are limited to meet the requirements of AD603. The input voltage requirements, the follower plays the role of isolating the chip. As shown in Figure 3, part ①. 5.2 AD603 Automatic Gain Amplifier The 3 pin of AD603 is the signal input terminal, the 2 and 4 pins are connected to the ground with R4=0, R5=0 resistance to make it work more stable. The 5 and 7 pins are connected to the output, which is the system output of the AGC controller. Pin 1 is the gain control voltage VG terminal, this control voltage is connected to the output terminal of MC34063, MC34063 generates the corresponding gain control voltage VG according to the output of the system. 5.3 Output Amplitude Detector In the field of industrial control, the signal is only in the form of DC, and the AC signal also occupies a certain proportion. For the control of the DC signal, the system output can be directly transmitted to the MC34063 for processing, but the amplitude of the AC signal must be detected, so the design is shown in Figure 3 in part ③. Common amplitude detectors, such as diode rectifier bridges, are only suitable for situations where the input voltage is far greater than the diode conduction voltage drop. In AGC control, the signal in the system is often low voltage, so it cannot be used, so it is very necessary to design an amplitude detector that can avoid diode conduction voltage drop. After RC charging, the DC voltage value with a certain relationship is obtained. In Figure 3, the voltage at the intermediate node of R13 and R14 is Uf, and the expression is:In the formula, UINP is the input amplitude, V. 5.4 MC34063 Feedback Circuit The intermediate node voltage Uf of R13 and R14 is properly calculated by a same-inverting amplifier and an adder, and then connected to pin 5 of MC34063. At this time, it is clamped at 5V, and Uf=1V when reversed, then the AGC controller system can be dynamically maintained stability of output voltage amplitude. When the system input is unstable or there is noise interference, MC34063 dynamically changes the output voltage value according to the amplitude detection result, so as to achieve the purpose of changing the gain control voltage VG. As shown in the lower part of Figure 3, the output voltage of pin 2 is charged and discharged through switching and specific Schottky diodes, and the attenuated partial voltage is transmitted to pin 1 of AD603, which realizes the automatic adjustment of the amplification gain and successfully realizes the switching power supply technology application in the field of automatic control gain.VI. System Operation Results The experimental setting is that if the system inputs a DC signal, the output will be a constant +1V DC; if an AC signal is input, the output will be an AC signal with a constant amplitude of +1V. In the experiment, two input methods were tested and verified, and both met the design requirements. Table 1 is part of the experimental data of the input DC signal. In the experiment, the input of the AGC controller is connected to the voltage regulator source, and the input voltage is continuously adjusted.  Table 2 is part of the experimental data of the input AC signal. In the experiment, the AGC controller input is connected to the UTG9002C signal generator, the amplitude of the input sine wave is continuously adjusted, and the output is connected to the oscilloscope to observe the waveform. Observation found that no matter the input amplitude becomes larger or smaller, the oscilloscope waveform is basically unchanged. Read the oscilloscope waveform amplitude and fill in Table 2. VII. Conclusion This article summarizes the design of the AGC controller based on AD603 and MC34063. Experiments have verified that the AGC controller is effective and meets the design requirements. A new application of switching power supply chips in the control field is proposed. Because the internal PWM duty cycle is faster, it can replace the traditional programmable AGC controller. Among them, MC34063 can also be replaced by other switching power supply chips. It has the advantages of universal applicability, simple design, low cost, and it has important practical value.FAQWhat is AD603?AD603 is a low-noise, voltage-controlled amplifier for radio frequency (RF) and intermediate frequency (IF) automatic gain control (AGC) systems. It provides precise pin-selectable gain, with a gain range of -11 dB to +31 dB at 90 MHz bandwidth, and a gain range of +9 dB to +51 dB at 9 MHz bandwidth. Any intermediate gain range can be obtained with an external resistor. The noise spectral density referred to the input is only 1.3 nV/√Hz, and the power consumption is 125mW when using the recommended ±5 V power supply.What are the problems that need to be paid attention to when using AD603?The voltage cannot be too high. Generally, the voltage is plus or minus 5V, and the maximum voltage cannot exceed plus or minus 7.5V. The output voltage cannot exceed 2V.How to solve the self-oscillation problem of AD603?For high-frequency operational amplifiers, the following points are the basic ways to solve self-excitation.The power supply is stable and no ripple.The electrical connection wires are as short as possible.The ad603 circuit should be far away from the power circuit, especially away from the transformer.The power transformer and the circuit board of ad603 should be shielded with a metal box and grounded if possible.One point is very important. For op amps, too large magnification can easily cause self-excitation, so reduce the magnification as much as possible and minimize the number of magnification levels (generally not greater than 4).Reverse amplification can suppress self-excitation in multi-stage amplification.If you want to connect to the power amplifier and then amplify, it is best to use two power supplies, and the circuit should be connected to the same ground.What is the difference between AD603AQ and AD603AR?Their differences are in model, Temperature, Package.AD603AQ -40°C to +85°C 8-Lead CERDIPAD603AR -40°C to +85°C 8-Lead SOIC_NAfter inputting an AC signal and being amplified by AD603, why does the output contain a DC signal? How to eliminate the DC signal?When the DC blocking capacitor is not used, the bias voltage of the input circuit needs to be adjusted for compensation.If the DC voltage of the AC signal is not fixed, only a DC blocking capacitor can be used, or the average value can be used to eliminate it after sampling the number.