The Kynix Components

BMP280 is a Barometric Pressure Sensor.BMP280 is a high-precision sensor module that measures atmospheric pressure and air temperature. Not only that, it can also measure the humidity of the air. This six-pin module supports both the interfaces SPI and I2C. It uses barometric pressure sensors of the BMP280. These sensors are pre-calibrated, unlike other sensors. They therefore start measuring temperature, pressure and humidity immediately after power-up. No additional components are required for calibration or operation.This blog provides you with a basic overview of the BMP280 Sensor, including its pin descriptions, functions and specifications, equivalent products, etc., to help you quickly understand what BMP280 is.We will be glad to find that this blog can be useful for people lovingelectronic components :)BMP280 Temperature and Pressure Sensor on ArduinoCatalogBMP280 Module PinoutBMP280 Module FeatureBMP280 Module SpecificationsBMP280 Module AdvantageWhere to use BMP280How to use BMP280BMP280 Module Circuit DiagramBMP280 Module ApplicationBMP280 Module I2C ConfigurationComponent DatasheetFAQBMP280 Module PinoutPin No.Pin NamePin Description1VCCThis is the power pin. Connect 3.3V DC supply at this pin.2GNDGround pin3SCLThis is the serial clock pin for the I2C interface.4SDAThis is the serial data pin for the I2C interface.5CSBThe chip select pin selects the I2C or SPI interface. It selects the SPI interface when provided with low signal or grounded. On applying a HIGH signal of 3.3V, this pin will select the I2C interface.6SDOIt is the serial data output pin that sends out the output value.BMP280 Module FeatureThe BMP280 module comes with the BMP280 sensor, a temperature sensor, a barometric pressure sensor that is the next generation upgrade to the BMP085/BMP180/BMP183 sensor.This sensor is great for all kinds of weather sensing and can even be used in both I2C and SPI applications.This precision sensor is the best low cost, precision sensing solution for measuring barometric pressure with ±1 hPa absolute accuracy and temperature with ±1.0°C accuracy. Because pressure changes with altitude and pressure measurements are so good, it can also be used as an altimeter with ±1 meter accuracy.Pin pitch: 2.54mmModule size: 11.5mm*15mmBMP280 Module Specifications Chip: BMP280Power supply: 3V/3.3V DCPeak current: 1.12mAAir pressure range : 300-1100hPa (equi. to +9000…-500m above sea level)Temperature range: -40 … +85 °CDigital interfaces: I²C (up to 3.4 MHz) and SPI (3 and 4 wire, up to 10 MHz)Current consumption of sensor BMP280: 2.7µA @ 1 Hz sampling rateBMP280 Module AdvantageBMP280 Barometer SensorThe BMP280 Barometer Sensor is a high-precision and low-power digital barometer for Bosch BMP280. It can be used to measure temperature and atmospheric pressure precisely. It can be connected to an I2C microcontroller.Where to use BMP280As already mentioned in the features section, this module consists of both IC and SPI. Due to this feature, you can interface or connect this sensor with Arduino and any other microcontroller using either I2C or SPI interface. It is used in weather sensing applications. This low-cost sensor provides precise values of barometric pressure and temperature with ±1 hPa and ±1.0°C accuracy. As it can measure pressure which changes with altitude, therefore, it can also measure altitude. You can use the BMP280 module as an altimeter also which gives readings with an accuracy of ±1 meter.How to use BMP280Connect the power supply pins Vcc and GND to 3.3 volts and ground of a circuit. Now, you need to select the digital interface. For I²C, connect chip select pin (CSB) to Vcc otherwise connect it to the ground or leave it unconnected. Set the I²C address. If you want to set 0x77 address, connect the SDO pin to Vcc. To set 0x76 address, leave the pin unconnected. This module does not contain any onboard voltage regulator or a level shifter. Therefore, for connecting it to devices whose operating voltage is 5V or any voltage other than 3.3V, you need a level shifter and voltage regulator.BMP280 Module Circuit DiagramA circuit diagram of the GY-BMP280-3.3 pressure sensor module can be seen below.BMP280 Module ApplicationEnhancement of GPS navigation (e.g. time-to-first-fix improvement, dead-reckoning, slope detection)Indoor navigation (floor detection, elevator detection)Outdoor navigation, leisure and sports applicationsWeather forecast, Home weather stationsHealth care application (e.g. sirometry)Vertical velocity indication (e.g. risk/sink speed)Handsets such as mobile phones, tablet PCs, GPS devicesFlying toysWatchesBMP280 Module I2C ConfigurationLeave pin 6 of the module (SDO) unconnected to set the I²C address to 0x76 – the on-board resistor pulls the SDO pin low setting the address to 0x76.To change the I²C address to 0x77, connect pin 6 of the module (SDO) to Vcc which would typically be the 3.3V supply.Pin 5 of the module (CSB) must be connected to Vcc to select the I²C interface. This is already done by an on-board pull-up resistor, so pin 5 can be left disconnected when using the I²C interface.That’s all for our introduction to the BMP280 Barometric Pressure Sensor. If you find this blog useful, please bookmark our website Apogeeweb, we will provide you with electronic component blogs, industry news, tools, etc. that you are interested in. Stay tuned for our next blog…Component DatasheetBMP280 DatasheetFAQWhat is BMP280?The BMP280 is an absolute barometric pressure sensor, which is especially feasible for mobile applications. Its small dimensions and its low power consumption allow for the implementation in battery-powered devices such as mobile phones, GPS modules or watches.How do I Connect My BMP280 to Arduino?Connect Vin to the power supply, 3V or 5V is fine. ...Connect GND to common power/data ground.Connect the SCK pin to Digital #13 but any pin can be used later.Connect the SDO pin to Digital #12 but any pin can be used later.Connect the SDI pin to Digital #11 but any pin can be used later.How Does a Barometric Sensor Work? How Do I Connect My BMP180 to Arduino?Aneroid barometer consists of an aneroid cell inside. The aneroid cell expands/contracts when there are small changes to atmospheric pressure. This movement from the aneroid cell causes mechanical levers to amplify, resulting in display pointers to trigger and register as readings on the front display. 

ADC0804 DescriptionThere are multiple kinds of  Analog to Digital Converters (ADC) which are used to convert the signal for microprocessors or controllers. Every “ADC” has its own specification and advantages on the base of the requirement. Here we are going to discuss “ADC0804 IC” which is known as the low voltage 8-bit  Analog to Digital Converter. ADC0804  is a low voltage IC use to convert the low voltage analog signal to an 8-bit digital signal. It works with 0-5 Volts, has 1 Analog input and 8 output pins. ADC0804 comes with an internal clock but to increase or change the clock cycle we could use the external clock. Always keep in mind that conversion speed cannot be faster than 110us either we are using an internal clock or an external clock.CatalogADC0804 DescriptionADC0804 Pin Configuration and FunctionsADC0804 Functional Block DiagramADC0804 FeaturesWhere to Use ADC0804How to Use ADC0804ADC0804 Typical ApplicationADC0804 ApplicationsADC0804 Physical DimensionsComponent DatasheetFAQOrdering & QuantityADC0804 Pin Configuration and FunctionsADC0804 Functional Block Diagram ADC0804 FeaturesEasy to interface with all Microprocessors or works Stand-alone.Single-channel 8-bit ADC moduleOn-chip Clock available, no need for external Oscillator(Clock)Digital output various from 0 to 255When Vref = 5V, for every 19.53mV of analog value  there will be the rise of one bit on the digital side (Step size)Available in 20-pin PDIP,  SOIC  packagesWhere to Use ADC0804The ADC0804 is a commonly used ADC module, for projects were an external ADC is required. It is a 20-pin Single channel 8-bit ADC module. Meaning it can measure one ADC value from 0V to 5V and the precision when voltage reference  (Vref –pin 9) is +5V is 19.53mV (Step size). That is for every increase of 19.53mV on the input side there will be an increase of 1 bit on the output side.This IC is very Ideal to use with Microprocessors like  Raspberry Pi, Beagle bone, etc. Or even to use as a standalone ADC module. Every ADC module requires a clock to function; this IC comes with its own internal clock so you don’t have to worry about it. Hence, if you are looking for a compact ADC module with a decent resolution of 8-bit then this IC is for you.How to Use ADC0804Since the IC comes with an internal clock we do not need many components to make it work. However to make the internal clock to work we have to use an RC circuit. The IC should be powered by +5V and both ground pins should be tied to circuit ground. To design the RC circuit simply use a resistor of value 10k and a capacitor of 100pf (approx) and connect them to CLK R and CLK IN pins as shown in the circuit below. The chip select (CS) and Read (R) pin should also be grounded. The Vref pin is left free because by default without any connection it will be connected to +5V.The digital output will be obtained from the pins DB0 to DB7 and the analog voltage should be connected to V in(+) pin as shown in the circuit. Also, note that another end of the voltage source (sensor/module) should also be grounded to the circuit for the ADC conversion to work. Now, for the ADC Conversion to start we have o make the Write(WR) pin to go high momentary this can be done by connecting the pin to the I/O  of MPU and toggling it high before every ADC read. Only if this is done the ADC value on the output side will be updated.In the above circuit, I have used a potentiometer to feed in a variable voltage of 0V to 5V to the Vin pin and the present Voltage is read using a voltmeter. As you can see in the image the voltage value is 1.55V and the resulting binary value is 01001111. Let us see how this binary value can be converted to Analog value, since we will need it while programming/designing.Binary Value = 01001111Converting to Decimal  =  (0*128)+(1*64)+(0*32)+(0*16)+(1*8)+(1*4)+(1*2)+(1*1)                                         =   79Analog Voltage = Decimal Value * Step size                             = 79 * 19.53mV                             = 1.54VThe obtained value is 1.54V and the measured voltage is 1.55V which is very much close. So this is how you use an ADC0804 IC.ADC0804 Typical ApplicationADC0804 ApplicationsTransducer-to-microprocessor interfaceDigital thermometerDigitally-controlled thermostatMicroprocessor-based monitoring and control systemsADC0804 Physical DimensionsDual-In-Line Package (J)Order Number ADC0801LJ, ADC0802LJ, ADC0801LCJ,ADC0802LCJ, ADC0803LCJ or ADC0804LCJADC0802LJ/883 or 5962-9096601MRANS Package Number J20A SO Package (M)Order Number ADC0802LCWM, ADC0803LCWM or ADC0804LCWMNS Package Number M20B Molded Dual-In-Line Package (N)Order Number ADC0801LCN, ADC0802LCN,ADC0803LCN, ADC0804LCN or ADC0805LCNNS Package Number N20A Molded Chip Carrier Package (V)Order Number ADC0802LCV, ADC0803LCV or ADC0804LCVNS Package Number V20AComponent DatasheetADC0804 DatasheetFAQWhat is the ADC0804 IC?Low voltage 8-bit Analog to Digital ConverterHow many Volts does ADC0804 work with?0-5 VoltsWhat is the conversion speed of ADC0804?110usWhat type of ADC module is the ADC0804?StandaloneWhat is adc0804?The ADC0804 is a commonly used ADC module, for projects were an external ADC is required. It is a 20-pin Single channel 8-bit ADC module. Meaning it can measure one ADC value from 0V to 5V and the precision when voltage reference (Vref –pin 9) is +5V is 19.53mV (Step size).What is the difference between adc0804 and max1112?ADC0804 is used for parallel ADC and MAX1112 is used for serial ADC.Which pin of the adc0804 indicates the end of conversion?PIN-5 – Interrupt (INTR) This pin automatically goes low when the conversion is done by ADC0804 or when the digital equivalent of analog input is ready.PIN-6 – Vin (+) connect input analog sensor pin/input voltage to this pin.What are ADC and DAC?ADC stands for Analog to Digital Converter, which converts the analog signal into the digital signal. DAC stands for Digital to Analog Converter and it converts the Digital signal into an analog signal.What is the resolution of 8 bit ADC?For example, an ADC with a resolution of 8 bits can encode an analog input to one in 256 different levels (28 = 256). The values can represent the ranges from 0 to 255 (i.e. as unsigned integers) or from −128 to 127 (i.e. as signed integer), depending on the application. 

AD603 IntroductionThe AD603 is a low noise, voltage-controlled amplifier for use in  RF  and IF  AGC  systems. It provides accurate, pin-selectable gains of −11 dB to +31 dB with a bandwidth of 90 MHz or +9 dB to 51+ dB with a bandwidth of 9 MHz. Any intermediate gain range may be arranged using one external resistor. The input-referred noise spectral density is only 1.3 nV/√Hz, and power consumption is 125 mW at the recommended ±5 V supply.CatalogAD603 IntroductionAD603 FeaturesAD603 Pin Configuration and FunctionsAD603 Functional Block DiagramAD603 Working ModesAD603 Functional EquivalentsAD603 Package OutlineAD603 Typical ApplicationAD603 ApplicationsAD603 Application NoteComponent DatasheetFAQOrdering & QuantityAD603 FeaturesLinear-in-dB gain controlPin-programmable gain ranges:  −11 dB to +31 dB with 90 MHz bandwidth                                                              9 dB to 51 dB with 9 MHz bandwidthAny intermediate range, for example,  −1 dB to +41 dB with 30 MHz bandwidthBandwidth independent of the variable gain1.3 nV/√Hz input noise spectral density6 ±0.5 dB typical gain accuracyAD603 Pin Configuration and Functions                                    AD603 Functional Block DiagramFigure 1 AD603 functional block diagramIt is not difficult to find that it is different from AD600 in that: the fixed gain amplifier it uses can change the gain value. The gain GF is determined by the connection form of VOUT and FDBK. When VOUT and FDBK are short-circuited, GF=31.07dB; when it is open, GF=51.07dB; connect resistor REXT between VOUT and FDBK to set GF Any value between 31.07dB~51.07dB. However, the gain accuracy in this mode is reduced. When the external resistance is about 2K, the error is the largest. If an appropriate resistor is connected between VOUT and COMM, the gain can be increased, up to 60dB.AD603 Working ModesAD603 has three working modes:Mode 1: Short-circuit VOUT and FDBK, this connection can obtain the maximum bandwidth-90 MHz, and the gain range is -11.07dB~+31.07dB. As shown in Figure 2.Figure 2 Short connection between VOUT and FDBKMode 2: Connect a resistor REXT between VOUT and FDBK, and a 5.6pF capacitor between FDBK and COMM as frequency compensation. According to the relational expression of the amplifier, selecting the appropriate REXT value can obtain different gain range values. When REXT=2.15K ohms, the gain range is: -1dB~+41dB. As shown in Figure 3.Figure 3 VOUT and FDBK access resistance REXTMode 3: Open a circuit between VOUT and FDBK, and connect an 18pF capacitor between VOUT and COMM to extend the frequency response range. This mode is a high gain mode with a gain range of 8.93dB~51.07dB and a bandwidth of 9MHz. As shown in Figure 4.Figure 4 High gain modeIn the above three modes, the relationship between gain GF and control voltage VG is shown in Figure 5.Figure 5 The relationship between gain GF and control voltage VGWhen VG is in the range of -500mV~+500mV at 40dB/V (that is 25mV/dB, which is different from AD600's 32mV/dB) for linear gain control, the relationship between gain G (dB) and VG (V) is: G =40VG+Goi(I=1, 2, 3), where VG=VPOS-VNEG. G0i is the different gain constants in three modes. Mode 1: GOi=10dB; Mode 2: GOi=10dB~30dB (determined by the external resistor REXT); Mode 3: GOi=30dB.When the control voltage VG is outside -500mV~+500mV, the gain G and VG no longer satisfy the linear relationship. When VG=-526mV, the gain is G=GF-42.14, when VG=+526, the gain is G= GF.AD603 Typical ApplicationFigure 6 AD603 typical application circuitFigure 6 is a two-stage AD603 amplifier circuit with automatic gain control. In the figure, Q1 and R8 form a detector to detect changes in the amplitude of the output signal. The automatic gain control voltage  VAGC is formed by CAV, the difference between the current Q2 and the collector current of Q1 flowing into the capacitor CAV, and its magnitude changes with the amplitude of the output signal of A2, which makes it added to A1 and A2 amplifier 1. The automatic gain control voltage  VAGC of the pin changes with the output signal amplitude change, so as to achieve the purpose of automatically adjusting the amplifier gain.AD603 Functional EquivalentsAD603 Package OutlineAD603 ApplicationsRF/IF AGC amplifiersVideo gain controlsA/D range extensionsSignal measurementsAD603 Application Note(1) The power supply voltage should generally be selected as ±5V, and the maximum should not exceed ±7.5V. (2) In the case of a ±5V power supply, the effective value of the rated voltage applied to the input terminal VINP should be 1V, the peak value is ±1.4V, and the maximum should not exceed ±2V. If you want to expand the measurement range, you should add a level of attenuation in front of AD603. In this way, the typical value of the peak output voltage can reach ±3.0V. Therefore, it is usually necessary to add a first level of amplification after AD603 to connect to the A/D converter. (3) The voltage applied to the voltage control terminal must be very stable, otherwise, the gain will be unstable, which will increase the noise of the amplified signal. (4) The signal must be directly connected to pin 4 of the amplifier, otherwise, the accuracy of the amplifier will be reduced due to the large impedance.Component DatasheetAD603 DatasheetFAQWhat is AD603?AD603 is a low-noise, voltage-controlled amplifier for radio frequency (RF) and intermediate frequency (IF) automatic gain control (AGC) systems. It provides precise pin-selectable gain, with a gain range of -11 dB to +31 dB at 90 MHz bandwidth, and a gain range of +9 dB to +51 dB at 9 MHz bandwidth. Any intermediate gain range can be obtained with an external resistor. The noise spectral density referred to the input is only 1.3 nV/√Hz, and the power consumption is 125mW when using the recommended ±5 V power supply.What are the problems that need to be paid attention to when using AD603?The voltage cannot be too high. Generally, the voltage is plus or minus 5V, and the maximum voltage cannot exceed plus or minus 7.5V. The output voltage cannot exceed 2V.How to solve the self-oscillation problem of AD603?For high-frequency operational amplifiers, the following points are the basic ways to solve self-excitation.The power supply is stable and no ripple.The electrical connection wires are as short as possible.The ad603 circuit should be far away from the power circuit, especially away from the transformer.The power transformer and the circuit board of ad603 should be shielded with a metal box and grounded if possible.One point is very important. For op amps, too large magnification can easily cause self-excitation, so reduce the magnification as much as possible and minimize the number of magnification levels (generally not greater than 4).Reverse amplification can suppress self-excitation in multi-stage amplification.If you want to connect to the power amplifier and then amplify, it is best to use two power supplies, and the circuit should be connected to the same ground.What is the difference between AD603AQ and AD603AR?Their differences are in model, Temperature, Package.AD603AQ -40°C to +85°C 8-Lead CERDIPAD603AR -40°C to +85°C 8-Lead SOIC_NAfter inputting an AC signal and being amplified by AD603, why does the output contain a DC signal? How to eliminate the DC signal?When the DC blocking capacitor is not used, the bias voltage of the input circuit needs to be adjusted for compensation.If the DC voltage of the AC signal is not fixed, only a DC blocking capacitor can be used, or the average value can be used to eliminate it after sampling the number.

74HC14 is Hex Inverting Schmitt Trigger IC.74HC14 is a member of the 74XXXX Integrated Circuit Series, consisting of logic gates. This module is also referred to as the hexadecimal Schmitt trigger. It can be used in six separate Schmitt trigger input inverters with standard push-pull outputs.This blog provides you with a basic overview of the 74HC14 Hex Inverting Schmitt Trigger  IC, including its pin descriptions, functions and specifications, equivalent products, etc., to help you quickly understand what 74HC14 is.We will be glad to find that this blog can be useful for people loving electronic components :)A Brief Introduction to 74HC14 ICCatalog74HC14 Pinout74HC14 Feature74HC14 EquivalentWhere to Use 74HC14How to Use 74HC1474HC14 Switching Time74HC14 Application74HC14 PackageComponent DatasheetFAQ74HC14 PinoutRefer to the 74HC14 Pinout and choose the appropriate package depending on your requirement. Here are descriptions for each pin.Pin NumberDescriptionINPUT OF INVERTING SCHMITT TRIGGER GATE11A-INPUT of GATE 132A-INPUT of GATE 253A-INPUT of GATE 394A-INPUT of GATE 4115A-INPUT of GATE 5136A-INPUT of GATE 6SHARED TERMINALS7GND- Connected to ground14VCC-Connected to positive voltage to provide power to all six gates OUTPUT OF INVERTING SCHMITT TRIGGER GATE21Y-OUTPUT of GATE 142Y-OUTPUT of GATE 2  63Y-OUTPUT of GATE 384Y-OUTPUT of GATE 4105Y-OUTPUT of GATE 5126Y-OUTPUT of GATE 674HC14 FeaturesSupply voltage range: -0.5V to +7.0VMaximum current allowed to draw through each gate output: 25mAMaximum total current allowed through VCC or GND pin: 50mATotally lead freeTTL outputsHigh noise immunityMaximum ESD: 2KVTypical Rise Time: 85-625ns (depending on supply voltage)Typical Fall Time: 85-625ns (depending on supply voltage)Operating temperature: -55°C to 125 °C74HC14 EquivalentMC14584, CD40106, each op-amp can be configured to function as the Schmitt trigger gate.Where to Use 74HC1474HC14 ICTo understand the use of 74HC14, consider:Case 1: Where you want to convert the waveform signal to the square wave. Schmitt trigger gates in 74HC14 can cover non-square waveforms with square waves. With the Schmitt trigger gate.  we can convert the sinusoidal or triangular wave into a square wave.Case 2: If you want a logic inverter. Inverter Schmitt triggers in this chip can provide output that is a negated logic input. These chip gates can be used to get inverted logics for controllers or digital electronics.Case3: To eliminate noise in digital electronics. In digital electronics, noise causes major errors when using the 74HC14 chip is ideal.The use of 74HC14 is further promoted with multiple gates and fast output.How to Use 74HC14As mentioned above, 74HC14 has six INVERTING SCHMITT TRIGGER GATES which can be used as six individual gates. The simplified internal structure can be described as follows.Now, in order to understand the use of the gate, let us choose a single gate and connect the power to the chip. Also provide an analog signal to the input.As shown in the circuit, we are giving a sinusoidal wave at the input and taking Vout as the gate output. Once we draw the input and output graph, we're going to have something like this.The Schmitt Trigger operating principle is really simple, the Inverting Schmitt Trigger output will be LOW only when the input signal voltage level crosses its threshold voltage (+Vt).As shown in the figure, the output voltage (Vin) is HIGH up to the point where the input voltage (Vin) reaches the output voltage (Vt+). Once the threshold voltage is reached, the output voltage is lower. Output voltage remains low until the input voltage drops to low threshold voltage (Vt-). Once that point has been reached, the output voltage is again HIGH. This cycle is going on.As shown in the graph, we can see when the sinusoidal signal is given as an input to the square wave output. We can use every gate like this to get the desired output.74HC14 Switching TimeThe gates in 74HC14 take some time to provide output to the input. This time delay is called switching times. Each gate will take time to turn on and off. Let us consider the switching diagram of the gate to understanding this better.There are two delays that happen when you switch. The two parameters are  RISETIME  (tPHL) and FALLTIME (tPLH ).In the graph, VoH goes LOW when INPUT reaches the threshold and VoH goes HIGH when INPUT goes below the threshold voltage. It's the output voltage in another sense.As you can see in the graph, there is a delay in time between LOGIC INPUT going HIGH and VoH going LOW. This delay in responding is called  RISETIME (tPHL ). The RISETIME (tPHL) number is 95ns.Similarly, there is a time delay in the graph between LOGIC INPUT going LOW and VoH going HIGH at the OUTPUT. This delay in the response is called FALLTIME (tPLH ). The faltimer (tPLH) is 95ns.The total for each cycle is 192ns. These delays must be considered at higher frequencies, otherwise, there will be major errors. There will also be false triggers and noise beyond operating frequencies.74HC14 ApplicationGeneral purpose logicPCs and notebooksTV, DVD, Set Top BoxNetworkingDigital systems74HC14 PackageThat’s all for our introduction to the 74HC14 IC. If you find this blog useful, please bookmark our website Apogeeweb, we will provide you with electronic component blogs, industry news, tools, etc. that you are interested in. Stay tuned for our next blog…Component Datasheet74HC14 DatasheetFAQWhat is the 74HC14 module referred to as?Hexadecimal Schmitt trigger How many separate Schmitt trigger input inverters can 74HC14 be used?Six What is the time delay called in 74HC14?Switching times

BT136 is a type of electronic components, which is a triac.The thyristor is also the abbreviation of the thyristor rectifier element. It is a high-power semiconductor device with a four-layer structure with three PN junctions, which is generally formed by reversely connecting two thyristors. Its function is not only to rectify, but also to be used as a non-contact switch to quickly turn on or off the circuit, realize the inversion of the direct current into the alternating current, the alternating current of one frequency into the alternating current of another frequency, and so on.The thyristor, like other semiconductor devices, has the advantages of small size, high efficiency, good stability, and reliable operation. With its emergence, semiconductor technology has moved from the weak current field to the strong current field, and has become a component used in industries, agriculture, transportation, military scientific research, as well as commercial and civilian electrical appliances.Name: BT136Features: High breakdown voltage, large output currentDescription: Plastic single-ended package; heatsink mounted; 1 mounting hole; 3-lead TO-220ABPackage: TO-220CatalogBT136 PinoutBT136 FeaturesPT136 ApplicationsBT136 AdvantageTRIAC Application TipsBT136 EquivalentsHow to use BT136BT136 PackageComponent DatasheetFAQBT136 PinoutPin NumberSymbolDescription1T1Main Terminal  1: Connected to Phase or neutral of AC mains2T2Main Terminal 2:Connected to Phase or neutral of AC mains3GGate :Used to trigger the SCR.BT136 FeaturesDirect triggering from low power drivers and logic ICs• High blocking voltage capability• Low holding current for low current loads and lowest EMI at commutation• Planar passivated for voltage ruggedness and reliability• Sensitive gate• Triggering in all four quadrantsPT136 Applications• General purpose motor control• General purpose switchingBT136 AdvantageBT136 TRIAC ICThe BT136 is TRIAC with 4A maximum terminal current. The gate threshold voltage of the BT136 is also very less so can be driven by digital circuits.Since TRIACs are bi-directional switching devices they are commonly used for switching AC applications. So if you looking to switch of control (dim, speed control) an AC load which consumes less than 6A with a digital device like microcontroller or microprocessor then BT136 might be the right for you.Planar passivated sensitive gate four quadrant triac in a SOT78 plastic package intended for use in general purpose bidirectional switching and phase control applications. This sensitive gate "series E" triac is intended to be interfaced directly to microcontrollers, logic integrated circuits and other low power gate trigger circuits.TRIAC Application TipsSince TRIACS deal with AC voltages, the circuit involving them has to be designed properly to aboid problem some tips are shared belowAll TRIAC circuits suffer from an effect called Rate Effect. This occurs when the TRIAC is switching frequently and a sudden high voltage occurs at either main terminal of the TRIAC and damages the TRIAC itself. It can be avoided by using a snubber circuit.Similarly there is another effect called backlash effect. This occurs due to the capacitance that gets accumulated between the two terminals of the MT1 and MT2 of the TRIAC. Due to this the TRIAC will not turn on even if the gate voltage is applied. This problem can be solved by providing a resistance in series for the capacitance to discharge.When controlling the output AC voltage for dimmer or speed control applications a Zero crossing method is always recommended to be used.In switching circuits the TRIAC is easily subjected to harmonics and EMI interference hence should be isolated from other digital electronics.There is chance of backward current when the TRIAC is switching inductive loads, so an alternate discharge path has to be provided for the load to drain the inrush current.BT136 EquivalentsBTA08-600BHow to use BT136There are many different ways to use a TRIAC, since the device is bi-directional the TRIAC gate can be trigger with either positive voltage or negative voltage. So this allows the TIRAC to be operated in four different modes. You can read this article if you want to know more about the switching modes. A simple TRIAC switching circuit is shown below.In this circuit the TRIAC can be turned using the switch, when the switch is pressed the TRIAC closes the connection for the AC bulb though the AC mains. For this to happen, the gate pin of the TRIAC should receive a voltage greater than the threshold gate voltage and should also get a current that is greater than gate trigger current. This will make the TRIAC turn on.Since the TRIAC and SCR share most of the same characteristics, just like SCR the TRIAC will also not turn off when the gate voltage is removed. We need special type of circuit called commutation circuit to turn of the SCR again. This commutation is normally done by reducing the load current (forced commutation) less than the holding current. To put it simple the TRIAC will remain turned on only till the load current is greater than the holding current of the TRIAC.Note: Commutation is not required in AC switching circuits because the TRIAC will not latch in on state since the AC voltage reaches zero for every half cycle.Other than controlling through switch the BT136 can also be controlled through a microcontroller or a microprocessor. To do this we need an Opto-isolator like MOC3021 to isolate the AC circuit form Digital electronics. This way the Load can not only be switched but also the output coltage can be controlled by using PWM signals for fast switching.BT136 PackagePackage Name: TO-220ABPackage Description: plastic single-ended package; heatsink mounted; 1 mounting hole; 3-lead TO-220ABPackage Version: SOT78Package Outline:Component DatasheetBT136-600E DatasheetFAQWhat is BT136?The BT136 is TRIAC with 4A maximum terminal current. The gate threshold voltage of the BT136 is also very less so can be driven by digital circuits. Since TRIACs are bi-directional switching devices they are commonly used for switching AC applications.What does a triac do?Triacs are electronic components that are widely used in AC power control applications. They are able to switch high voltages and high levels of current, and over both parts of an AC waveform. This makes triac circuits ideal for use in a variety of applications where power switching is needed. 

2N3904 is a Transistor. This blog covers 2N3904 Transistor pinout, datasheet, equivalent, circuit and other information on how to use and where to use this device.Playing with Transistors: NPN 2N3904 Transistor ExperimentCatalog2N3904 CAD Model2N3904 Pinout2N3904 Circuit2N3904 Applications2N3904 Features2N3904 Advantage2N3904 Working2N3904 Package2N3904 Parameters2N3904 Manufacturer2N3904 Documents2N3904 Environmental and Export Classifications2N3904 Equivalents2N3904 Product Compliance2N3904 Popularity by Region2N3904 as Amplifier2N3904 as SwitchWhere and How to use 2N3904How to Safely Long Run 2N3904 in a CircuitComponent DatasheetFAQOrdering & Quantity2N3904 CAD Model2N3904 Symbol2N3904 Footprint2N3904 PinoutPin NumberPin NameDescription1EmitterCurrent Drains out through emitter2BaseControls the biasing of transistor3CollectorCurrent flows in through collector2N3904 CircuitDelay and Rise Time Equivalent Test CircuitStorage and Fall Time Equivalent Test Circuit2N3904 ApplicationsSensor CircuitsAudio PreamplifiersAudio Amplifier StagesDarlington Pairs2N3904 FeaturesBi-Polar NPN TransistorDC Current Gain (hFE) is 300 maximumContinuous Collector current (IC) is 200mABase- Emitter Voltage (VBE) is 6VCollector-Emitter Voltage (VCE) is 40VCollector-Base Voltage (VCB) is 60VAvailable in To-92 Package2N3904 Advantage2N3904 Transistor2N3904 is a widely used general purpose transistor. It is mostly used by electronic students and hobbyists in their projects, but it is also used in commercial electronic products. It can be used in wide variety of electronic applications for switching and amplification purposes. The maximum collector current of the transistor is 200mA therefore user can drive loads under 200mA in their electronic applications, Moreover 2N3904 also work good as an amplifier, the total device dissipation is 625 milliwatt due to which it can also be used for audio and RF signal amplification purposes.2N3904 Working2N3904 has 3 layers in it i.e. single P doped layer embedded between two N doped layers.These 3 layers are different from each other in terms of size and concentration of doping.The centred layer is very small in size and is low concentrated as compared to the other two N doped layers.Collector layer is bigger in size than the other two layers and thus highly doped.A small current on the P doped layer transforms into a higher current on other two terminals.2N3904 Package 2N3904 Straight Lead2N3904 Bent Lead2N3904 ParametersCategoryDiscrete Semiconductor Products Transistors - Bipolar (BJT) - SingleMfrON SemiconductorSeries-PackageTrayPart StatusObsoleteTransistor TypeNPNVce Saturation (Max) @ Ib, Ic300mV @ 5mA, 50mACurrent - Collector Cutoff (Max)50nADC Current Gain (hFE) (Min) @ Ic, Vce100 @ 10mA, 1VFrequency – Transition300MHzOperating Temperature-55°C ~ 150°C (TJ)Mounting TypeThrough HolePackage / CaseTO-226-3, TO-92-3 (TO-226AA)Current - Collector (Ic) (Max)200mAVoltage - Collector Emitter Breakdown (Max)40VPower – Max625mWManufacturerON SemiconductorProduct CategoryBipolar Transistors – BJTMounting StyleThrough HolePackage / CaseTO-92-3Transistor PolarityNPNConfigurationSingleCollector- Emitter Voltage VCEO Max40 VCollector- Base Voltage VCBO60 VEmitter- Base Voltage VEBO6 VCollector-Emitter Saturation Voltage0.3 VMaximum DC Collector Current0.2 APd - Power Dissipation625 MwGain Bandwidth Product fT270 MHzMinimum Operating Temperature- 65 CMaximum Operating Temperature+ 150 CHeight5.33 mmLength5.2 mmTechnologySiWidth4.19 mmBrandON SemiconductorContinuous Collector Current0.2 ADC Collector/Base Gain hfe Min60Product TypeBJTs - Bipolar TransistorsSubcategoryTransistorsBJTs - Bipolar Transistors2N3904 ManufacturerON Semiconductor (Nasdaq: ON) is driving energy efficient innovations, empowering customers to reduce global energy use. The company offers a comprehensive portfolio of energy efficient power and signal management, logic, discrete and custom solutions to help design engineers solve their unique design challenges in automotive, communications, computing, consumer, industrial, LED lighting, medical, military/aerospace and power supply applications. ON Semiconductor operates a responsive, reliable, world-class supply chain and quality program, and a network of manufacturing facilities, sales offices and design centers in key markets throughout North America, Europe, and the Asia Pacific regions.2N3904 DocumentsGeneral Announcement - 2D Barcoding (PDF)Process change notification (PDF)Process change notification (PDF)2N3904 Environmental and Export ClassificationsAttributeDescriptionRoHS StatusRoHS non-compliant2N3904 Equivalents2N2222, S8050, 2N4401, BC537, SS9013 (Pin configuration of some transistors may different from 2N3904 therefore check pin configuration before replacing in a circuit)2N3904 Product ComplianceUSHTS8541210095CAHTS8541210000CNHTS8541210000TARIC8541210000ECCNEAR992N3904 Popularity by Region2N3904 as AmplifierA Transistors acts as an Amplifier when operating in Active Region. It can amplify power, voltage and current at different configurations.Some of the configurations used in amplifier circuits are1. Common emitter amplifier2. Common collector amplifier3. Common base amplifierOf the above types common emitter type is the popular and mostly used configuration. When uses as an Amplifier the DC current gain of the Transistor can be calculated by using the below formulaeDC Current Gain = Collector Current (IC) / Base Current (IB)2N3904 as SwitchWhen a transistor is used as a switch it is operated in the Saturation and Cut-Off Region as explained above. As discussed a transistor will act as an Open switch during Forward Bias and as a closed switch during Reverse Bias, this biasing can be achieved by supplying the required amount of current to the base pin. As mentioned the biasing current should maximum of 5mA. Anything more than 5mA will kill the Transistor; hence a resistor is always added in series with base pin. The value of this resistor (RB) can be calculated using below formulae.RB = VBE / IBWhere, the value of VBE should be 5V for 2N3904 and the Base current (IB depends on the Collector current (IC). The value of IB should not exceed mA.Where and How to use 2N39042N3904 Transistor2N3904 can be used in any electronic applications which fall under its electrical characteristics, let suppose if you want to switch a load in an electronic application that requires current under 200mA then this transistor will work quite well and you can drive variety of loads with this transistor for example relays, high power transistors, LEDs, a portion of an electronic circuit etc. When using as an amplifier it can be used in audio amplification stages, as an amplifier to drive small speakers, as an audio preamplifier and it can also be used in amplification stages of RF applications.How to Safely Long Run 2N3904 in a CircuitTo get good and long term performance from this transistor it is suggested to not drive loads more than 100mA, always use a suitable base resistor, do not provide collector-emitter voltage more than 40V and always operate or store in temperatures above -55 centigrade and below +150 centigrade.Component Datasheet2N3904 DatasheetFAQWhat is a 2N3904 Transistor?The 2N3904 is a common NPN bipolar junction transistor used for general-purpose low-power amplifying or switching applications. It is designed for low current and power, medium voltage, and can operate at moderately high speeds.How Does a 2N3904 Transistor Work?2N3904 is a NPN transistor hence the collector and emitter will be left open (Reverse biased) when the base pin is held at ground and will be closed (Forward biased) when a signal is provided to base pin. 2N3904 has a gain value of 300; this value determines the amplification capacity of the transistor.What is PNP NPN?PNP sensors produce a positive output to your industrial controls input, while NPN sensors produce a negative signal during an “on” state. ... NPN, or “sinking” output sensors, work in the opposite way, sinking ground voltage to an input when it's on.Whats is A Transistor?A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit.What is the Gain of a Transistor?The current gain for the common-base configuration is defined as the change in collector current divided by the change in emitter current when the base-to-collector voltage is constant. Typical common-base current gain in a well-designed bipolar transistor is very close to unity.