The Kynix Components

The 2N3906 is a widely used PNP bipolar junction transistor meant for general-purpose low-power amplifying or switching applications. It's designed for low current and power and medium voltage, and can be operated at moderately high speeds. This blog mostly introduces the PNP transistor 2N3906 's pinout, equivalents, application circuits, etc.  2N3906 PNP BJT breadbard switch circuit build step by stepCatalog2N3906 Pin Configuration2N3906 Features2N3906 Applications2N3906 Package2N3906 CircuitsHow Does 2N3906 Work in the PNP CircuitWhere to Use PNP Transistor 2N3906How to Use PNP Transistor 2N39062N3906 Functional Equivalents2N3906 Popularity by Region2N3906 Market Price Analysis2N3906 ManufacturerComponent DatasheetFAQ2N3906 Pin ConfigurationPin NumberPin NameDescription1EmitterCurrent Drains out through emitter2BaseControls the biasing of transistor3CollectorCurrent flows in through collector2N3906 FeaturesBi-Polar PNP TransistorDC Current Gain (hFE) is 300 maximumContinuous Collector current  (IC) is 200mAEmitter Base Voltage (VBE) is 5VBase Current(IB) is 5mA maximumCollector Emitter Voltage (VCE) is 40VCollector Base Voltage (VCB) is 40VAvailable in  To-92  Package2N3906 ApplicationsUsed to switch high voltage low current loadsOptimal for loads with high peak voltage upto 40VIt is used in the various switching applicationsUsed in inverter and converter circuitsUsed for making siren or dual Led or Lamp flasherCan be used in Darlington Pair2N3906 Package2N3906 CircuitsDelay and Rise Time Equivalent Test Circuit Storage and Fall Time Equivalent Test CircuitHow Does 2N3906 Work in the PNP Circuit Below it's the circuit for connecting a PNP transistor, which 2N3906 functions as a switch or an amplifier. So +3V is connected to the emitter of the transistor. And a normally open pushbutton is connected to the base of the transistor. Unless it is pressed, normally no current flows into the base of the transistor. Thus, it is fully on when not pressed. Therefore, the LED connected to the collector of the PNP transistor will be on. However, if the push button is pressed, the transistor will turn off and the LED will shut off. This is because the base voltage will be greater than the emitter voltage, which blocks current flow. And this is how a basic PNP transistor circuit works.Where to Use PNP Transistor 2N3906 The 2N3906 is a commonly used PNP transistor. It is very much similar to the bc557 transistor except that it has a high collector to emitter voltage and hence high voltage loads can be toggled. This transistor has only a gain value of 300, hence not suitable for amplifier circuits. So if you looking for a PNP transistor that could switch high voltage loads within 0.2A then this 2N3906 transistor might be the right choice for you.How to Use PNP Transistor 2N3906 The 2N3906 transistor is commonly used as a switching device. When used as a switch, it can be operated in the saturation region and cut-off region. In the PNP transistor, by default, it’s in ON state, but not to be said perfectly ON until the base pin is not grounded. If we provide ground to the base pin then the transistor will be in reverse biased and said to be turned ON. If supply is provided to the base pin it stops conducting current between emitter and collector and is said to be in an OFF state. For the protection of the transistor, a resistance was added in series with it. For finding the value of that resistor you can use the formula: RB = VBE / IB Where, the value of VBE will be 5v for this transistor. The maximum value of providing base current is 200mA. So, from that you can find the value of resistance to be added in series with it. In the below circuit the base emitter voltage  (VBE) is 0V (Grounded) hence the PNP transistor conducts and the motor rotates. If made high (5V) the motor will stop rotation. Note that for PNP transistors the loads should be connected in the collector side as shown below. Also, note that the load current should be less than 200mA (here 140ma). 2N3906 Functional Equivalents2N3906 Popularity by Region2N3906 Market Price Analysis2N3906 ManufacturerON Semiconductor (Nasdaq: ON) is driving energy efficient innovations, empowering customers to reduce global energy use. The company offers a comprehensive portfolio of energy efficient power and signal management, logic, discrete and custom solutions to help design engineers solve their unique design challenges in automotive, communications, computing, consumer, industrial, LED lighting, medical, military/aerospace and power supply applications.  ON Semiconductor operates a responsive, reliable, world-class supply chain and quality program, and a network of manufacturing facilities, sales offices and design centers in key markets throughout North America, Europe, and the Asia Pacific regions.Component DatasheetPNP Transistor 2N3906 DatasheetFAQWhat type of transistor is the 2N3906?PNP bipolar junction transistor At what speeds can the 2N3906 be operated?Moderately high speeds What does 2N3906 function as?Switch or an amplifier What does the 2N3906 transistor have?High collector to emitter voltage What is the value of VBE for the 2N3906 transistor?5v Where can the 2N3906 transistor be operated?Saturation region and cut-off region

I DescriptionAs we all know, low-power regulated power supplies are widely used electronic equipment in electronic system testing. However, this low-power power supply still has some inconvenience to use. For example, most of these power supplies have fixed voltage output or adjustable voltage, but there is no intuitive digital display.Therefore, in response to the need for continuous adjustment of the power supply voltage and digital display function, this blog has designed an adjustable digital display low-power regulated power supply based on LM317:The design and debugging of regulated power supply can be realized;The output voltage can be adjusted continuously from 1.25V to 15V;The output current can reach 1.25A;The voltage adjustment accuracy can reach 0.25 level.In summary, the LM317 regulated power supply has the characteristics of high output accuracy, easy adjustment, and intuitive display.How to Configure the LM317 Voltage Regulator?CatalogI DescriptionII IntroductionIII Principle of Adjustable Digital Display DC Power SupplyIV Circuit Design and Parameter4.1 Selection of Power Transformer4.2 Rectifier Filter Circuit4.3 Output Adjustable Voltage Regulator Circuit4.4 ADC Voltage Detection and Display CircuitV Power Debugging and Testing5.1 Power Debugging Issues5.2 Test and AnalysisVI ConclusionComponent DatasheetFAQOrdering & QuantityII IntroductionThe low output power  DC power supply is the necessary electronic equipment for using, testing, and overhauling electronic products. It can ensure the supply of high-power electrical appliances when the load changes or the power grid fluctuates. This is reflected in two aspects: smooth working voltage output and sufficient load current drive capacity.At present, the common low-power stabilized power supplies generally have a fixed voltage output or although the voltage is adjustable, there is no intuitive digital display, which brings inconvenience to users. Therefore, the use of low-cost stabilized chips and digital display modules to design and manufacture miniaturized low-power DC stabilized power supplies with adjustable output and digital display functions has universal application significance and use value for electronic system debugging and laboratory testing.The low-power linear DC regulated power supply includes units such as voltage transformation, rectification, filtering, and voltage stabilization. In order to increase the output current, a current expansion circuit is often used in the design. At present, the design and manufacturing technology of DC stabilized power supply is relatively mature. Therefore, the power supply design mainly considers the following practical application requirements:Miniaturization;High precision;Adjustable;Digital display;...This blog has designed an output adjustable low-power DC regulated power supply based on LM317 and ADC. This power supply:It can achieve 1.25～15V regulated output and adjustment;The maximum output current can reach 1.25A;With digital display function  ;It can visually display the real-time output voltage parameters of the power supply;The power supply voltage regulation coefficient is less than 0.01;The display accuracy reaches 0.25 level standard.III Principle of Adjustable Digital Display DC Power SupplyThe low-power stabilized power supply realizes the conversion of the mains into a stabilized DC output and provides a stable voltage and sufficient load current for the load. In addition, the output voltage can be adjusted continuously, with a digital display of the output voltage. The composition of the regulated power supply circuit  is as follows:Power TransformersRectifier circuitFilter circuitLM317 voltage regulator circuitADC voltage detectionDisplay circuit...Figure 1. Principle of  Digital Display Adjustable Regulated Power SupplyIn each part of the unit circuit of the DC stabilized power supply, the power transformer reduces the input power to a suitable AC voltage through the power isolation transformer. For multi-channel power output, you can consider using a dual-winding multi-winding output transformer. The power of the power transformer is based on the design output power of the DC power supply.The rectifier circuit adopts a bridge rectifier module and a rectifier tube to form a full-wave rectifier circuit, which rectifies the alternating current after voltage transformation into direct current with pulsating components. The inverted LC filter is used in the filter circuit to filter out the pulsating AC component, eliminate the ripple, and output a smooth DC voltage.The voltage stabilizing and adjusting circuit adopts the three-terminal integrated voltage stabilizing chip LM317 to perform filtered stabilization. When the load changes or the power supply voltage fluctuates, it can output a stable DC voltage. And change the variable resistance of the adjustment end of LM317 to realize the adjustment of the output power supply voltage to reach the predetermined output power supply voltage.DC power supply output voltage detection uses the on-chip  ADC of the microcontroller to detect the output voltage in real-time. It converts the output power voltage into a digital quantity and displays it in real time by the LCD display circuit. The display circuit adopts a character-type liquid crystal module to display. After the digital quantity converted by ADC is processed by the controller, the liquid crystal is driven to realize the digital display of the output voltage value of the power supply.IV Circuit Design and Parameter4.1 Selection of Power TransformerThe maximum output of DC voltage is 15V. Considering that the three-terminal integrated voltage regulator has a voltage drop of about 1 to 2V, the voltage Uc after the capacitor is filtered is about 17V. Then the effective value of the secondary output voltage of the transformer is U2=Uc/1.2=17V/1.2=14.2V. Because it is a low-power power supply, we choose a small 15V/20W power transformer.4.2 Rectifier Filter CircuitThe selection of rectifier bridge is mainly based on two parameters:The withstand voltage VRM of the rectifier diode;The average ID of the current through the rectifier diode.Here, we choose IN4007 rectifier diodes to form a full-bridge rectifier circuit.The parameters of its forward average current of 1A and withstand voltage of 1000V meet the rectification requirements. And, the filter capacitor has an empirical value of 470~1000μF. In order to suppress the ripple, an electrolytic capacitor with a nominal value of 1000μF with a voltage of 25V is selected.4.3 Output Adjustable Voltage Regulator CircuitIn this design, LM317 can be debugged and integrated three-terminal regulator as a regulator chip and realize the adjustment function of the output voltage. LM317 has the characteristics of continuously adjustable output voltage and wide adjustment range. Compared with other regulators, its linear regulation rate and load regulation rate have obvious advantages.There are over-current protection circuits and safety zone protection circuits inside LM317. Its output voltage is 1.25~37V, and the load current can reach 1.5A. The LM317 output voltage is easy to adjust, and only two external resistors are needed to set the output voltage. In order to improve the transient response, a capacitor can be connected in parallel at the output.The typical parameters of LM317 circuit are as follows:The output current is 1.5A;0.01% linear adjustment rate;0.1% load regulation rate;The ripple rejection ratio is 80dB;It has the functions of over-current protection, over-heat protection, output short-circuit protection, and regulator safety zone protection.The output adjustable voltage stabilizing circuit design based on LM317 is shown as in Fig. 2.　　Figure 2. lm317 Voltage Regulator CircuitR1 and Rp in the circuit are the key components that determine the output voltage. The power supply voltage output is determined by the ratio between the two and the internal reference voltage, as shown in equation (3). The values of R1 and Rp are considered from two aspects:From the formula (3) the output voltage calculation formula, the ratio of Rp/R1 determines the output, so Rp uses a variable resistor to facilitate adjustment;Considering the minimum output current, the minimum operating current when LM317 works normally is generally 1.5mA, and R1 is the only path through which the minimum current is discharged when there is no load.If the value of R1 is selected too large, there will be a big difference between the output voltage under no load and under load, which is not allowed.Considering the above two aspects, R1 and Rp are calculated as follows:Taking U0=15V, we can get Rp/R1=11. Knowing that R1 can work normally when the current reaches 1.5mA, it is necessary to find that R1 should be less than the resistance limit range of 830Ω, so R1=120Ω. Then the corresponding Rp resistance value should be 11×0.12kΩ=1.32kΩ, which can ensure that the power output reaches 15V. The nominal value of 2.2kΩ potentiometer is used for Rp to adjust the output voltage.D1 and D2 are diodes for protecting LM317. When the input terminal is accidentally short-circuited, D1 is turned on, and C4 is discharged through D1. When the output terminal is short-circuited, D2 is turned on and C2 is discharged through D2 to protect LM317 from being burned. Here, D1 and D2 are both  1N4001.C1 and C3 can filter out higher harmonics, and C4 can be used to improve the transient response of the load. Here C1, C3 take 0.1μF, and C4 take 470μF.4.4 ADC Voltage Detection and Display CircuitPower supply voltage detection uses low-cost STC microcontroller STC12C5410AD and uses its on-chip 10bit ADC to complete voltage detection A/D conversion. And the STC microcontroller directly controls the character LCD 1602 to display the output voltage of the power supply. The voltage detection and display circuit are shown in Figure 3. This solution can flexibly expand the monitoring function of the digital display power supply, and directly monitor the output current value after adding the current detection circuit.The core chip of the output voltage detection circuit  STC12C5410AD microcontroller has 8 channels of 10-bit ADC, which can detect multiple DC voltages. C8, C9, JT1 form a crystal oscillator circuit, C13, and R13 form a power-on reset circuit, and together with STC12C5410AD form the smallest single-chip microcomputer system. Taking into account the adjustability of the LM317 output, the minimum system power supply alone uses the auxiliary power supply composed of 7805 and also provides a 5V power supply voltage for the liquid crystal module.The voltage to be measured of the voltage detection circuit comes from the power supply voltage VIN output by the LM317 circuit, and its voltage range is 1.25 to 15V. The specific voltage value is adjusted and determined by the Rp potentiometer. The power supply voltage VIN is sent to the ADC pin P1.1/AD1 of STC12C5410AD after the circuit is attenuated and amplified. We should consider the case where the maximum power supply voltage to be tested is 15V, which has exceeded the test range (0-5V) of the microcontroller ADC. Therefore, VIN is first divided by 1/6 through the voltage divider resistors R1 and R2 and then connected to the same phase amplifier composed of TL084 for 2 times amplification and conditioning. Ensure that when the maximum power output is 15V, the voltage sent to the ADC channel P1.1 of the microcontroller does not exceed 5V. There is a linear relationship between the power supply voltage VIN to be tested and the input voltage VAD1 of the AD1 port of the microcontroller.The display unit adopts an LCD1602  character liquid crystal module, which is controlled by a single-chip microcomputer to realize the digital display of the power supply voltage. The LCD enable terminal EN, read-write control R/W, and data/address control terminal R/S are controlled by P3.0, P3.7, and P3.5 of the single-chip microcomputer respectively. At the same time, the 8-bit display data D0～D7 and the instruction address code sent to the LCD are controlled by the P2 port. The contrast of the liquid crystal is adjusted by the voltage Vo output by the adjustable potentiometer. The digital quantity that detects the output voltage of the power supply is converted by the single-chip microcomputer into the ASCII code of the actual voltage value and sent to the LCD for display. The corresponding relationship is shown in formula (5).Figure 3. Voltage Detection and Display Circuit V Power Debugging and Testing5.1 Power Debugging IssuesLM317 output 1.25 ~ 15V circuit debugging is relatively simple, the power device circuit board adopts double-sided printed board PCB design, assembly welding power transformer, rectifier filter circuit, LM317 voltage regulating circuit, voltage detection microcontroller and LCD module and other components are can.The adjustable digital display regulated power supply is shown in Figure 4.Since the voltage output range of LM317 is 1.25~37V, Iadj in the voltage calculation formula is very small (50μA) and can be ignored. The resistance of the potentiometer is 2.2kΩ to meet the adjustment range of output voltage 1.25~15V. Considering the convenience of adjustment, the WXD3-13-2W multi-turn winding potentiometer can be used as a precision adjustment knob.In order to improve the ADC detection accuracy of the output voltage, the parameter detection correction coefficient can be added to the detection program, and the detection accuracy can be further improved through actual measurement correction.During debugging, when the power supply outputs low voltage and high current, the voltage difference and current carried by the LM317 circuit will be large, which will produce large power consumption. Therefore, the LM317 chip in the power supply should be packaged with TO-220 and a small heat sink Play a role in heat dissipation protection.Figure 4. Adjustable Digital Display Power SupplyLM317 adjustable three-terminal regulator, the minimum output voltage is 1.25V. If the regulated power supply is required to be adjusted from 0V, a negative voltage bias should be added to the regulator circuit. The power input requires three input terminals, positive, negative and ground. The circuit is relatively complicated. Generally, the regulated power supply requires less from 0V. Starting tune. Therefore, the power supply is adjusted directly from 1.25V.5.2 Test and AnalysisDC voltage stabilization tests the output voltage and output current characteristics of the power supply. Here, we select the typical load RL=100Ω and RL=10Ω, adjust the power output and test the output voltage and load current. The test results are shown in Table 1.Under two typical load conditions, the relative error of the output voltage indicated by the power supply can be better than 0.254%, and the accuracy is basically 0.25. In addition, the power supply has good load characteristics, and the output voltage does not fluctuate greatly with the increase of load current.The load characteristics under the rated output voltage of 15V are shown in Table 2. Under the condition that the power supply is output under light load and the voltage reaches the rated value of 15V, gradually increase the load current, and test the load characteristics of the power supply, that is, the change characteristics of the output voltage of the power supply. The result shows that when the load current changes from 0.1A to 1.2A, the voltage fluctuation of 15V constant voltage output is only 0.12V. This shows that this power supply has a good load capacity.VI ConclusionThis article designs a low-power DC regulated power supply with digital display and output adjustable functions based on LM317. The power supply is based on the low-cost single-chip STC12C5410AD for voltage sampling detection and driving liquid crystal display, which realizes the real-time detection and output display of the power supply voltage.The test results show that the power supply achieves a continuously adjustable output of 1.25V to 15V. It has the characteristics of stable operation, high output accuracy, and intuitive display. The output detection accuracy reaches 0.25 level; the power output is realized by flexible voltage detection and LCD display. The monitoring function can accurately reflect the working status of the power output in time,This design combines the adjustability of the regulated power supply with the digital display to provide a convenient power supply solution for electronic testing.Component DatasheetLM317 DatasheetFAQWhat type of chips are used to design and manufacture miniaturized low-power DC stabilized power supplies?Low-cost stabilized chips and digital display modulesWhat does the low-power stabilized power supply convert the mains into?Stabilized DC outputWhat is lm317 used for?The LM317 serves a wide variety of applications including local, on card regulation. This device can also be used to make a programmable output regulator, or by connecting a fixed resistor between the adjustment and output, the LM317 can be used as a precision current regulator.What is the maximum input voltage of lm317?The LM317 is an adjustable voltage linear regulator that can output 1.25 – 37V at up to 1.5A current with an input voltage range of 3 – 40V.What is the difference between lm317 and lm317t?Member. There is no functional difference as they are one in the same. The T at the end just indicates that it's in a TO-220 package. They usually tag on extra things after the part name to reference things like package, temp range, etc.Is lm317 a transistor?The LM317 is an adjustable three-terminal positive-voltage regulator capable of supplying more than 1.5 A over an output-voltage range of 1.25 V to 32 V. ... By using a heat-sinked pass transistor such as a 2N3055 (Q1) we can produce several amps of current far above the 1.5 amps of the LM317.How does an lm317 work?The circuit consists of a low-side resistor and high-side resistor connected in series forming a resistive voltage divider which is a passive linear circuit used to produce an output voltage which is a fraction of its input voltage. What is IC lm317?The LM317 device is an adjustable three-terminal positive-voltage regulator capable of supplying more than 1.5 A over an output-voltage range of 1.25 V to 37 V. It requires only two external resistors to set the output voltage. The device features a typical line regulation of 0.01% and typical load regulation of 0.1%.How do I know if my lm317 is working?Testing lm317t.If you look to the ic, the legs towards you, the right one is the input pin. you must see a difference of minimum 1.2V between the two pins, otherwise the IC is faulty. furthermore, the first test is to see if you have input voltage !What is the working priciple of lm317?LM 317 works on a very simple principle. It is a variable voltage regulator i.e. supports different output voltage levels for a constant applied input voltage supply.How to make a simple voltage regulator circuit using LM317? 

Description BC327 is a general purpose PNP transistor, today we will discuss about its pinout configuration, equivalent, uses, package dimensions and many other details. BC327Using Transistors BC327 & BC337 to Make a Mini Powerful Audio AmplifierCatalogueDescriptionBC327 IntroductionBC327 Pin ConfigurationBC327 Marking DiagramBC327 Technical SpecificationsBC327 CAD ModelsBC327 ApplicationsBC327 Package DimensionsBC327 Functional EquivalentsBC327 Popularity by RegionWhere and How to Use BC327How to Get Long Term Performance from BC327BC327 ManufacturerComponent DatasheetFAQOrdering & QuantityBC327 IntroductionBC327 is a general purpose PNP BJP transistor that can be used for switching and amplification purposes in electronic circuits. The transistor features 800mA collector current hence it can be used to drive variety of loads in an electronic application. The max collector-emitter voltage is -45V therefore it can easily handle load voltage under 45V. Apart from that transistor also features 625mW collector dissipation and DC current gain of maximum 630 therefore it can also be used as an audio amplifier or for any type of signal amplification.BC327 manufactured in different hFE classification that can be differentiate with the code number written after the transistor number. If you find code -16 after the transistor number then the hFE  will be 100~250, if the code is -25 then the hFE  will be 160~400 and if the code is -40 then the hFE  will be 250~630.BC327 Pin ConfigurationPin NumberPin NameDescription1CollectorCurrent flows in through collector, normally connected to load2BaseControls the biasing of transistor, Used to turn ON or OFF the transistor3EmitterCurrent Drains out through emitter, normally connected to groundBC327 Marking DiagramBC327 Technical SpecificationsPackage Type: TO-92Transistor Type: PNPMax Collector Current(IC): -800mAMax Collector-Emitter Voltage (VCE): -45VMax Collector-Base Voltage (VCB): -50VMax Emitter-Base Voltage (VBE): -5VMax Collector Dissipation (Pc): 625 MilliwattMax Transition Frequency (fT): 100 MHzMinimum & Maximum DC Current Gain (hFE): 100 to 630Max Storage & Operating temperature Should be: -55 to +150CentigradeBC327 CAD ModelsBC327 Part SymbolBC327 FootprintBC327 ApplicationsOutput of Microcontrollers to Drive LoadsAny Type of Signal AmplificationAudio amplifierAudio Amp StagesDrive Loads Under 800mABC327 Package DimensionsBC327 Functional EquivalentsBC327 Popularity by RegionWhere and How to Use BC327Like other essential general purpose transistors the BC327 is also a must of have transistor in your lab because it can be used in wide variety of applications. It can be used as a switch to drive loads upto 800mA which includes high power relays, high power transistors, high power LEDs, ICs and other parts of a circuit. With -5V emitter-base voltage this transistor can also be used as the output of microcontrollers to drive load of upto 800mA which can easily drive motors, modules, sensors etc.How to Get Long Term Performance from BC327To get long term good performance with this transistor in your electronic applications it is recommended to not drive load more than 0.8A or 800mA, do not drive load or more than -45V, always use a suitable base resistor with the transistor. Do not store or operate this transistor in temperature below -55 centigrade and above +150 centigrade and always check pin configuration before placing in the circuit.BC327 ManufacturerON Semiconductor (Nasdaq: ON) is driving energy efficient innovations, empowering customers to reduce global energy use. The company offers a comprehensive portfolio of energy efficient power and signal management, logic, discrete and custom solutions to help design engineers solve their unique design challenges in automotive, communications, computing, consumer, industrial, LED lighting, medical, military/aerospace and power supply applications. ON Semiconductor operates a responsive, reliable, world-class supply chain and quality program, and a network of manufacturing facilities, sales offices and design centers in key markets throughout North America, Europe, and the Asia Pacific regions.Component DatasheetBC327 DatasheetFAQWhat type of collector current does BC327 have?800mA How much collector dissipation does BC327 have?625mW What is BC327?The BC327 is a general-purpose PNP BJP transistor that is commonly used for switching and amplification purposes. Can PNP transistor be used as amplifier?The PNP transistor can act as a switch and an amplifier.

Third generation Power MOSFETs from Vishay provide the designer with the best combination of fast switching, ruggedized device design, low on-resistance and cost-effectiveness.The TO-220AB package is universally preferred for all commercial-industrial applications at power dissipation levels to approximately 50 W. The low thermal resistance and low package cost of the TO-220AB contribute to its wide acceptance throughout the industry.CatalogOverviewIRLZ44N PinoutIRLZ44N CAD ModelReplacement and Equivalent Transistors of IRLZ44NIRLZ44N FeaturesIRLZ44N Benefit IRLZ44N ParametricsSpecifications in the IRLZ44N DatasheetApplication AreasLogic Level Triggering IRLZ44N in Power SystemsThe Distinction between IRLZ44N and IRFZ44N MosfetsHow to Use a Mosfet to Drive an Led Circuit?IRLZ44N DocumentsIRLZ44N DatasheetFAQ OverviewThe IR MOSFET family of power MOSFETs utilizes proven silicon processes offering designers a wide portfolio of devices to support various applications such as DC motors, inverters, SMPS, lighting, load switches as well as battery powered applications.The devices are available in a variety of surface mount and through-hole packages with industry standard footprints for ease of design.  The apperence of IRLZ44N MOSFETIRLZ44N Pinout  IRLZ44N MOSFET Pinout IRLZ44N CAD Model IRLZ44N CAD Model Replacement and Equivalent Transistors of IRLZ44NYou can replace the IRLZ44N with the IRF1010E, IRF1010EZ, IRF1010N, IRF1010Z, IRF1018E, IRF1405, IRF1405Z, IRF1407, IRF1607, IRF2805, IRF2807, IRF2807Z, IRF2907Z, IRF3007, IRF3205, IRF3205Z, IRF3305, IRF3710Z, IRLZ44N Featureslanar cell structure for wide SOAOptimized for broadest availability from distribution partnersProduct qualification according to JEDEC standardSilicon optimized for applications switching below <100kHzIndustry standard through-hole power packageHigh-current rating IRLZ44N BenefitIncreased ruggednessWide availability from distribution partnersIndustry standard qualificationHigh performance in low frequency applicationsStandard pin-out allows for drop-in replacementHigh current capability IRLZ44N ParametricsParametricsIRLZ44NID (@25°C)   max47.0 AMountingTHTPtot   max83.0 WPackageTO-220PolarityNQG (typ @4.5V)32.0 nCQgd16.7 nCRDS (on) (@4.5V)   max35.0 mΩRDS (on) (@10V)   max22.0 mΩRthJC   max1.8 K/WTj   max175.0 °CVDS   max55.0 VVGS(th)   min  max1.5 V 1.0 V   2.0 VVGS   max16.0 VSpecifications in the IRLZ44N DatasheetThe IRLZ44N is commonly used in a standard TO-220 package, and a variant with MPN IRLZ44NSTRLPBF is available in a D2PAK package. Both components provide the same specifications, including rated operating temperature and electrical specifications. The important specifications found in the IRLZ44N datasheet are shown below.SpecificationValueMaximum drain current41 A continuous DC, 160 A pulsedBreakdown drain-source voltage (VDS)55 VThreshold gate-source voltage (VGS)1 to 2 VBase-emitter saturation voltageApproximately -1.1 VTerminal capacitance (VGS = 0 V, VDS = 25 V)Input: 1.7 nF Output: 0.4 nF  On-state resistance~25 mOhms at VGS = 5 V ~22 mOhms at VGS = 10 V  Transition time~100 nsOperating temperature-55 °C to 175 °C Application AreasThe main advantage of the IRLZ44N over other components is its operating temperature for its given drain voltage rating. The high-temperature rating of 175 °C makes this component an excellent choice for power systems drawing high current or systems to be deployed in harsh environments such as industrial settings, aircrafts, or vehicles. One should note, however, that this component does not have any SAE, UL, MIL-SPEC, or other industry-standard ratings, and it is advisable to use an alternative component for power systems in these applications. Although the IRLZ44N has not received specific qualifications by industry groups or standards organizations, it can still be used in many power system topologies. Common applications include the following topologies: High voltage linear regulatorsNon-resonant switching converters (buck/boost/buck-boost topologies)Resonant switching converters (half-bridge or full-bridge topologies)In these topologies, the IRLZ44N can be used as a high-side switch (non-resonant topologies) or as a gate driver (e.g., an LLC resonant converter) as long as the drain current and VDS breakdown ratings are not exceeded.  Logic Level Triggering IRLZ44N in Power SystemsIn addition to the temperature rating and high electrical ratings for VDS and drain current, the major advantage of the IRLZ44N is its low gate voltage threshold. The gate threshold is low enough that an IRLZ44N can be driven reasonably far into the ON state with a GPIO pin on an MCU. Anything from 5 V logic families to LVCMOS logic can output sufficient voltage to drive the IRLZ44N with relatively low on-state resistance, as can be seen from the transfer characteristics (see the graph below for a summary). Drain current vs. VGS, taken from the IRLZ44N datasheet.  The Distinction between IRLZ44N and IRFZ44N MosfetsThe IRLZ44N and IRFZ44N MOSFETs are frequently confused and used incorrectly. The IRLZ44N is a logic level Mosfet with a very low gate threshold voltage of 5V, which means that the MOSFET can be fully turned on with only 5V on its gate pin, eliminating the need for a driver circuit.The IRFZ44N, on the other hand, necessitates the use of a gate driver circuit if the MOSFET is to be completely turned on using a microcontroller such as Arduino. It does, however, turn on partially with direct 5V from an I/O pin, but the output drain current is limited.Circuit Processing circuit Mosfet IRLZ44N safety from DC 12v to 15v How to Use a Mosfet to Drive an Led Circuit?This project shows how to use a MOSFET to power an LED in a simple way. The Arduino can drive LEDs without the use of a MOSFET, but when the load on a single pin exceeds 40mA or the combined load on all pins exceeds 200mA, a MOSFET or transistor is required. If you want to drive a 5V mechanical relay, you'll also need a MOSFET because the current required is around 100mA, which is more than a single pin can provide.To successfully use a MOSFET with microcontroller output voltages, you must use a logic level MOSFET; these are usually identified by a L in the part number, such as IRLZ44N or IRL540.To switch high currents at voltages greater than 5V, logic level MOSFETs such as the IRLZ44N can be used in Arduino projects. The International Rectifier device can switch 47A at up to 55V when fitted with a suitable heatsink and de-rated for its expected operational temperature. Because not all IRLZ44Ns have the same current limit specifications, consult the corresponding datasheet for specifics on your device. The pins for the TO-220 package are shown in the diagram above, from left to right: Gate, Drain, and Source.A 10k pull-down resistor must be connected across the gate and source connections, or else even small electrostatic voltages on the gate will turn on the MOSFET - simply touching the bare wire on the gate is sufficient.The Gate Threshold Voltage, denoted as VGS(th) in the electrical characteristics, must be exceeded for the device to conduct - for the IRLZ44N, this is 2V. However, at 2V, the MOSFET is barely turned on and can only carry a very small current, possibly 1A. To determine what current you can switch with what gate voltage, consult the data sheet's charts.Use a mosfet to drive an led circuit IRLZ44N DocumentsEOLEnd of Life Notification (PDF)End of Life Notification - Amendedment (PDF)ModelsIRLZ44N Symbol & Footprint by SnapEDAProduct CatalogsGate Driver Selection Guide 2019  IRLZ44N DatasheetIRLZ44N DatasheetFAQWhat is IRLZ44N MOSFET?The IRLZ44N is a logic level MOSFET, which it is suitable to be driven from low voltages at logic levels. The IRLZ44N is a perfect match when used with an Arduino for controlling of higher power devices. ... From your Arduino (or TTL output) pin, use a 150 to 1k ohm series resistor to the Gate pin. How do I use IRLZ44N?To use a MOSFET as a switch, you have to have its gate voltage (Vgs) higher than the source. If you connect the gate to the source (Vgs=0) it is turned off. For example we have a IRFZ44N which is a “standard” MOSFET and only turns on when Vgs=10V – 20V. How is a MOSFET used in a circuit?Build: Place the P-ch MOSFET on the board. Connect the 1kΩ resistor between GND and the gate. Place the switch between -9V and the gate. Place the 220Ω resistor and the LED in series between the drain and -9V. 

LM3914 is a monolithic ic that senses analog voltage levels and drives 10 LEDs, providing a linear analog display. A single pin changes the display from a moving dot to a bar graph. This is an overview of LM3914 dot/bar display driver, we will provide the information of its pinout, datasheet, parameter, and where & how to use this device and so much more.Top 5 electronics Projects using LM3914-15 IC | lm3914 & lm3915 circuitsCatalogLM3914 DescriptionLM3914 PinoutLM3914 FeaturesLM3914 ParameterLM3914 EquivalentWhere to use LM3914 ICHow to use LM3914 ICLM3914 CircuitLM3914 PackageLM3914 ApplicationComponent DatasheetFAQLM3914 DescriptionThe LM3914 is a monolithic integrated circuit that senses analog voltage levels and drives 10 LEDs, providing a linear analog display. A single pin changes the display from a moving dot to a bar graph. Current drive to the LEDs is regulated and programmable, eliminating the need for resistors. This feature is one that allows operation of the whole system from less than 3V. The LM3914 is very easy to apply as an analog meter circuit. A 1.2V full-scale meter requires only 1 resistor and a single 3V to 15V supply in addition to the 10 display LEDs. If the 1 resistor is a pot, it becomes the LED brightness control. The simplified block diagram illustrates this extremely simple external circuitry. When in the dot mode, there is a small amount of overlap or “fade” (about 1 mV) between segments. This assures that at no time will all LEDs be “OFF”, and thus any ambiguous display is avoided. Various novel displays are possible. The LM3914 is rated for operation from 0°C to +70°C. The LM3914N-1 is available in an 18-lead PDIP (NFK) package.LM3914 PinoutLM3914LM3914 Pinout Pin NumberPin NameDescription1 and 10 to 18LED1, LED2, LED3.....LED10The 10 LEDs which has to be controlled is connected to these pins2V- / GroundGround pin of the IC3V+ / VccSupply Voltage (3-18)V4RLOLow level voltage for potential divider5SignalAnalog signal Input pin based on which the LED is controlled.6RHIHigh Level voltage for potential divider7REF OUTOutput Reference Voltage for LED current limiting8REF ADJAdjust pin for voltage reference9ModeSelect between Dot/Bar ModeLM3914 FeaturesAnalog Controlled LED Driver ICNumber of controllable LEDs: 10Operating Voltage: 3V to 18VInput Analog voltage range: 1.2V to 12VLED sink current: 2mA to 30mA (programmable)Both Dot/Bar mode availableCan be cascaded to control upto 100 LEDsAvailable in 18-pin DIP, PLCC packageIt can drive LCDs, LEDs otherwise vacuum fluorescents. The dot otherwise bot display mode can be selected by the user externally.It can be expandable up to 100 displays.LM3914 ParameterManufacturer:Texas InstrumentsSeries:-Packaging:TubePart Status:ObsoleteDisplay Type:LED LCD Vacuum Fluorescent (VF)Configuration:Dot/Bar DisplayInterface:-Digits or Characters:10 StepsCurrent - Supply:6．1mAVoltage - Supply:3V ~ 20VOperating Temperature:0°C ~ 70°CMounting Type:Through HolePackage / Case:18-DIP (0．300" 7．62mm)Supplier Device Package:18-PDIPBase Part Number:LM3914LM3914 Equivalent LM3914 Equivalent LED Driver: LM3916 Alternative LED Driver IC’s: CD4511, MAX7219, CD4054Where to use LM3914 ICThe LM3914 is an analog controlled LED driver IC, which means that it can control (turn on or off) 10 LED lights using an analog input voltage. This integrated circuit eliminates the need for a microcontroller and programming, as well as the hardware required to control ten LEDs. The analog input voltage can range from 3V to 18V, and the LED current can be controlled with a single resistor on pin 7. (Ref Out). The IC also has two operating modes: DOT mode and BAR mode, and up to 100 LEDs can be controlled by cascading multiple ICs. These ICs are commonly used in visual alarms and other metering/monitoring applications because the LEDs can be controlled without flickering and flawlessly with equal brightness. So, if you're looking for an IC to power your bar LED lights or another 10-LED sequence, this IC might be of interest to you.How to use LM3914 ICThe benefit of using LM3914 is that it requires little hardware and is simple to set up. Simply connect the 10 LEDs to the IC, set the reference voltages for the input voltage, and limit the current through the LED, and we're done. The circuit below is an example of an LM3914 application circuit.Simply connect the V+ and V- to power the IC, and the analog signal voltage is connected to pin 5. In this case, we used 9V to power the IC and monitor an analogy voltage ranging from 0 to 5V. Always keep in mind that the voltage used to power the IC (in this case, 9V) should be at least 1.5V higher than the monitoring voltage (here 5V). Because we are monitoring 0-5V here, we set the low reference voltage (pin 4) to 0V and the high reference voltage (pin 6) to 5V. As you may have noticed, we connected all ten LEDs directly to the IC without using any current limiting resistors. This is because the IC has an internal current limiter and the current value can be set using the pin VRO (pin 7). The current calculation formulas are given below, where I is the current flowing through each LED and RL is the resistor connected to pin 7.  I = 12.5/RLIn the preceding example, we used a 470 ohm resistor as Rl, so the current through each LED will be around 25mA; you can change the value as needed. Also, the cathode of the LED is connected to the IC, while the anode is connected to +5V. This is due to the fact that the IC output pins can only sink current and not source it. The integrated circuit (IC) can operate in two modes: dot mode and bar mode. In dot mode, the mode pin (pin 9) must be left floating; in this mode, based on the input voltage, only one LED will be turned on. In Bar mode, connect the mode pin (pin 9) to V+, and the LED will turn on and off sequentially based on the input voltage. Both the modes are shown in the gif file above.LM3914 CircuitThe circuit diagram for IC LM3914 is shown below. The circuit can be constructed using both basic electrical and electronic components. The IC LM3914 is a critical component of this circuit. An alarm driving switch for over range can be connected to a bar type LM series LED driving display circuit in the following circuit. This circuit is suitable for bar displays.LM3914 Based Alarm Driver CircuitThe circuit here employs a PNP transistor, denoted by Q1. This transistor can be connected between the LED positive and negative terminals, and the base terminal of the transistor is connected to the IC's pin-10 to drive the LED10. In series, an alarm unit is connected to the transistor's collector terminal. Normally, Q1 transistor, LED10, and the alarm unit are all turned off; however, if LED10 is activated, it pulls Q1 transistor through resistor R2 and thus activates the alarm unit, indicating that the condition is out of range. In the above circuit, an alarm unit generates an acoustic alarm sound using a piezo siren unit, otherwise a gated astable switch unit that continuously activates the LED brightness between high and low levels beneath the over-range state, or a combination of both. If desired, the unit can be switched to any of the LED displays, and the alarm will sound if that or any other high LED is energized.LM3914 PackageLM3914 ApplicationBattery Meter for RobotMonitoring of 12V Car BatteryTester Circuit for Soil MoistureMonitoring of Lead Acid Battery ChargerCharge Monitoring Circuit for AtmosphericKitchen Exhaust Fan for Controlling TemperatureMeter Circuit for TemperatureDigital gaugesElectronic displaysLow-cost monitor devicesCrude Battery level indicatorsFade barsComponent DatasheetLM3914 DatasheetFAQWhat is the LM3914 rated for operation?0°C to +70°C What type of package is the LM3914N-1 available in?18 lead PDIP (NFK) package What is LM3914 used for?The LM3914 is an integrated circuit (IC) that was developed by National Semiconductor in the late 1970s for use in displays that graphically depict the magnitude of an analog signal. Its outputs may power up to 10 LEDs, LCDs, or vacuum fluorescent displays. What two operating modes does the LM3914 have?DOT mode and BAR mode What are LM3914 ICs commonly used in?Visual alarms and other metering/monitoring applications

Product OverviewThe PT2399 is a CMOS echo/delay processor developed by Princeton Technology Corp. This digital chip includes an ADC (Analog to Digital converter), 44Kb of RAM to store the samples and a DAC (Digital to Analog converter). Although this chip was created as a simple solution to add delay/reverb/echo to karaokes and set-up entertainment systems, it became very popular in the guitar pedal community due to its ability to emulate BBD-based delay circuits, good price, through-hole package, 5V power supply and tolerance to modifications. Video: PT2399 Echo-Reverb Circuit - SIDBoomBox Project 16 (Feat. Electronscape) CatalogProduct OverviewPT2399 FeaturesPT2399 ApplicationsPT2399 AlternativesAdvantages of the PT2399Disadvantages of the PT2399PT2399 PinoutPT2399 CAD ModelsPT2399 SpecificationPT2399 Application Circuit SchematicPT2399 Block DiagramPT2399 ManufacturerPT2399 DatasheetUsing WarningsPT2399 FAQ PT2399 FeaturesCMOS TechnologyLeast External ComponentsAuto Reset FunctionLow Noise, No< 90dBV TypicalLow Distortion, THD<0.5% TypicalExternal Adjustable VCOAvailable in 16 pins, DIP or sO package PT2399 ApplicationsVideo Tape RecorderVideo Compact DiskTelevisionCD PlayerCar StereoKARAOKE MixerElectronic Musical InstrumentAudio Equipment with Echo Processor PT2399 AlternativesBU9253 Advantages of the PT2399The first advantage of the PT2399 is its simplicity of use. Since it integrates many of the components we need, we can make a delay with only the chip and a few components ! Contrary to the BBD which needs a lot of external circuits. The clock frequency is also much higher than the one used with a BBD. This results in less problems with aliasing and audible clock noise. The second advantage of the PT2399 is the cost. Where a BBD costs from 3€ to more than 20€ for the famous MN3005, you can find a PT2399 between 1 and 2€. And since it already includes the clock and op-amps, the cost is even lower compared to a BBD circuit. Disadvantages of the PT2399The memory in the PT2399 is very limited, so the more you want long times, the less information the memory will be able to store. The sound quality will therefore be deteriorated over the long delays, causing like the BBD some noise problems. Another problem is that the digital part cannot be accessed directly. You can’t add external memory to it to improve performance with long times. Another example, the delay time is only controlled with the current on a pin. This is perfect to control the time with just one potentiometer connected to this pin. But it becomes more complicated if you want to precisely control the time with another external circuit, to add a tap tempo for example. Whereas with the BBD, you can generate the clock with any microcontroller. PT2399 PinoutThese is pinout of PT2399,If you need more pinouts please download PT2399 datasheet. PT2399 Pinout PT2399 CAD ModelsFollowings are PT2399 Symbol, Footprint, and 3D Model. PT2399 Symbol PT2399 Footprint PT2399 3D Model PT2399 SpecificationProduct AttributeAttribute ValueMax Power Dissipation1.7WMax Supply Current100mAMax Supply Voltage6.5VOperation Temperature-40°C to +80°CPackageDIP-16Recommended Clock Frequency4-5MHzRecommended Supply Voltage4.5-5.5VStorage Temperature-65°C to +150°CTypical Max Output Voltage1.25VrmsTypical Output Distortion0.004Typical Output Noise Voltage-90dBVTypical Power Supply Rejection Ratio-30dBTypical Supply Current15mATypical Supply Voltage5VTypical Voltage Gain-0.5dB PT2399 Application Circuit SchematicFollowing is schematic of PT2399 Application Circuit. PT2399 Application Circuit PT2399 Block DiagramFollowing is PT2399 Block Diagram. PT2399 Block Diagram PT2399 ManufacturerPrinceton Technology Corp. designs, manufactures, and sells integrated circuits (ICs) for multi-media audio, remote control, and other electrical home appliances. The Company markets its products worldwide. PT2399 DatasheetPT2399 Datasheet Using WarningsNote: Please check their parameters and pin configuration before replacing them in your circuit. PT2399 FAQ① Is PT2399 an analogue?The PT2399 is commonly described as a digital, or analog voiced solution. ② What is PT2399?The PT2399 is a single chip echo processor IC utilizing CMOS technology. Which accept analog audio input signal, a high sample rate ADC transfer the analog signal into a bit stream then storage to internal 44Kbit RAM, after processing the bit stream will de-modulate by DAC and lowpass filter. ③ What do pin 15 and 16 do in a pt2399 circuit?IC PT2399 from Princeton Technology Corporation. Pin 15 and pin 16 to form a capacitance by changing the external resistance to change the input frequency response of the inverting amplifier, as the signal input. ④ What is delay time for pt2399 VCO external setting resistors?In addition, PT2399 VCO external setting resistors to the minimum, the delay time is 31.3ms, because of this a long time, not suitable for production of chorus or Flanger effects. Brief Description: IC PT2399 from Princeton Technology Corporation. ⑤ How to significantly improve a simple pt2399 delay circuit?The total circuit rivals the simplest bare bones designs but approaches the performance of the more advanced circuits such as the PT80 delay. Below are the schematic, a picture of a breadboarded prototype and some example audio of the prototype below, in use.