The Kynix Components

74LS86 XOR gate digital IC : 2 Simple using and other infromation{ with examples} 74LS86 is a quadruple XOR gate digital IC. There are three types of gates AND, NOT and NAND gate but with these gates, we can make multiple gates according to the requirement. Some times these three gates don’t fulfill the requirement then-new gates can be designed with the combination of these three (AND, NOT, OR) gates. When we combine these gates then we come up with multiple gates and XOR is one of them. XOR gates are logic gates with the combination of two NOT, two AND & one OR gate. The output state gets LOW only at the same inputs.Catalog74LS86 Introduction74LS86 Pinout74LS86 Pinout Diagram74LS86 CAD ModelHow and Where to use 74LS86?Truth Table 74LS86 74LS86 SpecificationExample using 74LS8674LS86 XOR Gate Features74LS86 IC APPLICATIONSManufacturerFAQ 74LS86 IntroductionThe XOR gate can be designed with a transistor or with other gates but that will come up with a circuit large in size, to solve this issue we use 74LS86 IC. The IC 7486 comes up withfour internal XOR gates. The IC is smaller in size and it comes up with internal speed protection. It also comes in multiple packages that help to solve the requirement of IC in different devices. The output of the IC comes in TTL which makes it compatible to use with other TTL based devices and microcontrollers. The IC has wide use in designing of an adder at the logic level.  SN74LS86 | XOR logic gate IC 7486 explained | Truth table explained  74LS86 Pinout 74LS86 circuit  74LS86 Pinout DiagramPin configuration of XOR gate 74LS86 is shown here. Details of all pins are listed in the table.PINS DETAILA1Pin 1The 74LS86 comes up with four XOR gates and Pin 1 will be used as the first input pin. It will use to input the data to first XOR gate within the ICB2Pin 2Pin 2 will use as the second input pin. It will also use to input the data to the first XOR gate.Y1Pin 3Pin 3 is an output pin of the first XOR gate. It will use to receive the output from the first XOR gate.A2Pin 4Pin 4 will be used as the first input pin for the second XOR gate in the IC.B2Pin 5Pin 5 will also use as the second input pin for the second XOR gate in the IC.Y2Pin 6Pin 6 is an output pin of the second XOR gate of the IC. It will give the output of the second XOR gate.GNDPin 7Pin 7 will be used as the ground pin. It will use to make the common ground with power supply and other devices.Y3Pin 8Pin 8 is an output pin used to receive the output from the third XOR gate.A3Pin 9Pin 9 is an output pin used to send the first input to the third XOR gate in the IC.B3Pin 10Pin 10 is also an output pin used to send the second input to the third XOR gate in the IC.Y4Pin 11Pin 11 is an output pin. It is used to receive the output from the fourth XOR gate.A4Pin 12Pin 12 is an input pin used to send the first input to the fourth XOR gate of the IC.B4Pin 13Pin 13 is also an output pin used to send the second input to the fourth XOR gate of IC.VCCPin 14VCC is a power pin used to power up the IC to make it functional. 74LS86 CAD Model Footprint  How and Where to use 74LS86?The 74LS86 follows the simple logic of the main basic three gates. The 7486 consists of a logical circuit using two AND, two NOT and one OR gate. The NOT gate will be used at input pins and at the same time the input will be given to the AND gates without inverting. Then the output from both AND gates will be given to the OR gate and the final output will be received through the OR gate. Here’s the following circuit. The OR gate only gives the output LOW when both inputs are LOW, here NOT and AND gates are filtering the Both HIGH states to flow towards the OR gates. This simple filtering method makes the XOR gate circuit. The XOR gate can be made up with other combinations too, but every XOR gate will give the specific output on different inputs. The input put and outputs can be represented by a truth table. Truth Table 74LS86RUTH TABLE  INPUTS OUTPUTSAB 000011101110  74LS86 SpecificationProduct Attributes TYPEDESCRIPTIONCategoryIntegrated Circuits (ICs) Logic - Gates and InvertersMfronsemiSeries74LSPackageTubePart StatusObsoleteLogic TypeXOR (Exclusive OR)Number of Circuits4Number of Inputs2Features-Voltage - Supply4.75V ~ 5.25VCurrent - Output High, Low400A, 8mALogic Level - Low0.8VLogic Level - High2VMax Propagation Delay @ V, Max CL23ns @ 5V, 50pFOperating Temperature0C ~ 70CMounting TypeThrough HoleSupplier Device Package14-MDIPPackage / Case14-DIP (0.300", 7.62mm)Base Product Number74LS86 Example using 74LS86 In the example of 74LS86, we will design a full adder. In full adder, we will use two XOR gates, two AND gates, and one OR gate. A single XOR gate can be used as half adder but in the single adder, we are unable to get the carry.  Single bit Full adder 74LS86  1. Single bit Full adder 74LS86Here we will design a combination where we will be able to design a full adder using 74LS86. In-circuit there will be three inputs. The first two inputs will be used to enter the two input bits and the third pin will be used as the carrying pin. The full adder we are designing here is only for two bits but we can attach multiple full adders to add more than single bit data. Here’s the circuit.  using 74LS86  2. Bit Full adder 74LS86The full adder circuit will give the output by adding the carry and two inputs. The sum will be represented by a binary number and which will be received from the output of the second XOR gate. The carry out will be the remaining value from the sum and it will also be received as binary. In full adder circuit when we need to add multiple binary digitals, we will use the carry out as the carry-in for the other circuit. Here’s the circuit. In this circuit, we can view that the carry out of the first adder becomes the carry-in of the second adder. This process will continue further and we can design multiple adders just by following the same circuit. The logic base adder also has premade IC but this logic-based circuit will help us to build an adder in case of emergency or we have a limit where we are unable to use the premade adders. The speed and efficiency of an adder will be the same as compared to the company made adder but its size will be larger. Bit Full adder 74LS86  74LS86 XOR Gate Features A single IC provides four XOR gates in different sizes.The IC provides output in TTL form, which makes it compatible with other TTL devices and microcontrollers.The IC comes in multiple packages, SOIC, PDIP, and SOC.The single power supply uses to power up all four gates.IC 74LS86 can be used as a single XOR gate without affecting the others.Its cost is much less than a transistor-based XOR gate.74LS86 IC APPLICATIONSIt is used to make the Adder.The IC has multiple uses in Networking.Servers also have multiple uses of the XOR gate.XOR gate is also used in sequence detection for binary data  ManufacturerOnsemi is driving energy efficient innovations, empowering customers to reduce global energy use. The company offers a comprehensive portfolio of energy efficient power and signal management, logic, discrete and custom solutions to help design engineers solve their unique design challenges in automotive, communications, computing, consumer, industrial, LED lighting, medical, military/aerospace and power supply applications. onsemi operates a responsive, reliable, world-class supply chain and quality program, and a network of manufacturing facilities, sales offices and design centers in key markets throughout North America, Europe, and the Asia Pacific regions. 74LS86 Datasheet74LS86 Datasheet FAQWhat is 74LS86?74LS86 is a quadruple XOR gate digital IC. ... XOR gates are logic gates with the combination of two NOT, two AND & one OR gate. The output state gets LOW only at the same inputs. How many logic gates are there in HD 74 LS 86 P?This device contains four independent gates each of which performs the logic exclusive-OR function. Ordering Code: Devices also available in Tape and Reel. How many pins are there in IC 7486?14 Pin 74HC86 IC (7486) - Quad 2-Input EXOR Gate IC buy online at Low Price in India - ElectronicsComp.com. 74HC86 is Quad 2-Input EXOR Gate 14 Pin IC. It is an advanced high speed CMOS 2−input Exclusive−OR gate fabricated with silicon gate CMOS technology.

LM350 is a 3A DC adjustable power supply, high-performance voltage regulator. This blog will cover the pinout, feature, equivalent, circuit diagram of the LM350 voltage regulator, also including where and how to use this device, etc.CatalogLM350 DescriptionLM350 PinoutLM350 FeaturesLM350 ParameterLM350 EquivalentLM350 CircuitWhere to use LM350How to use LM350LM350 PackageLM350 ApplicationLM350 ManufacturerComponent DatasheetFAQLM350 DescriptionThe LM350 is an adaptable positive voltage regulator. There are three terminals: Vin, Vout, and Adj. This type of regulator is used to provide an additional 3 amps of current across an output range. This IC is extremely simple to use and only requires two external resistors to set the output voltage. In advance, it employs internal current limiting, safe area compensation, thermal shutdown, and so on. This regulator is used in many applications, including local and on-card regulation. We can use this regulator to design a programmable o/p regulator, an adjustable switching regulator, or a precision current regulator by using a fixed resistor between the two pins like adjustment & output.LM350 PinoutLM350 voltage regulatorLM350 voltage regulator pinout Pin NumberPin NameDescription1AdjustThis pins adjusts the output voltage2Output Voltage (Vout)The regulated output voltage set by the adjust pin can be obtained from this pin3Input Voltage (Vin)The input voltage which has to be regulated is given to this pinLM350 FeaturesDelivers an output current of 3 Amps.Output voltage is adjustable from 1.25V to 33V with 1% tolerance.Provides a load regulation of 0.1% and a line regulation of 0.005%/V.The chip can bear maximum input to an output voltage difference of 35V. For normal operation, it should be 15 volts.It provides thermal regulation against overloads. The overload protection protects the chip and keeps performing its operation even if the adjust terminal is not connected orProvides floating operation in high voltage applications.It has built-in protection which protects the chip when the current exceeds beyond the rating by tripping the device.Very high dissipation of around 85 watts.LM350 ParameterManufacturer:Texas InstrumentsSeries:-Packaging:TubePart Status:ActiveOutput Configuration:PositiveOutput Type:AdjustableNumber of Regulators:1Voltage - Input (Max):35VVoltage - Output (Min/Fixed):1．25VVoltage - Output (Max):33VVoltage Dropout (Max):-Current - Output:3APSRR:86dB ~ 65dB (120Hz)Control Features:-Protection Features:Over Current Over Temperature Short CircuitOperating Temperature:0°C ~ 125°CMounting Type:Through HolePackage / Case:TO-220-3Supplier Device Package:TO-220-3Base Part Number:LM350LM350 EquivalentLM350 Alternative Voltage Regulators: LM7805, LM7806, LM7809, LM7812, LM7905, LM7912, LM117V33, XC6206P332MR.LM350 Equivalent Voltage Regulators:  LM317, LT1086, LM1117 (SMD), PB137, LM337 (Negative Variable Voltage regulator)LM350 CircuitThe LM350 IC's circuit diagram is shown below. A three-terminal integrated circuit is what it is. This regulator can be found in a variety of applications. It can also function as a variable voltage regulator.LM350 Circuit DiagramWe've already mentioned this IC has three pins, one of which is connected to the Vin pin, which receives the input voltage. A potential divider is then used to fix a voltage at the adjusted pin. A voltage divider can be formed using a pair of resistors in this case. As a result, the output voltage can be determined using the Vout pin. The circuit's pair of resistors can be connected to Vout. A potentiometer is used to fix variable voltages at pin-1 within the potential divider to make this IC look like a variable voltage regulator. The potential difference can be created by connecting resistor R1 and the potentiometer at the adjusting pin, which controls the Vout pin according to the formula: VOUT = 1.25 × (1 + (R2/R1)) + Iadj(R2)Where to use LM350This regulator would be the first choice for variable voltage regulation requirements. Because this IC can supply up to 3A, we can use the LM350  IC if we need to supply more than 1.5A. A variable voltage regulator is used to fix the voltage between 1.25V and 33V and to supply current up to 3A.  This regulator is an excellent choice for a variety of applications. This regulator also includes a current regulator, which is used in battery charging applications.How to use LM350The majority of voltage regulators employ an input and output capacitor. The operation of the  LM350  is similar to that of other voltage regulators. You can adjust the values of the resistors connected between the adjustable and output pins to change the output voltage from 1.25V to 33V. The output capacitor enhances regulation as well as transient response. This device provides excellent load regulation. To achieve good regulation, the resistor R1 should be directly connected to the output to maximize performance.LM350 PackageLM350 ApplicationBattery chargersCurrent Limited chargersSwitching RegulatorsTemperature ControllersLight ControllerTracking Pre-regulatorLM350 ManufacturerTexas Instruments Incorporated (TI) is a global semiconductor design and manufacturing company that develops analog ICs and embedded processors. By employing the world's brightest minds, TI creates innovations that shape the future of technology. TI is helping more than 100,000 customers transform the future, today.Component DatasheetLM350 DatasheetFAQHow many amps of current is the LM350?3 amps How many external resistors does the LM350 require to set the output voltage?Two external resistors What are the two pins of the LM350?Adjustment & output What is LM350 the first choice for?Variable voltage regulation requirements What is the output voltage of the LM350?1.25V to 33V

I DescriptionThis blog introduces and analyzes 4 simple and easy 74LS00 Nand Gate circuit diagrams. It’s including Square Wave Generator Circuit, Pulse Generator Circuit, LED Light Circuit. And in the end, we will analyze the circuit that turns the timer into a countdown timer in detail.This Video is An Introduction of 7400 Logic DevicesCatalogI DescriptionII Square Wave Generator CircuitIII Pulse Generator CircuitIV LED Light CircuitV Turn Timer into Countdown Timer5.1 Scheme Design5.2 Implementation of Scheme DesignFAQOrdering & QuantityII Square Wave Generator CircuitLet’s take a look at the figure below. It’s a square wave generator circuit. This circuit contains a 74LS00 Nand Gate integrated circuit. Figure 1. Square Wave Generator Circuit Diagram Among this circuit diagram:NAND gates 1, 2, and external RC time constant components form an oscillator circuitNAND gate 3 is a buffer output stage.As long as the capacity of C is changed, square wave outputs of different frequencies can be obtained.III Pulse Generator CircuitFigure 2. Pulse Signal Generator Circuit DiagramThe circuit diagram is shown in Figure 2 and it’s a simple pulse signal generator circuit. The signal generator mainly uses two TTL integrated circuits (74LS00 and 74LS221 ). So why choose these two circuits? That is because these two circuits can be used to generate a pulse signal of τ=4μs. Besides, it uses fewer components and is convenient for debugging and maintenance.IV LED Light CircuitThis circuit is made with  NE555, 74LS00, 74LS154, 74LS193, and LED lights, and the production process is very simple. When we turn on the power, here is how it works is:When the output Q0 of the 74LS154 decoder is low, the 74LS193  is a positive counter. At this time, the LEDs are individually lit from D1...D16;When the output Q15 of the 74LS154 decoder is low, the 74LS193  is a countdown counter. At this time, the LEDs are individually lit from D16...D1.Figure 3. LED Light Circuit DiagramFrom the above we can see that: the LED lights turn on from D1 to D16, and then back to D1 from D16, and so on.V Turn Timer into Countdown TimerGenerally, there are two design ideas for turning a timer into a countdown timer: First, change the counting chip in the timer; Second, reset the function of the chip.Besides, there is actually another way to achieve this goal: By applying the 74LS00 and 74LS20 chips to "reverse" the results on the display, so as to achieve the purpose of counting down.5.1 Scheme DesignThe result displayed by each digit of the timer is an incremental value, such as 0.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9. Yet, the countdown timer displays a decreasing value, such as 9.8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1.0. As long as the display result conversion is completed with a suitable logic circuit, the timer can be turned into a countdown timer.At first, we need to find the logical relationship between the timer display result and the countdown timer display result. Table 1 below lists the BCD codes corresponding to each display result of the timer and countdown timer. From this table, you can easily find the BCD codes of the timer and countdown timer:The lowest bit Q1 and Y1 are opposite; While Q2 and Y2 are the same;Relationship between Q3 and Y3: Y3 of the countdown timer is the exclusive OR of timer Q3 and Q2;Relationship between Q4 and Y4: The Y4 bit of the countdown timer is the opposite value of the OR of Q4, Q3, and Q2 of the timer, which is also equal to the non-re-AND of Q4, Q3, and Q2.Table 1. Corresponding BCD Code Displayed by (Down)Timer  The above logical expression is:Therefore, as long as you choose a circuit that can complete the above logic conversion relationship, you can realize the design from a timer to a countdown timer. The figure? shows a two-digit timer circuit. After adding the above conversion circuit, it becomes figure 3 shows the countdown circuit. Figure 4. Timer Circuit Displaying 2 Digits Figure 5. Countdown Circuit Diagram5.2 Implementation of Scheme DesignTwo kinds of chips 74LS00 and 74LS20 are used here. The former are four two-input NAND gates, which are used to complete the conversion of Y1 and generate the negation of Q4, Q3, and Q2. The latter are two four-input NAND gates, which are used to obtain Y4 from the non-reAND of Q4, Q3, and Q2. In summary, we can follow the logical relationship as follows:   The logic diagram is shown in Figure 6.Figure 6. Logic DiagramKnowing that the XOR gate operation can be completed, the Y3 conversion can be completed. The connection circuit diagram of the above-mentioned Y4, Y3, Y1 conversion specific physical objects is shown in Figure 7. Figure 7. Y4, Y3, Y1 Conversion Specific Physical Connection DiagramFigure 8 shows the actual picture of the countdown timer.Figure 8. Countdown TimerSo far, the timer has become a countdown timer. Through this design method, there is no need to change the original counter circuit, is it particularly trouble-free? FAQ1.What is a 74LS00?74LS00 is NAND gates-based IC. It has 14 pins which all connected with 4 NAND gates. Due to the NAND gate known as universal gate, 74LS00 can be converted into OR and NOT gate easily. The IC comes in three packages, SOIC, PDIP, and SOP. 2.What is NAND logic gate?In digital electronics, a NAND gate (NOT-AND) is a logic gate which produces an output which is false only if all its inputs are true; thus its output is complement to that of an AND gate. 3.What is a 74LS08?74LS08 is a Quadruple 8-bit Two Input AND IC. Gate AND gate is a digital circuit used to convert the logic state to a specific logic. In AND gate two logics state signals are used.

The BC548 is an NPN bipolar junction transistor.BC548 is another general-purpose widely used transistor that can be easily accessed from reputable electronic components store, this transistor also has lots of good features on the basis of which it can be used in their electronic circuit, it can handle a maximum current of 500mA which is sufficient to drive many other components such as ICS, other transistors, circuit portions, relays, LEDs, etc. The max collector dissipation of the device is 625 milliWatt, which is another good feature to use as a small amplifier.This blog gives you a basic overview of the BC548 transistor, including its pin descriptions, features, specifications, alternative products, etc., to help you quickly understand what BC548 is all about.We'll be glad to find that this blog can be useful for people who love electronic components. CatalogBC548 PinoutBC548 AdvantageBC548 Features and SpecificationsBC548 ApplicationBC548 as AmplifierBC548 as SwitchBC548 Replacement and EquivalentBC548 Complementary PairsBC548 Equivalent TransistorsHow to Safely Long Run BC548 in CircuitWhere to Use BC548Component DatasheetFAQBC548 PinoutThe BC548 is supplied in a standard TO-92 3-pin package. The assignment of transistor elements (b,c,e) to leads, i.e. the "pinout", uses the same convention used by some - but not all - other TO-92 devices. As viewed in the top-right image, going from left to right, the pinout is as follows:lead 1 (left in diagram) is the collector,lead 2 is the base,lead 3 is the emitter.Sometimes the middle pin is supplied bent to form a triangle of leads (as found in  TO-18  case transistors and, for example, the ZTX108-L) to match the pinout of the  BC108  more exactly. Pin NumberPin NameDescription1CollectorThe flow of current will be through the collector terminal. It is dented by “C”2BaseThis pin controls the transistor biasing. It is denoted by “B”3EmitterThe current supplies out through the emitter terminal It is denoted by “E” BC548 AdvantageBC548 NPN TransistorBC548 is a NPN transistor so the collector and emitter will be left open (Reverse biased) when the base pin is held at the ground and will be closed (Forward biased) when a signal is provided to the base pin. BC548 has a gain value of 110 to 800, this value determines the amplification capacity of the transistor. The maximum amount of current that could flow through the Collector pin is 500mA, hence we cannot connect loads that consume more than 500mA using this transistor. To bias a transistor we have to supply current to the base pin, this current (IB) should be limited to 5mA.When this transistor is fully biased, it can allow a maximum of 500mA to flow across the collector and emitter. This stage is called Saturation Region and the typical voltage allowed across the Collector-Emitter (V­CE) or Base-Emitter (VBE) could be 200 and 900 mV respectively. When the base current is removed the transistor becomes fully off, this stage is called as the Cut-off Region and the Base Emitter voltage could be around 660 mV.BC548 Features and SpecificationsPackage Type: TO-92Transistor Type: NPNMax Collector Current(IC): 500mA (Continuous)Max Collector-Emitter Voltage (VCE): 30VMax Collector-Base Voltage (VCB): 30VMax Emitter-Base Voltage (VEBO): 5VMax Collector Dissipation (Pc): 625 miliWattMax Transition Frequency (fT): 150 MHzMinimum & Maximum DC Current Gain (hFE): 110 – 800Max Storage & Operating temperature Should Be: -55 to +150 CentigradeThe BC548 part number is assigned by Pro Electron, which allows many manufacturers to offer electrically and physically interchangeable parts under one identification. Devices registered to this Pro Electron number must have the following minimum performance characteristics:Breakdown voltage, collector-to-emitter with base open-circuit VCEO = 30 V (see below)Rated continuous collector current IC = 100 mA (Fairchild's BC548 at one time had a higher rating)Rated total power dissipation Ptotal = 500 mW (some manufacturers may specify 625 mW - see below)Transition frequency (gain-bandwidth product) ft = 150 MHz minimum (300 MHz typical)BC548 ApplicationSensor CircuitsAudio PreamplifiersAudio Amplifier StagesSwitching Loads under 500mADarlington PairsBC548 as AmplifierA Transistors acts as an Amplifier when operating in Active Region. It can amplify power, voltage and current at different configurations.Some of the configurations used in amplifier circuits are Common emitter amplifier Common collector amplifier Common base amplifierOf the above types common emitter type is the popular and mostly used configuration. When used as an Amplifier the DC current gain of the Transistor can be calculated by using the below formulaeDC Current Gain = Collector Current (IC) / Base Current (IB)BC548 as SwitchThe region responsible for a transistor to work as a switch are Saturation Region and the Cut-off Region. When we apply a high enough current at the base of the transistor, it makes a path for the collector current to go through the base towards the emitter.In order to use the transistor as a switch, it must be driven into the saturation region with enough base current. And a transistor operates as a closed switch under the saturation region.Transistor as a closed switchAs soon as a positive signal (in form of voltage and current) is removed across the base of the transistor, the flow of electric current between the collector and emitter becomes zero. And the transistor behaves like an open switch under the cut-off region.Transistor as an open switchThis simply implies if we apply signal (voltage/current) across the collector and emitter but not across the base, the transistor will not work. But a small signal across the base is enough to make it work.BC548 Replacement and EquivalentBC547, BC549, 2N2222, 2N3904, BC550 (Pin configuration of some transistors may be different from BC548, check pin configuration before using or replacing in a circuit)BC548 Complementary PairsThe PNP counterparts of the BC546 to BC550 are the BC556 to BC560 respectively, i.e. the type numbers are higher by ten.BC558The BC558 is the PNP version of the BC548 and has higher voltage versions: BC556 and BC557, and lower noise versions: BC559 and BC560.BC548 Equivalent TransistorsBC549, BC636, BC639, 2N2222 TO-92.  2N2222 TO-18, 2N2369, 2N3055 , 2N3904, 2N3906 , 2SC5200How to Safely Long Run BC548 in CircuitTo increase the durability and performance of this device the user much follow the guide lines and should not increase the values as described below. Do not drive the transistor above 30V, always make sure to place its pins right in the circuit, do not provide load more than 500mA, and always use a suitable resistor at the base of the transistor to provide it required current. Do not use or store the device in temperature above +150 centigrade and below -55 centigrade.Where to Use BC548BC548 transistor can be used in many general purpose applications; you can use it in the replacement of other general purpose transistors 2N3904, BC547, etc. as described above. A part from that it can be used as a switch to drive load under 500mA. The 500mA collector current is quite good feature for this size and type of transistor therefore you can drive wide variety of loads at the same time in an electronic circuit. Moreover, this transistor also has very good DC current gain and collector dissipation characteristics which makes it ideal to use in the amplification and pre-amplification stages of an electronic circuit.Component DatasheetBC548 DatasheetFAQWhat is BC548 Transistor?BC548 is a NPN transistor so the collector and emitter will be left open (Reverse biased) when the base pin is held at ground and will be closed (Forward biased) when a signal is provided to base pin. BC548 has a gain value of 110 to 800, this value determines the amplification capacity of the transistor.What is the Use of BC548 Transistor?BC458 is a general-purpose NPN transistor used in many electronics projects and devices. BC548 transistor is used for amplifying and switching purposes in electrical circuits. Like every other NPN transistor, it consists of three pins: the collector, base, and emitter.How a Transistor Works as a Switch?By turning a small input current into a large output current, the transistor acts like an amplifier. But it also acts like a switch at the same time. When there is no current to the base, little or no current flows between the collector and the emitter. ... So the base current switches the whole transistor on and off.What is the Difference Between BC547 And BC548?This group of NPN transistors share many specifications and characteristic curves, but differ in voltage ratings - the BC546 and BC547 are essentially the same as the BC548 but selected with higher breakdown voltages, while the BC549 is a low noise version, and the BC550 is both high-voltage and low-noise.What is the max collector dissipation of the transistor BC548?625 milliWattWhat type of package is the BC548 supplied in?TO-92 3-pinWhat is the gain value of BC548?110 to 800

2N5401 is a PNP transistor.This device has a thermal shutdown and current limit, making it very durable. In most applications, external components are not required. In addition, 2N5401 is also suitable for card voltage regulation or other applications requiring mid-current negative voltage regulation,  Here, our blog provides you with a basic overview of the 2N5401 Transistor, including its pin descriptions, functions applications, similar products, etc., to help you quickly understand what 2N5401 is.We will be glad to find that this blog can be useful for people loving electronic components ;)Want to learn more about 2N series transistor? - 3 Best 2N series transistors Catalog2N5401 Transistor Pinout2N5401 Transistor Features2N5401 Transistor Similarities2N5401 Transistor OverviewHow to Use 2N5401 Transistor?2N5401 Transistor Applications2N5401 Transistor PackageComponent DatasheetFAQ2N5401 Transistor Pinout2N5401 has three pins, which are the same as any other transistor, namely the Emitter, Base, and Collector.Pin NO.PinNameFunction1EmitterCurrent flows through this pin to the device2BaseBase is used to activate the ON and OFF transistor3CollectorCurrent flow out of this pin2N5401 Transistor FeaturesAvailable in Pb−Free packageHigh collector breakdown voltage  With DC Current Gain (hFE) up to 100Maximum voltage across collector and emitter: 150VMaximum current allowed trough collector: 600mAMaximum voltage across collector and base: 160 VMaximum voltage across base and emitter: 5VOperating temperature range: -55ºC to +150ºCMaximum power dissipation: 0.62 W2N5401 Transistor SimilaritiesMPSA93, BF723, 2N5096, 2N5551 (NPN), MPSA922N5401 Transistor Overview2N5401 is specifically designed for use in high voltage applications where loads consume much less power (i.e. Current drawn by the load is low). These types of circuits can be seen in the telephone system. It can also be used if you want a simple switching device for high voltage loads. The component is also cheap and easy to work with.How to Use 2N5401 Transistor?2N5401 can be used as any general-purpose PNP  transistor, but for the sake of understanding the working device, let us consider the simple application circuit as shown below. In the above circuit, we use 2N5401 as a simple switching device and the switching load is a small DC motor. The button here is to provide the transistor with the trigger and the 10K over resistor is to limit the current to the base and to avoid breach of the maximum voltage allowed at the base. The circuit is powered from a negative-5V DC voltage source as shown in the diagram.Before starting work, let us revise the typical characteristics of the PNP  transistor:The device does not operate when the current does not flow out of the base of the transistor or the device only operates when the base current that flows out of the device reaches the threshold.The current flow through the collector is determined by the base current at a certain point. So the higher the gate current, the lower the conduction resistance and the higher the collector current.The PNP  transistor only operates when the threshold current flows out of the base so that the instant the base current reaches zero the device stops runningConsider that the button is not pressed: if the button is not pressed, there will be no base current and the transistor will not operate on the basis of the characteristics of the PNP  transistor. If the transistor does not conduct the entire voltage, it will appear and the engine will be off.Consider the button being pressed: when the button is pressed, the base of 2N5401 will be connected to the negative power supply and there will be a path for the current flow. When the base current flows out of the device, it will start to run as indicated in the characteristics. In the presence of this collector current, a voltage appears across the engine connected in series to the collector pin. In the presence of the voltage, the engine will start to rotate and stay the same until the button is released. As soon as the button is released, the base current will reach zero, by turning off the transistor and the engine.In this way, we can turn the engine on and off by using a simple button as a trigger and the 2N5401 as a switching device. When switching high-speed, the trigger is provided by a microcontroller instead of a button.2N5401 Transistor ApplicationsGeneral purpose of switching and amplificationTelephone applicationsHigh-voltage application2N5401 Transistor PackageThat’s all for our introduction to 2N5401. If you find this blog useful, please bookmark our website Apogeeweb, we will provide you with electronic component blogs, industry news, tools, etc. that you are interested in. Stay tuned for our next blog...Component Datasheet2N5401 DatasheetFAQWhat is 2N5401?PNP transistor What is 2N5401 suitable for?Card voltage regulation What can 2N5401 be used if you want for high voltage loads?A simple switching device What is the switching load of 2N5401?DC motor

MCP3008 is a low cost 8-channel 10-bit analog to digital converter. This blog covers the detailed information of the MCP3008 A/D converter, including its pinout, parameter, features, where and how to use it, etc, Raspberry Pi setup tutorial video will be attached down below as well.This is a basic tutorial of how to setup an Analog to Digital Converter (MCP3008) with the Raspberry Pi.CatalogMCP3008 DescriptionMCP3008 PinoutMCP3008 FeaturesMCP3008 ParameterMCP3008 Functional Block DiagramMCP3008 Equivalent &AlternativeWhere to use MCP3008How to use MCP3008MCP3008 Simple Interfacing ExampleMCP3008 ApplicationMCP3008 PackageMCP3008 ManufacturerComponent DatasheetFAQMCP3008 DescriptionMCP3008 is a 10-bit Analogue to Digital converter having eight single-ended input channels. It has a 4-wire serial SPI-compatible interface that is used to get digital output for all channels. It has an onboard sample and holds circuitry. It provides both analog and digital ground connections which help in noise reduction. It is ideal for use in embedded systems applications.  MCP3008 is programmable to provide four pseudo-differential input pairs or eight single-ended inputs. Differential Nonlinearity (DNL) and Integral Nonlinearity (INL) are specified at ±1 LSB. Communication with the devices is accomplished using a simple serial interface compatible with the SPI protocol. The devices are capable of conversion rates of up to 200 ksps.   MCP3008 devices operate over a broad voltage range (2.7V - 5.5V). Low-current design permits operation with typical standby currents of only 5nA and typical active currents of 320 µA. The MCP3004  is offered in 14-pin  PDIP, 150 mil  SOIC and TSSOP packages, while the MCP3008  is offered in 16-pin PDIP and  SOIC packages.MCP3008 PinoutMCP3008MCP3008 Pinout Pin NumberPin NameDescription1-8CH0 to CH7These are the analog inputs for channel 0 to channel 7. These channels can be configured as four single-ended inputs or two pseudo-differential pairs. In pseudo-differential mode, each channel pair are programmed as the IN+ and IN- inputs by sending a serial command string.9DGNDThis is the digital ground pin which is linked internally to the digital circuitry of chip.10CS`/SHDNIt is a Chip Select pin. This pin is used to initiate communication with the device by connecting it to low logic level. If it is already low, then it should be pulled to high and then low for initiating communication. When it is pulled to high logic, it will end a conversion.11DinThis is the input pin for serial data.12 DoutIt is the serial data output used for SPI communication. On every falling edge of clock signal, data will change, and this converted data is shifted out on this pin.13 CLKIt is a serial clock signal used to initiate a conversion and sends each bit out as conversion takes place14AGNDIt is the analog ground pin which is connected internally with analog circuitry. It is connected to the reference voltage.15 VREFIt is connected to the reference voltage and is used to determine the range of analog voltage.16VDDIt is the connection for applying a positive voltage to the circuit.MCP3008 Features10-bit resolution± 1 LSB max DNL± 1 LSB max INL4 (MCP3004) or 8 (MCP3008) input channelsAnalog inputs programmable as single-ended or pseudo differential pairsOn-chip sample and holdSPI serial interface (modes 0,0 and 1,1)Single supply operation: 2.7V - 5.5V200 ksps max. sampling rate at VDD = 5V75 ksps max. sampling rate at VDD = 2.7VLow power CMOS technology5 nA typical standby current, 2 µA max.500 µA max. active current at 5VIndustrial temp range: -40°C to +85°CAvailable in PDIP, SOIC and TSSOP packagesMCP3008 ParameterManufacturer:Microchip TechnologySeries:-Packaging:TubePart Status:ActivePackage / Case:16-DIP (0．300" 7．62mm)Supplier Device Package:16-PDIPMounting Type:Through HoleBase Part Number:MCP3008Number of Bits:10Sampling Rate (Per Second):200kNumber of Inputs:4 8Input Type:Pseudo-Differential Single EndedData Interface:SPIConfiguration:MUX-S/H-ADCRatio - S/H:ADCNumber of A/D Converters:1Architecture:SARReference Type:ExternalVoltage - Supply Analog:2．7V ~ 5．5VVoltage - Supply Digital:2．7V ~ 5．5VFeatures:-Operating Temperature:-40°C ~ 85°CMCP3008 Functional Block DiagramMCP3008 Equivalent &AlternativePCF8591, ADC0808, ADC0804, ADS11115Where to use MCP3008The MCP3008 is an 8-Channel 10-bit ADC IC, which means it can measure 8 different analog voltages with a 10-bit resolution. It measures analog voltage from 0 to 1023 and sends the result to a microcontroller or microprocessor via SPI communication.  It can operate on both 3.3V and 5V, so it can be used with both 5V and 3.3V microcontrollers, such as the Raspberry Pi. It employs the SAR method to convert analog voltage to digital value; it might not the fastest or the most precise ADC on the market, but it is the cheapest and easiest to use. Some devices, such as the Raspberry Pi, lack hardware for analog to digital conversion and thus cannot read analog inputs. As a result, a circuit is required for this conversion. The MCP3008  chip can be used in such devices. For communication, this chip employs an SPI interface. The  Raspberry Pi requires only four  GPIO  pins. Using this chip, you can get an additional 8 analog inputs. Analog outputs are used by sensors. As a result, many devices require an ADC converter to read these outputs. The MCP3008  is capable of converting analog signals to digital signals. So, if you're looking for an ADC IC with a resolution of 10-bit (0-1023), 8-channels, and a reasonable speed, this IC might be a good fit. It is very popular with Raspberry Pi because it lacks an ADC feature by default.How to use MCP3008It is made up of the well-known  SAR ADC  architecture technology, which includes a built-in sample and a capacitor. On the first rising edge of the clock cycle, this architecture samples with a sample/hold capacitor for 1.5 clock cycles. Following that, the ADC generates a 10-bit digital output based on the charge value of the S/H capacitor. By bringing the CS line low, communication with the MCP3008  device is initiated. The first bit received on the first clock signal (when CS is low and DIN is high) will be a start bit. This is followed by the SGL/DIFF bit, which determines whether the conversion is single-ended or differential. Following that, the next three bits, D0, D1, and D2, are used to select the channel. After receiving the start bit on the fourth rising edge of the clock, the sampling of analog inputs will begin. Down below is the detailed diagram.MCP3008 Simple Interfacing ExampleMCP3008 ApplicationSensor InterfaceProcess ControlData AcquisitionBattery Operated SystemsMCP3008 PackageMCP3008 ManufacturerMicrochip Technology Inc. is a leading provider of microcontroller and analog semiconductors, providing low-risk product development, lower total system cost and faster time to market for thousands of diverse customer applications worldwide. Headquartered in Chandler, Arizona, Microchip offers outstanding technical support along with dependable delivery and quality.Component DatasheetMCP3008 AD Converter DatasheetFAQWhat type of interface does MCP3008 have?4-wire serial SPI compatible What does MCP3008 help in?Noise reduction What type of applications is MCP3008 ideal for?Embedded systems applications What types of packages are MCP3008 offered in?16-pin PDIP and SOIC packages How many different analog voltages does the MCP3008 measure?8 different analog voltages with a 10-bit resolution What method does the MCP3008 use to convert analog voltage to digital value?SAR How many GPIO pins does the MCP3008 require?Four GPIO pins What does the MCP3008 require to read analog outputs?ADC converter