The Kynix Components

ICL7660 is a charge pump voltage converter ic which used to invert the input voltage. This IC can be found on the instrumentation and memory circuits. If you are looking for a low current dual supply voltage design, this IC is the right choice.This blog mainly introduces the pinout, feature, application and equivalents of ICL7600 from Maxim Integrated.This is a video showing how to build dual voltage supply with ICL7660.CatalogICL7660 PinoutICL7660 FeaturesICL7660 AlternativesICL7660 EquivalentsHow to Use ICL7660 ICICL7660 ApplicationsICL7660 PackageComponent DatasheetFAQICL7660 PinoutICL7660ICL7660 Pinout PIN NUMBER               PIN NAME                             DESCRIPTION            1           No Connection            No internal connection            2           Capacitor +            Connect to positive terminal of capacitor            3           Ground            Connect to ground            4           Capacitor -            Connect to negative terminal of capacitor            5           Output            Output voltage pin            6           Low Voltage            Connect to ground for low voltage operation (<3.5 V)            7           Oscillator            Connect to external oscillator if required             8           Positive Supply            Input voltage for the ICICL7660 FeaturesCMOS voltage converter ICInput voltage(Vin): 1.5V to 10VSimple Voltage Multiplication (VOUT) = (-) nVINOutput Current: 40mA (max)Requires only 2 external capacitorsICL7660 AlternativesLM27762, LM2776, TPS60401, MAX232ICL7660 EquivalentsMAX1044, TC7660, LTC1044, LTC1046How to Use ICL7660 ICThe ICL7660 is a monolithic CMOS charge pump IC that performs a voltage inversion from (+1.5 to +10V) to (-1.5V to-10V) with negligible losses. The IC comes from the manufacturers as 8 pin PDIP and SOIC packages. This IC can be used to invert the voltage, as mentioned above. The basic circuit and some of the application circuits can be found on the datasheet and the application note. The IC only requires two external capacitors for voltage inverting application circuits. The values of the capacitors are predefined values given in the datasheet. The two capacitors are connected according to the polarity of the circuit. In particular, the positive and negative pins of the C2 output capacitor must be connected to the ground and pin 5 of the ICL7660. The basic voltage inverting circuit is shown below.ICL7600 Circuit Diagram In principle, the ICL7660 IC operates in 10kHz using the built-in oscillator. The IC can be synchronized to an external clock using the OSC pin(pin7) of the IC. The IC has an internal voltage regulator (pin6) to prevent locking of the device and internal damage. For low voltage operation, this pin must be connected to the ground for optimum performance.ICL7660 ApplicationsPersonal Communications EquipmentOp-Amp power suppliesMemory power suppliesHandheld MetersICL7660 PackageComponent DatasheetICL7660 DatasheetFAQWhat type of IC is ICL7660?Charge pump voltage converter Where can ICL7660 be found?Instrumentation and memory circuits How can the ICL7660 be used?To invert the voltage How many Hz does the ICL operate?10kHz

DS1307 is a low-power Full Binary (BCD) Real Time Clock (RTC) IC with 56 bytes of SVRAM that communicates via I2C Protocol. This blog provides you a detailed introduction to DS1307 RTC, including  its pinout, application, how does it work in a circuit, what's its difference between DS3231 and more, hope this blog helps and thank you for reading! This is a tutorial video teaching people how to connect DS1307 with Arduino.CatalogDS1307 DescriptionDS1307 PinoutDS1307 FeaturesDS1307 ParameterWhat is I2C ProtocolDS1307 Working PrincipleHow to Use DS1307DS1307 vs DS3231DS1307 ApplicationDS1307 ManufacturerDS1307 PackageComponent DatasheetFAQDS1307 DescriptionThe DS1307 serial real-time clock (RTC) is a low-power, full binary coded decimal (BCD) clock/calendar plus 56 bytes of NV SRAM. Address and data are transferred serially through an I2C, bidirectional bus. The clock/calendar provides seconds, minutes, hours, day, date, month, and year information. The end of the month date is automatically adjusted for months with fewer than 31 days, including corrections for leap year. The clock operates in either the 24-hour or 12-hour format with AM/PM indicator. The DS1307 has a built-in power-sense circuit that detects power failures and automatically switches to the backup supply. Timekeeping operation continues while the part operates from the backup supply. The DS1307 can operate in the following two modes:Slave Receiver Mode (Write Mode): Serial data and clock are received through SDA and SCL.Slave Transmitter Mode (Read Mode): The first byte is received and handled as in the slave receiver mode. However, in this mode, the direction bit will indicate that the transfer direction is reversed.DS1307 PinoutDS1307 RTCDS1307 RTC Pinout Pin NumberPin NameDescription1,2X1 , X2Crystal Oscillator should be connected to these pins3V-BatConnected to Positive terminal of the battery4GroundGround pin of the IC5,6SCL and SDAPins for I2C communication with CPU7SQW / OutSquare wave output driver pin to obtain square wave frequencies.8VccPowers the IC typically 5VDS1307 FeaturesI2C Interface RTC ICOperating Voltage: 5VLess than 500nA current when operating with battery56bytes SVRAMOperates in power or battery modeProgrammable square wave output pinAvailable in PDIP and SO packageDS1307 ParameterType:Clock/CalendarFeatures:Leap Year NVSRAM Square Wave OutputBase Product Number:DS1307Interface:I²C 2-Wire SerialMemory Size:56BTime Format:HHDate Format:YY-MM-DD-ddVoltage - Supply Battery:2V ~ 3.5VCurrent - Timekeeping (Max):200µA @ 5VWhat is I2C ProtocolI2C is a serial protocol that transfers data bit by bit. I2C combines the best characteristics of SPI and UART. We can control many slave devices by using it with a single microcontroller. Data is transferred in the form of messages in I2C, and the messages are then converted into data. Each message contains an address frame containing a binary address of the devices under control. The I2C protocol is less expensive to implement than the SPI protocol. SPI controls a single slave device, whereas I2C controls multiple devices. Let's take a look at the I2C protocol diagram for a better understanding.DS1307 Working PrincipleLet's look at a circuit that uses the DS1307 to get a better understanding of how it works. In this simple circuit, we connect the chip's first two pins, X1 and X2, to a 32.768 kHz crystal oscillator as the source. The third pin is linked to a 3V battery. We provide a 5v supply at Vcc, which can be provided by a microcontroller. If Vcc is not supplied, the read and write conditions are disabled.When using the I2c protocol, a device must have start and stop conditions in order to communicate with other devices. We provide a specific identification and address register to a device in order to obtain the start condition. For a better understanding of stop and start condition lets have a look at clock figure.How to Use DS1307The DS1307 is an 8-pin IC that runs on 5V and communicates with the CPU via the I2C protocol. A typical application circuit for the DS1307 is shown below, taken from the DS1307 datasheet.As you can see, the IC has SCL (Serial Clock) and SDA (Serial Data) pins that it uses to communicate with the CPU; both of these pins must be pulled high using a resistor. The IC can be powered by applying 5V to the Vcc pin; if the power fails, it will automatically switch to battery mode, obtaining power from a Lithium cell connected to pin Vbat and ground. Pins X1 and X2 are used to connect the crystal oscillator, which is typically a 32.7KHz Quartz crystal. The SQW pin generates a PWM square wave with programmable frequencies of 1Hz, 4KHz, 8KHz, or 32KHz. This pin also necessitates the use of a pull-up resistor. Only the I2C protocol is used to exchange data between the CPU and the RTC IC. This communication facilitates both reading and writing.  The IC can provide information such as a Real-Time Clock that counts seconds, minutes, hours, the date of the month, the month, the day of the week, and the year, with Leap-Year Compensation Valid Up to 2100.DS1307 vs DS3231DS3231The DS3231 is also a low-cost, extremely accurate I2C real- time clock (RTC). But it is a RTC with an integrated temperature- compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) and crystal. The device incorporates a battery input, and maintains accu- rate timekeeping when main power to the device is inter- rupted. The main distinction between the DS3231 and the DS1370 is the accuracy of time-keeping. The DS1307 includes an external 32kHz crystal for timekeeping, the frequency of which is easily affected by external temperature. As a result, the clock is usually off by about five or so minutes per month. The DS3231, on the other hand, is much more accurate because it includes an internal Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillator (TCXO) that is unaffected by temperature, allowing it to be accurate to a few minutes per year at most. DS1307 is still a great value RTC that will serve you well, but DS3231 is recommended for projects that require more accurate time-keeping.DS1307 ApplicationRoboticsGamingServersComputer PeripheralsGPSUtility power metersDS1307 ManufacturerMaxim Integrated develops innovative analog and mixed-signal products and technologies to make systems smaller and smarter, with enhanced security and increased energy efficiency. We are empowering design innovation for our automotive, industrial, healthcare, mobile consumer, and cloud data center customers to deliver industry-leading solutions that help change the world.DS1307 PackageComponent DatasheetDS1307 RTC DatasheetFAQWhat is DS1307?The DS1307 is a low power Full Binary (BCD) Real Time Clock (RTC) IC with 56 bytes of SVRAM that communicates through I2C Protocol. The IC can work from directly supply on Vcc and switch to Battery automatically when required.How do I know if DS1307 is working?If you had a Master I2C/SMBus Engine tool built up, you could connect just it and the DS1307 together (with pull-ups and other essentials of course) and quickly see if you can communicate with the DS1307 in a few minutes. If you can, then you know that your DS1307 is working and it could be your C code.How do I reset my RTC DS1307?So to start, remove the battery from the holder while the Arduino is not powered or plugged into USB. Wait 3 seconds and then replace the battery. This resets the RTC chip.Why RTC is used?A real-time clock (RTC) is an electronic device (most often in the form of an integrated circuit) that measures the passage of time. Although the term often refers to the devices in personal computers, servers and embedded systems, RTCs are present in almost any electronic device which needs to keep accurate time.How many bytes of NV SRAM is the DS1307 serial real-time clock?56 bytesIn what format does the DS1307 clock operate?24-hour or 12-hourWhat does the DS1307 have a built-in power-sense circuit that detects?Power failuresWhat does the DS1307 operate in?Slave Receiver Mode (Write Mode) 

Product OverviewLM1458 is a dual general purpose Operational Amplifier (Op-amp). Its has two builtin amplifiers having common power supply as well as common mode voltage. This condition is to make both of the amplifiers dependent on each other. LM 1458 has several amazing features. For example, low power consumption, lath-up free operation, short circuit protection etc. LM-1458 is shown in the figure given below. Video: Adjustable DC Offset with an LM1458 CatalogProduct OverviewLM1458 FeaturesLM1458 ApplicationLM1458 AlternativesLM1458 EquivalentsLM1458 PinoutLM1458 Pin ConfigurationWorking and Need of an Operational AmplifierLM1458 Schematic DiagramsLM1458 Specification2D Model and DimensionsLM1458 Circuit DiagramLM1458 ManufacturerLM1458 DatasheetUsing WarningsLM1458 FAQ LM1458 FeaturesNo frequency compensation requiredShort-circuit protectionWide common-mode and differential voltage rangesLow-power consumptionSlew rate (Typ) (V/us) 0.5Vos (offset voltage @ 25 C) (Max) (mV) 6Iq per channel (Typ) (mA) 1.5Vn at 1 kHz (Typ) (nV/rtHz) 30Rating Catalog8-lead can and 8-lead mini DIPNo latch up when input common mode range is exceeded LM1458 ApplicationComparatorMultivibratorDC AmplifierSumming AmplifierIntegrator or DifferentiatorNarrow Band or Band Pass Filter LM1458 AlternativesTL074, LF393N, MCP6002 LM1458 EquivalentsTLV9302, LM1558 LM1458 PinoutThe following figure is the diagram of LM1458 pinout. LM1458 Pinout LM1458 Pin ConfigurationThe LM1458 has 8 pins for inputs/outputs and power. The table below can be referred to understand the pin configuration of the Op-amp. Pin NoPin NameDescription1OUTPUT AOutput Of Amplifier A2INV-INPUT AInverting Input Of Amplifier A3NON-INV-INPUT ANon Inverting Input Of Amplifier A4V-Negative Power Supply5NON-INV-INPUT BNon Inverting Input Of Amplifier B6INV-INPUT BInverting Input Of Amplifier B7OUTPUT BOutput Of Amplifier B8V+Positive Power Supply Working and Need of an Operational AmplifierAn operation amplifier is basically a voltage amplifier which is used along with some external components between its I/O pins. These external components used such as resistors, capacitors, etc. determine the function of the op-amp. LM1458 is a dual operational amplifier which has a lot of applications but is widely used in audio amplification applications. Another application where op-amps are used is voltage followers. Working of an Operational Amplifier A voltage follower made with an op-amp is very useful because the circuits have a very high impedance. A voltage follower can also be called a buffer circuit, unity gain amplifier, and uses an op-amp circuit as it has a voltage gain of 1. Here the circuit does not provide any amplification but provides an output voltage following the input voltage (The output voltage is equal to the input voltage). In the circuit above, the input voltage is provided to the non-inverting terminal of the op-amp IC and the inverting terminal is connected to the output of the op-amp through which a load is connected and the output voltage is taken across it. LM1458 Schematic DiagramsThe architecture of LM1458 is shown in the picture below. LM1458 Schematic Diagrams LM1458 SpecificationNumber of channels (#)2Total supply voltage (Max) (+5V=5, +/-5V=10)36Total supply voltage (Min) (+5V=5, +/-5V=10)6Rail-to-railNoGBW (Typ) (MHz)1Slew rate (Typ) (V/us)0.5Vos (offset voltage @ 25 C) (Max) (mV)6Iq per channel (Typ) (mA)1.5Vn at 1 kHz (Typ) (nV/rtHz)30RatingCatalogOperating temperature range (C)0 to 70Offset drift (Typ) (uV/C)0Input bias current (Max) (pA)500000CMRR (Typ) (dB)90Output current (Typ) (mA)45ArchitectureBipolar 2D Model and DimensionsBelow is the 2D model of the LM1458 ICs PDIP package along with its dimensions in inches(millimeters). The following information can be used to create custom footprints of the IC and be used for PCB designing and CAD modelling. 2D Model and Dimensions LM1458 Circuit DiagramFollowing is the circuit diagram of LM1458. LM1458 Circuit Diagram LM1458 ManufacturerTexas Instruments Incorporated (TI) is a global semiconductor design and manufacturing company that develops analog ICs and embedded processors. By employing the world's brightest minds, TI creates innovations that shape the future of technology. TI is helping more than 100,000 customers transform the future, today. LM1458 DatasheetYou can download this datasheet for LM1458–Datasheet from the link given below:LM1458 Datasheet Using WarningsNote: Please check their parameters and pin configuration before replacing them in your circuit. LM1458 FAQ① What is LM1458?LM1458 is a dual general purpose Operational Amplifier (Op-amp). Its has two builtin amplifiers having common power supply as well as common mode voltage. This condition is to make both of the amplifiers dependent on each other. ② Is there a simple function generator circuit using LM1458?A simple function generator circuit using LM1458 is known here. LM1458 is a dual general purpose operational amplifier. The two opamps inside LM1458 has a common bias network, power supply line and are independent of each other in operation. ③ Is the LM1458 dual operational amplifier compatible with pMOS?LM1458 has a wide variety of working conditions and voltages. The output of the IC is directly compatible with almost every CMOS, PMOS, and NMOS device. The IC also offers many additional features such as high noise immunity, short circuit protection, and low power dissipation. ④ What's the difference between tl082 and LM358?The testing would be interesting as it may show the differences between them. Check their datasheets the older ones were better in providing schematics. LM358 and 1458 are similar but have different output stage. TL082 has FET input stage with class AB output. ⑤ How opamp based function generator is designed?Four opamps (2 from each IC) is used in the function generator circuit. First opamp IC 1a is wired as an astable multivibrator. R1 is the feedback resistor and C1 is the timing capacitor output of IC 1a is feed back to its non inverting input (pin 3) from the junction of R3 & R2.

STM32F4 is a series of high-performance microcontrollers developed by ST (STMicroelectronics). It uses 90nm NVM technology and ART technology (Adaptive Real-Time Accelerator).CatalogSTM32F4 FeaturesSTM32F4 AdvantageSTM32F4 DocumentSTM32F4 ManufacturerComponent DatasheetFAQSTM32F4 FeaturesART Accelerator™ enabling 0 wait state executing from internal FlashUp to 2x USB2.0 OTG FS/HSSDIOUSART, SPI, I²C16-bit and 32-bit timersUp to 3x 12-bit ADCUp to 2x 12-bit DACExternal memory controller1.7V to 3.6V low voltageSTM32F4 AdvantageNameSTM32F4ManufacturerST (STMicroelectronics)TypeHigh-performance microcontrollerCraft90nm NVM processThe ARM® Cortex®-M4-based STM32F4 series of MCUs leverages STMicroelectronics' NVM technology and ST’s ART Accelerator™ to reach the industry’s highest benchmark scores for Cortex-M-based microcontrollers with up to 225 DMIPS / 608 CoreMark executing from Flash memory at up to 180 MHz operating frequency.The STM32F4 series consists of 7 lines of digital signal controllers (DSC), a perfect symbiosis of the real-time control capabilities of an MCU and the signal processing performance of a DSP:STM32F401 – 84 MHz CPU/105 DMIPS, the smallest, cost-effective solution with outstanding power efficiency (Dynamic Efficiency Line)STM32F411 – 100 MHz CPU/125 DMIPS, outstanding power efficiency with large SRAM and new smart DMA optimizing power consumption for data batching (Dynamic Efficiency Line with Batch Acquisition Mode)STM32F446 – 180 MHz/225 DMIPS, up to 512 Kbytes of Flash with dual Quad SPI and SDRAM interfacesSTM32F405/415 – 168 MHz CPU/210 DMIPS, up to 1 Mbyte of Flash with advanced connectivity and encryptionSTM32F407/417 – 168 MHz CPU/210 DMIPS, up to 1 Mbyte of Flash adding Ethernet MAC and camera interfaceSTM32F427/437 – 180 MHz CPU/225 DMIPS, up to 2 Mbytes of dual-bank Flash with SDRAM interface, Chrom-ART Accelerator™, serial audio interface, more performance and lower static power consumptionSTM32F429/439 – 180 MHz CPU/225 DMIPS, up to 2 Mbytes of dual-bank Flash with SDRAM interface, Chrom-ART Accelerator™ and LCD-TFT controllerSTM32F469/479 – 180 MHz CPU/225 DMIPS, up to 2 Mbytes of dual-bank Flash with SDRAM and QSPI interface, Chrom-ART Accelerator™, LCD-TFT controller and MPI-DSI interfaceGetting Started with the Black Pill Arduino STM32F4STM32F4 DocumentApplication NoteMigrating from STM32F407xx/417xx to STM32F427xx/429xx/437xx/439xxPeripherals interconnections on STM32F405/7xx, STM32F415/7xx, STM32F42xxx, STM32F43xxx, STM32F446xx and STM32F469/479xxMigration of microcontroller applications from STM32F42xxx/STM32F43xxx to STM32F469xx/STM32F479xxReference ManualSTM32F469xx and STM32F479xx advanced Arm®-based 32-bit MCUsSTM32F446xx advanced Arm®-based 32-bit MCUsSTM32F410 advanced Arm®-based 32-bit MCUsSTM32F4 ManufacturerSTMicroelectronics is a global independent semiconductor company and is a leader in developing and delivering semiconductor solutions across the spectrum of microelectronics applications. An unrivaled combination of silicon and system expertise, manufacturing strength, Intellectual Property (IP) portfolio and strategic partners positions the Company at the forefront of System-on-Chip (SoC) technology and its products play a key role in enabling today's convergence trends.Component DatasheetSTM32F4 Series DatasheetFAQWhat is STM32F4?STM32 is a family of 32-bit microcontroller integrated circuits by STMicroelectronics. ... Internally, each microcontroller consists of the processor core, static RAM, flash memory, debugging interface, and various peripherals.What is STM Board?STM32 is a family of 32-bit microcontroller integrated circuits by STMicroelectronics. ... Internally, each microcontroller consists of the processor core, static RAM, flash memory, debugging interface, and various peripherals.Why is SMT32 So Popular?The STM32 series of microcontrollers from ST Microelectronics is a popular, and very large, family of ARM-based 32-bit microcontrollers. ... While the STM32 microcontrollers are quite versatile and highly configurable, it is this very fact that makes them hard to initialize.Where is STM32 Used?There are various types and varieties of STM32 Microcontrollers available and they belong to the ARM-architecture family of Microcontrollers. These microcontrollers are used in a variety of applications, from simple printers to complex circuit boards in vehicles.How Do I Start Learning STM32?Step 1: Pre-requisites. Install the main tools to program STM32 and run a first example: ...Step 2: Blink LED example on the NUCLEO-L476RG board using STM32CubeMX and HAL. ...Step 3: UART and new board introduction. ...Step 4: Sensors usage with B-L475E-IOT01A. ...Step 5: Build an IOT system.How Do You Program a STM32F407?Step 1: Go to mbed.org and login/signup.Step 2: Select Platform Seeed Arch Max.Step 3: Edit, Compile and Download Code.Pins shared with on board hardware.Update 1: DAC works on PA4 and PA5.Update 2: 20x4 LCD support.Caveats.What is the name of the STM32F4 series of MCUs?ARM® Cortex®-M4How many lines of digital signal controllers does the STM32F4 series consist of?7 lines

Product Overview The FRDM-KL25Z has been designed by NXP in collaboration with mbed for prototyping all sorts of devices, especially those requiring the size and price point offered by Cortex-M0+ and the power of USB Host and Device. It is packaged as a development board with connectors to break out to strip board and breadboard, and includes a built-in USB FLASH programmer. Video：FRDM-KL25Z open boxCatalogProduct Overview KL25Z FeaturesKL25Z PinoutKL25Z AdvantageHardwareKL25Z ApplicationsFRDM-KL25Z FootprintCMP configurationProduct AttributesAlternative ModelsKL25Z DatasheetKL25Z Reference ManualManufacturerUsing WarningsFAQKL25Z FeaturesNXP KL25Z Kinetis KL2x MCU (MKL25Z128VLK4)High performance ARM® Cortex™-M0+ Core48MHz, 16KB RAM, 128KB FLASHUSB (Host/Device)SPI (2)I2C (2)UART (3)PWM (TPM)ADC (16 bit)DAC (1x 12bit)Touch SensorGPIO (66)FRDM-KL25Z Onboard SensorsMMA8451Q - 3-axis accelerometerCapacitive touch sensorEvalution Form factor81mm x 53mm5V USB or 4.5-9V supplyBuilt-in USB drag 'n' drop FLASH programmermbed HDK & SDK enabledDrag-n-drop programmingUSB Serial PortCMSIS-DAPOnline development toolsEasy to use C/C++ SDKLots of published libraries and projects KL25Z Pinout KL25Z PinoutKL25Z AdvantageFRDM-KL25Z can be used to evaluate the KL14, KL15, KL24 & KL25 Kinetis L series devices. It features a KL25Z128VLK, a device boasting a max operating frequency of 48MHz, 128KB of flash, a full-speed USB controller, and loads of analog and digital peripherals. The FRDM-KL25Z hardware is form-factor compatible with the Arduino™ R3 pin layout, providing a broad range of expansion board options. The on-board interfaces include an RGB LED, a 3-axis digital accelerometer, and a capacitive touch slider.The FRDM-KL25Z is the first hardware platform to feature the Freescale open standard embedded serial and debug adapter known as OpenSDA. This circuit offers several options for serial communications, flash programming and run-control debugging. HardwareMKL25Z128VLK4 MCU @ 48 MHz, 128 KB flash, 16 KB SRAM, USB OTG (FS), 80LQFPOn board capacitive touch “slider”, MMA8451Q accelerometer, and tri-color LEDOpenSDA debug interface KL25Z ApplicationsConsumer Electronics, Industrial, Medical FRDM-KL25Z Footprint FRDM-KL25Z Footprint CMP configuration CMP configurationProduct Attributes Alternative Part (Replacement Part)FRDM-KL25ZApplicationsE-mail for more informationAudio InterfacesNoBase Part Number-Board TypeEvaluation PlatformCase/PackageLQFPCategoryProgrammers, Development SystemsContentsBoard(s)Core ArchitectureARMCore ProcessorARM Cortex-M0+Daughter CardsYesECCN (US)EAR99EU RoHSCompliantEvaluation KitYesFamilyEvaluation Boards - Embedded - MCU, DSPFor Use With/Related ProductsKL1x, KL2x, mbed-Enabled DevelopmentHeight0.98inchHTS8471.50.01.50I2C1InterfaceUSBJTAG SupportNoLength6.69inchMain Program Memory TypeFlashManufacturerFreescale Semiconductor - NXPManufacturerNXP USA Inc.Mounting TypeFixedNumber of Bits32Operating Supply Voltage9VOperating SystemsWin 7PackagingBulkPart StatusActivePlatformFreescale Freedom Development PlatformProgram Memory Size128KBProgram Memory TypeFlashRadiation HardeningNoRAM Size16KBREACH SVHCNo SVHCSeriesKinetisSupported DeviceMKL25Z128VLK4Supported Device TechnologyMicrocontrollerTypeDevelopment BoardUSB2Utilized IC / PartKL1x, KL2x, mbed-Enabled DevelopmentWeight0.11lbWidth3.78inch Alternative Models ManufacturerManufacturer Part No.Lifecycle Status IndicatorNXP SemiconductorsFRDM-KL25ZUnknownNXP FreescaleFRDMKL25Z-MOT-CNTRL-BUNDLEVolume ProductionNXP FreescaleFRDMKL25Z-WIFI-BUNDLEVolume ProductionNXP SemiconductorsFRDMKL25Z-MOT-CNTRL-BUNDLEVolume ProductionNXP SemiconductorsFRDMKL25Z-WIFI-BUNDLEVolume ProductionSamtecSLW-106-01-S-DVolume ProductionSamtecSLW-108-01-G-DVolume ProductionTE Connectivity534998-8Volume ProductionTE Connectivity534998-6Volume ProductionNXP SemiconductorsFRDM-KL46ZUnknown KL25Z Datasheet KL25Z DatasheetKL25Z Reference Manual KL25Z Reference Manual ManufacturerNXP Semiconductors N.V. is a Dutch global semiconductor manufacturer headquartered in Eindhoven, Netherlands. The company employs approximately 31,000 people in more than 35 countries, including 11,200 engineers in 33 countries. NXP reported revenue of $6.1 billion in 2015, including one month of revenue contribution from recently merged Freescale Semiconductor. Using WarningsNote: Please check their parameters and pin configuration before replacing them in your circuit. FAQWhat is FRDM-KL25Z?The FRDM-KL25Z is an ultra-low-cost development platform for Kinetis L Series KL1x (KL14/15) and KL2x (KL24/25) MCUs built on ARM® Cortex™-M0+ processor. How do you use the Frdm-KL25Z?Connect your mbed-enabled FRDM-KL25Z to a PCUse the USB lead to connect your KL25Z to a PC, using the USB connector labelled "SDA". The status light will come on, indicating it has power. After a few seconds of activity, the PC will recognise the mbed Microcontroller as a standard USB drive. What company made the MEMS accelerometer that is on the KL25Z Freedom board?The Xtrinsic MEMS sensors board features three types of Xtrinsic sensors from NXP, including MPL3115A2, MAG3110 and MMA8491Q.

Nowadays, production activities are concerned with automation, labor saving and high efficiency. And steppers are widely used in some occasions where flexible control is needed because they can adapt to the requirements of high efficiency and labor saving in production.In this post, we will introduce how to design a miniature stepper motor controller using STM32F103T8U6 of STM32 series and A4988 as the main modules.In addition, we will also introduce you how to use this stepper controller in order to achieve the function of closed-loop precise control of the stepping angle of the miniature stepper motor. Further, we will also analyze in depth the working principle of A4988 as well as the micro stepper motor speed control and stepping angle precise control strategy from various aspects.Catalog1 Features and working principle of A49881.1 Features of A49881.2 Working principle of A49881.3 A4988 logic control strategy2 Controller circuit design2.1 Hardware circuit design2.2 Functional design3 Software design3.1 Serial communication command design3.2 Controller control strategy4 ConclusionComponent DatasheetFAQ1 Features and working principle of A49881.1 Features of A4988A4988 is a complete micro-stepping motor driver with built-in converter for easy operation. This product can operate bipolar stepping motors in full, half, 1/4, 1/8 and 1/16 stepping modes, and the output drive performance can reach 35V and ±2A. The A4988 includes a fixed off-time current regulator that can operate in slow or mixed decay mode. The converter is the key to easy implementation of A4988. Just input a pulse in the "step" input to drive the motor to generate microsteps. No need for phase sequence table, high frequency control line or complicated interface programming. The A4988 interface is very suitable for applications where complex microprocessors are unavailable or overloaded.During micro-step operation, the chopper control in A4988 can automatically select the current decay mode (slow or mixed). In the mixed decay mode, the device is initially set to decay quickly during part of the fixed downtime, and then slowly decay during the rest of the downtime. The mixed decay current control scheme can reduce audible motor noise, increase step accuracy and reduce power consumption. Provide internal synchronous rectification control circuit to improve power consumption during pulse width modulation (PWM) operation. Internal circuit protection includes: thermal shutdown with hysteresis, under-voltage lockout (UVLO) and cross-current protection, no special power-on sequencing is required.1.2 Working principle of A4988To better analyze the working principle of A4988, let us first analyze the internal structure of A4988 in detail. Figure 1 shows the A4988's internal structure diagram and typical external circuit connection diagram.Figure 1. A4988 internal function modules diagramAs shown in Figure 1, A4988 has a translator, which is mainly responsible for the information interaction between the microcontroller and the drive circuit.The DA signal can be generated by the compiler, and the comparator assists the PWM latch to repair the attenuation signal. And, the compiler can generate logic level control logic controllers. Then, the logic controller cooperates with the current regulator and the N-type MOS tube driving voltage to drive the two full-bridge circuits together.The marked capacitor in the circuit must be strictly the same as that given in the technical document. Rosc mainly changes and repairs the attenuation mode. Connecting to VDD automatically repairs the attenuation, and connecting to GND, the current attenuation is set to increase or decrease the current and repair at the same time.SENSE1 and SENSE2 detect the drive output voltage, in fact, it detects the output current in real time, and the current regulator adjusts the output current signal to form a closed loop control. Therefore, the resistor connected to the SENSE1 and SENSE2 pins is very critical. Generally, the resistance of this resistor is about a few tenths of an ohm.1.3 A4988 logic control strategyThe A4988 has simple control logic and is mainly divided into the following control modes: sleep mode, forward and reverse mode, reset mode, enable mode, subdivision mode, etc.(1) Sleep mode: Set the Sleep pin level to 0, enter the sleep mode, and the driver outputs standby mode; Set the Sleep pin to 1, the driver is in normal working state;(2) Forward and reverse mode: Set the DIR pin to 0 or 1 in the forward mode and 1 or 0 in the reverse mode;(3) Reset mode: It is easy to consume energy in the reset mode, and the impact current generated is relatively large. Set the RESET pin directly to 1, and reset the RESET pin to 0 when the system is not affected. Once the driver chip is reset, the system will return to the original A4988 I/O port control state;(4) Enable mode: The enable mode controls whether the system starts to work, ENBALBE pin is set to 0 to start working, and to 1 to stop working;(5) Subdivision mode: The subdivision coefficient is controlled by MS1, MS2, and MS3. A4988 is subdivided into 1/16 subdivision as the smallest. By calculating the angle value, the minimum subdivision angle can be obtained as 1/16 of the full step angle.A4988 drive logic control is shown in Table 1.2 Controller circuit designAccording to the working principle of the A4988 chip, the controller circuit is mainly divided into the upper computer serial port module, the STM32 minimum system board module and the A4988 micro stepper motor drive module. Receive the control instruction of the upper computer through the STM32F103T8 microcontroller, and execute the stepping motor control operation after identification and analysis. The overall design block diagram of the internal stepping motor drive controller is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2. Stepper motor drive controller block diagram2.1 Hardware circuit design(1) Serial communication module: Mainly responsible for the communication between the upper computer and the lower computer. The upper computer sends corresponding functional instructions to the lower computer through the serial communication module, and the lower computer executes the instructions of the upper computer and controls the A4988 driver module to drive the stepper motor. The hardware circuit design is shown as in Fig. 3.Figure 3. Serial communication module(2) STM32 controller module: the main control module of the micro stepper motor controller, which receives instructions from the upper computer and executes stepper motor control instructions. This module mainly controls stepper motor subdivision operation, speed control, and rotation angle control. The STM32 control module is shown in Figure 4.Figure 4. STM32 controller module(3) A4988 micro stepping motor driver module: as shown in Figure 5, it mainly controls and drives the micro stepping motor and performs various driving operations of the main controller.Figure 5. A4988 stepper motor driver2.2 Functional designThe design requirements of the micro stepper motor controller:(1) Able to realize stepper motor subdivision controlThe subdivision control only needs to control the three pins MS1, MS2 and MS3 to get the corresponding subdivision result. The subdivision angle value is equal to the step angle multiplied by the subdivision coefficient. The subdivision coefficient is obtained by sending a command from the host computer, and the initial subdivision value is 1, which means it runs in full step mode.(2) Able to realize stepper motor speed controlThrough the test, the main factors affecting the speed of the stepper motor are the stepping pulse frequency and the subdivision coefficient. If the stepping pulse frequency is too high, it will cause the stepping motor to lose step. The stepping motor will not lose step after the test is 400Hz, and after the stepping motor rotates after the subdivision, there will be no strong vibration and sound.When the subdivision factor becomes smaller and smaller, the rotation speed of the stepper motor will also become smaller and smaller. There are two reasons.One of the reasons is that when the subdivision coefficient is constant, each pulse takes one step, the higher the pulse frequency, the faster the stepper motor rotation speed;Another reason is that when the input pulse frequency of the stepper motor remains unchanged, the advance angle of the stepper motor per 1/2 subdivision becomes the original 1/2 degree, so the number of pulses doubles, the natural speed It is reduced to 1/2 of the original.(3) Realize the rotation control of stepper motor at any angleThe arbitrary angle rotation control of the stepper motor is relative to the minimum angle (0.1125 degrees) of the A4988 drive rotation. And A4988 drives the stepping motor by pulse, and the rotation angle value can be obtained by multiplying the number of pulses by the subdivision angle. The number of A4988 input pulses can be obtained by calculating the number of PWM waves through the external interrupt I/O port of the microcontroller.3 Software designSTM32F103T8U6 is a 32bit microcontroller that can generate independent PWM waves. The PWM pulse width and frequency are adjustable, which is convenient for stepping motor drive and debugging speed.It can provide an external interrupt to detect the number of PWM output pulses for counting, and provide accurate data for realizing the rotation angle control of the rotating stepper motor, thus forming an angle closed loop control;It can provide serial communication for information exchange between host computer equipment and microcontroller;Its I/O port is small and cheap, and it can completely replace 16bit single-chip microcomputer for complex logic operations.STM32 control method:(1) Receive the host computer control command and return the receiving command, indicating that the reception is successful, otherwise the reception fails;(2) Through the received host computer control instructions, they are respectively transformed into control stepping motor instructions to control the stepping motor working mode.3.1 Serial communication command designThe commands sent by the serial communication host computer are:(1) Start mode;(2) Sleep mode;(3) Reset mode;(4) Speed setting mode;(5) Subdivision mode. The sending protocol uses "{" as the start code and "}" as the end code. For example, {+0.1125°C} means forward rotation by 0.1125 degrees. When the lower computer finishes executing the upper computer command, it returns to receive the command, otherwise it does not return. The specific sending method is shown in Table 2.3.2 Controller control strategyThe STM32 software is responsible for the main controller of the module.First, let the startup mode be in the inactive state (DISABLE), and the external interrupt is also in the off state. Once the start mode is turned on, the LED will light up.Secondly, set the speed, subdivision coefficient and rotation angle. The LED blinks slowly in sleep mode. The specific software design flow chart of the drive controller is shown in Figure 6.Figure 6. Stepper motor driver software flow chart4 ConclusionThrough system debugging of software and hardware, the controller realizes the setting of stepper motor speed, subdivision coefficient, and arbitrary angle, and achieves the expected set goal.This controller can be used in relatively fine project control to speed up the project development cycle. The main defect of this module is that the output drive current is not large enough to be used in applications with relatively large torque.Therefore, through the above analysis of the A4988 module, the A4988 chip can be further improved, and the MOS tube with small on-resistance and large drive current can be replaced to realize the design of the motor driver.Component DatasheetA4988 DatasheetFAQHow does A4988 work?The A4988 is a microstepping driver for controlling bipolar stepper motors which has built-in translator for easy operation. This means that we can control the stepper motor with just 2 pins from our controller, or one for controlling the rotation direction and the other for controlling the steps.What is A4988 driver?The A4988 is a complete Microstepping Motor Driver with built-in translator for easy operation. The driver has a maximum output capacity of 35 V and ± 2 A. It can operate bipolar stepper motors in full-, half-, quarter-, eighth-, and sixteenth-step modes.How do I know if A4988 is working?disconnect the motors.connect pin 7 (STEP) and pin 8 (DIR) to pin 9 (GND)connect a voltage to pin 10 (VDD) of 3 - 5.5v.ensure pin 9 is connected to Ground. 5 test for voltage between pins 11 and 12 (1A-1B) 6 test for voltage between pins 13 and 14 ( 2A-2B)What is the difference between DRV8825 and A4988?The DRV8825 has a greater maximum supply voltage than the A4988 (45 V vs. 35 V), allowing it to be utilized safely at higher voltages and reducing the risk of LC voltage spike damage.What is stepper motor driver module?A stepper motor driver is the driver circuit that controls how the stepper motor operates.