The Kynix Components

The Bipolar Power Transistor is designed for general purpose power amplifier and switching applications. The TIP41, TIP41A, TIP41B, TIP41C (NPN); and TIP42, TIP42A, TIP42B, TIP42C (PNP) are complementary devices.CatalogTIP41C Transistor Explained / DescriptionTIP41C PinoutTIP41C CAD ModelTIP41 Pin ConfigurationProduct AttributesFeatures / technical specificationsApplicationsWhere We Can Use it & How to UseHow to Get Long Term Performance in a CircuitTIP41C AlternativesTIP41C Physical dimensionsFAQ TIP41C Transistor Explained / DescriptionTIP41C is a low cost general purpose power transistor that can be used for amplification and switching purposes in your electronic circuits. It can drive maximum 6 ampere of load. It can be a perfect transistor if you are looking to replace a TIP31, TIP31C or other similar transistors in your circuit design to drive more load. For driving loads a suitable heatsink should be used with this transistor. The maximum collector-emitter voltage and collector-base voltage is 100V due to which you can use it to drive maximum 100V of load. Moreover the maximum collector dissipation is 65W which is an ideal output to use this transistor for many types of audio amplification purposes. The collector of the transistor is connected with two points one is pin2 of the transistor and other is the metal can tab of the transistor. Top 5 electronics projects using TIP41 transistorTIP41C PinoutThe Tip41c comes with three terminals named:1: Base2: Collector3: EmitterThe following figure shows the pinout diagram of Tip41c.Base-Collector-Emiter TIP41C CAD Model TIP41C Symbol  footprint TIP41 Pin ConfigurationPin NoPin Name1Base2Collector3Emitter4Case (Collector) Product AttributesTYPEDESCRIPTIONCategoryDiscrete Semiconductor Products Transistors - Bipolar (BJT) - SingleMfronsemiSeries-PackageBulkPart StatusObsoleteTransistor TypeNPNCurrent - Collector (Ic) (Max)6 AVoltage - Collector Emitter Breakdown (Max)100 VVce Saturation (Max) @ Ib, Ic1.5V @ 600mA, 6ACurrent - Collector Cutoff (Max)700ADC Current Gain (hFE) (Min) @ Ic, Vce15 @ 3A, 4VPower - Max65 WFrequency - Transition3MHzOperating Temperature150C (TJ)Mounting TypeThrough HolePackage / CaseTO-220-3Supplier Device PackageTO-220-3Base Product NumberTIP41 Features / technical specificationsPackage Type: TO-220Transistor Type: NPNMax Collector Current(IC): 6A or 6000mAMax Collector-Emitter Voltage (VCE): 100VMax Collector-Base Voltage (VCB): 100VMax Emitter-Base Voltage (VEBO): 5VMax Collector Dissipation (Pc): 65WMax Transition Frequency (fT): 3 MHzMinimum & Maximum DC Current Gain (hFE): 15 – 75Max Storage & Operating temperature Should Be: -65 to +150 Centigrade ApplicationsAudio AmplificationSignal AmplificationDriving Loads Under 6 AmperesDriving and Controlling DC MotorsDarlington Pairs Where We Can Use it & How to Use?The TIP41C can be used in any general purpose switching and amplification application. When using as a switch you can drive many loads at the same time (The sum of all load should not increase from 6A). It can drive DC motors, high power LEDs, high power relays, bulbs, devices etc.Moreover it can also be used for general purpose amplification purposes. For example signal amplification, It can also be used to build a simple high power amplifier circuit or other than that it can also be used in high power audio amplifier stages. How to Get Long Term Performance in a CircuitTo make this device stay stable for years in your circuits it is recommended to not drive load more than 6A, always use a suitable heatsink, do not drive load more than 100V, for good and stable performance always stay below from the max values and always operate and store the device/transistor in temperature above -65 centigrade and below +150 centigrade.TIP41C AlternativesThe following are the alternatives to Tip41c.MJE51802SD1895MJE5181BC911BD711TIP41C Physical dimensions the circuit of TIP41C  TIP41C DatasheetTIP41C Datasheet  FAQwhat is tip41c transistor？The TIP41C is a base island technology NPN. power transistor in TO-220 plastic package that. Make this device suitable for audio, power linear. and switching applications.What is the use of Tip41c transistor?Tip41c is an NPN transistor that comes in the TO-220 package and is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It's a high switching speed device with improved current gain and a high collector current around 6A that indicates the value of load this device can support.What does a BD139 transistor do?BD139 is a Bipolar NPN transistor, it is mounted in the SOT-32 plastic package. It is designed for audio amplifier and driver utilizing complementary circuits. BD139 has a gain value of 40 to 160, which determine the amplification capacity of a transistor.What are the three types of transistor?Transistors are broadly divided into three types: bipolar transistors (bipolar junction transistors: BJTs), field-effect transistors (FETs), and insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs).What is PNP transistor?The PNP transistor is a type of transistor in which one n-type material is doped with two p-type materials. It is a device that is controlled by the current. Both the emitter and collector currents were controlled by the small amount of base current. Two crystal diodes are connected back-to-back in the PNP transistor.   

IntroductionA switched-mode power supply (SMPS) is an electronic power supply that incorporates a switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently. Switched-mode power supplies have replaced the traditional linear power supply and are currently the most popular and the largest group of power supplies. Their advantages compared to the linear power supplies are small overall dimensions, low weight, high efficiency and output, and low price. This article introduces the switched-mode power supply based on LM317.CatalogIntroductionCatalogI LM317 Voltage RegulatorII Circuit DesignComponent DatasheetFAQOrdering & QuantityI LM317 Voltage RegulatorThe LM317 device is an adjustable three-terminal positive-voltage regulator capable of supplying more than 1.5 A over an output-voltage range of 1.25 V to 37V. The output voltage can be set with the use of two resistors. The device features a typical line regulation of 0.01% and typical load regulation of 0.1%. It includes current limiting, thermal overload protection, and safe operating area protection. Overload protection remains functional even if the ADJUST terminal is disconnected.II Circuit DesignWhen the circuit starts working, LM317 has not yet established working conditions, so its input voltage is higher than the output. The voltage on the energy storage capacitor  C2 starts to rise. At the same time, the current flowing through the primary coil of inductance L1 creates a magnetic field in LI. When the voltage on C2 reaches the set value, LM317 will show high internal resistance and disconnect. The magnetic field stored in the L1 inductor supplies power to the load through its secondary coil and D1. The energy in C2 is also released outward. Until the output voltage of LM317 is lower than the set value, LM317 turns on again. In this cycle, LM317 is set to switch working states.Figure 1. Circuit DiagramThe circuit can work almost without debugging. The circuit has the following characteristics:(1) The switching frequency of the circuit varies greatly, which is related to the load current, output voltage and C2 capacity. When the capacity of C2 exceeds 47μF, the circuit is difficult to oscillate and becomes a series-regulated power supply. The temperature of LM317 increased sharply.(2) The output voltage of the power supply cannot be adjusted from 1.25V. The starting voltage is about 2.5V. The output voltage is not very stable. When it is below 15V, it is higher than the no-load value, and when it is above 15V, it is lower than the no-load value, and the error is within 2V.C1 and C3 are filter capacitors, generally the larger the better. C2 is the energy storage timing capacitor. The small capacitor has a high switching frequency, but the voltage is unstable. And the large capacitor can easily cause vibration to stop. L1 is a switching transformer, which can be replaced by a 25 or 29-inch power filter coil. L2 is a filter inductance, which can also be replaced by a 25 or 29-inch power filter coil, but the two windings should be connected in series. D1 is a freewheeling diode. The model is a domestic 2CN high-speed tube that cannot be replaced by a general tube. D2 is a protection diode. W is the output voltage adjustment potentiometer. R is the output sampling resistance.Component DatasheetLM317 DatasheetFAQWhat is the LM317 positive voltage regulator capable of supplying?1.5 AWhat is the typical line regulation of the LM317 device?0.01%What is lm317 used for?The LM317 serves a wide variety of applications including local, on card regulation. This device can also be used to make a programmable output regulator, or by connecting a fixed resistor between the adjustment and output, the LM317 can be used as a precision current regulator.What is the maximum input voltage of lm317?The LM317 is an adjustable voltage linear regulator that can output 1.25 – 37V at up to 1.5A current with an input voltage range of 3 – 40V.What is the difference between lm317 and lm317t?Member. There is no functional difference as they are one in the same. The T at the end just indicates that it's in a TO-220 package. They usually tag on extra things after the part name to reference things like package, temp range, etc.Is lm317 a transistor?The LM317 is an adjustable three-terminal positive-voltage regulator capable of supplying more than 1.5 A over an output-voltage range of 1.25 V to 32 V. By using a heat-sinked pass transistor such as a 2N3055 (Q1) we can produce several amps of current far above the 1.5 amps of the LM317.How does an lm317 work?The circuit consists of a low-side resistor and high-side resistor connected in series forming a resistive voltage divider which is a passive linear circuit used to produce an output voltage which is a fraction of its input voltage. What is IC lm317?The LM317 device is an adjustable three-terminal positive-voltage regulator capable of supplying more than 1.5 A over an output-voltage range of 1.25 V to 37 V. It requires only two external resistors to set the output voltage. The device features a typical line regulation of 0.01% and typical load regulation of 0.1%.How do I know if my lm317 is working?Testing lm317t.If you look to the ic, the legs towards you, the right one is the input pin. you must see a difference of minimum 1.2V between the two pins, otherwise the IC is faulty. furthermore, the first test is to see if you have input voltage !What is the working priciple of lm317?LM 317 works on a very simple principle. It is a variable voltage regulator i.e. supports different output voltage levels for a constant applied input voltage supply.How to make a simple voltage regulator circuit using LM317? 

Product OverviewThe TIP127 is a PNP type Darlington pair transistor. It is manufactured for universal drive amplifications and less velocity swapping submissions. It is existing in TO-220 kind of cascading. Its corresponding NPN transistor is the TIP122. Mini Amplifier Circuit- Powerful 100 Watt DC 12v (tip 122 & tip127) CatalogProduct OverviewTIP127 PinoutsTIP127 FeaturesTIP127 ApplicationsTIP127 Equivalent circuitTIP127 CAD ModelsComplementary NPN transistorReplacement and Equivalent for TIP127TIP127 ParameterWhere We Can Use it & How to UseHow to Safely Long Run in a CircuitTIP127 VS TIP127GTIP127 ManufacturerTIP127 DatasheetUsing WarningsTIP127 FAQ TIP127 PinoutsThese are the main pinout TIP3055 which are well-defined beneath.Pin#Type                    ParametersPin#1EmitterCurrent creates out by the emitter, it is characteristically linked to ground.Pin#2BaseIt accomplishes the biasing of the transistor and works to turn ON or OFF the transistor.Pin#3CollectorCurrent movements in over collector, classically linked to load Let’s see a diagram of the pinout. TIP127 Pinouts TIP127 FeaturesThese are some important of TIP127. It is a PNP transistor.The voltage at (C-E) terminals is a minus hundred (-100) volts.The voltage it uses at (C-E) is minus (100) volts.The voltage at emitter and base is minus five (-5) volts Emitter-Base Voltage:It uses current at collector is minus five (-5) amperes.The power dissipation at the collector terminal is sixty-five (65) watts.Its is Gain thousand (1000).Its Working and Storing Intersection Temperature Range is from minus sixty-five to plus one fifty Celsius(-65 to +150 °C).It offered in TO-220 casing. TIP127 ApplicationsThese are some important applications of TIP127 which are described below with detail description.It is used to run higher current devices such as loads which work on up to the five amperes.It works as the switch which consumes intermediate power during its working.It used in such circuits where higher amplification is required.It also used to in motors circuits to control their speeds.It also used in Inverter circuits and other rectifier circuits. TIP127 Equivalent circuitFollowing is a diagram of  TIP127 Equivalent circuit. TIP127 Equivalent circuit TIP127 CAD ModelsFollowings are TIP127 Symbol, Footprint, and 3D Model. TIP127 Symbol TIP127 Footprint TIP127 3D Model Complementary NPN transistorThe TIP122 is a complementary NPN transistor for the TIP127. Replacement and Equivalent for TIP127You can replace the TIP127 with the 2N6042, 2N6042G, 2SB1020, 2SB1020A, 2SB1227, 2SB1228, 2SB1252, 2SB1252-P, 2SB1252-Q, 2SB1626, 2SB1626-O, 2SB1626-P, 2SB1626-Y, 2SB601, 2SB601-K, 2SB601-L, 2SB601-M, 2SB673, 2SB885, 2SB886, BDT62B, BDT62C, BDT64B, BDT64C, BDW47, BDW47G, BDW48, MJF127, MJF127G, MJF6668, MJF6668G, TIP107, TIP107G, TIP127G, TIP137, TIP137G, TIP147T or TTB1020B. TIP127 ParameterTYPEDESCRIPTIONMfronsemiPackageTubePart StatusObsoleteTransistor TypePNP - DarlingtonCurrent - Collector (Ic) (Max)5 AVoltage - Collector Emitter Breakdown (Max)100 VVce Saturation (Max) @ Ib, Ic4V @ 20mA, 5ACurrent - Collector Cutoff (Max)500µADC Current Gain (hFE) (Min) @ Ic, Vce1000 @ 3A, 3VPower - Max2 WOperating Temperature-65°C ~ 150°C (TJ)Mounting TypeThrough HolePackage / CaseTO-220-3Supplier Device PackageTO-220Base Product NumberTIP127 Where We Can Use it & How to UseTIP127 transistor can be used in wide variety of application. The pair of transistor connected in side as darlington increases the transistor gain and performance, whether it is used as a switch or amplifier in both situation the darlington pair provides more sensitivity to a small signal. If you want to use it as a switch then it can be operated in full saturation mode by providing only 120mA to its base. With 5A output current you can drive a verity of devices and components in your electronic applications. Beside the above uses it can also be used as a separate audio amplifier to amplify and drive a speaker directly for a small audio coming from any devices or it can also be used in audio amplifier stages. It can also be used as an audio preamplifier or amplification of any signal. How to Safely Long Run in a CircuitTo get long term performance with TIP127 it is recommended to not operate load of more than 5A through this transistor. Do not drive load of more than -100V through this transistor. Use a suitable base resistor with the transistor. Always check pinout before placing in the circuit. Do not store or use in temperature below -65 centigrade and above +150 centigrade. TIP127 VS TIP127G TIP127TIP127GPart Life Cycle CodeTransferredActiveIhs ManufacturerSAMSUNG SEMICONDUCTOR INCON SEMICONDUCTORPart Package CodeSFMTO-220ABPackage DescriptionFLANGE MOUNT, R-PSFM-T3FLANGE MOUNT, R-PSFM-T3Pin Count33Reach Compliance Codeunknownnot_compliantECCN CodeEAR99EAR99Collector Current-Max (IC)5 A5 ACollector-Emitter Voltage-Max120 V100 VConfigurationDARLINGTONDARLINGTON WITH BUILT-IN DIODE AND RESISTORDC Current Gain-Min (hFE)10001000JEDEC-95 CodeTO-220ABTO-220ABJESD-30 CodeR-PSFM-T3R-PSFM-T3Number of Elements11Number of Terminals33Operating Temperature-Max150°C150°CPackage Body MaterialPLASTIC/EPOXYPLASTIC/EPOXYPackage ShapeRECTANGULARRECTANGULARPackage StyleFLANGE MOUNTFLANGE MOUNTPolarity/Channel TypePNPPNPPower Dissipation-Max (Abs)65 W65 WQualification StatusNot QualifiedNot QualifiedSurface MountNONOTerminal FormTHROUGH-HOLETHROUGH-HOLETerminal PositionSINGLESINGLETransistor ApplicationSWITCHINGAMPLIFIERTransistor Element MaterialSILICONSILICONBase Number Matches521 TIP127 ManufacturerSTMicroelectronics is the result of the 1987 marriage between famed semiconductor companies SGS Microelettronica of Italy and Thomson-CSF Semiconductor of France. On the process side ST is leading the way with advanced FD-SOI (Fully Depleted Silicon-on-Insulator) technology. TIP127 Datasheet TIP127 Datasheet Using WarningsNote: Please check their parameters and pin configuration before replacing them in your circuit. TIP127 FAQ① What is the difference between tip127 and tip122?TIP122FP TIP127FP ® COMPLEMENTARY SILICON POWER DARLINGTON TRANSISTORS STMicroelectronics PREFERRED SALESTYPES FULLY INSULATED PACKAGE (U.L. COMPLIANT) FOR EASY MOUNTING DESCRIPTION The TIP122FP is a silicon Epitaxial-Base NPN power transistor in monolithic Darlington configuration mounted in Jedec TO-220FP fully 3 2 molded isolated package. ② What kind of transistor is the UTC tip127?UTC TIP127 PNP EPITAXIAL PLANAR TRANSISTOR PNP EPITAXIAL TRANSISTOR DESCRIPTION The UTC TIP127 is a PNP epitaxial transistor, designed for use in general purpose amplifier low-speed switching applications. ③ What is the operating junction temperature of tip127?TIP127 Datasheet, Equivalent, Cross Reference Search. Transistor Catalog Max. Operating Junction Temperature (Tj): 150 °C

ATtiny13 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. This is an introduction article about ATtiny13 the 8-bit microcontroller, after reading this, you will learn about ATtiny13's pinout, features, its alternatives, its difference between ATtiny13a, and how to program it, etc. Stay tuned fellas!This tutorial video shows in detailed how to program ATtiny13 with Arduino.CatalogATtiny13 DescriptionATtiny13 PinoutATtiny13 FeaturesATtiny13 ParameterATtiny13 Block DiagramATtiny13 AlternativeATtiny13 vs ATtiny13aATtiny13 ProgrammingATtiny13 PackageATtiny13 ManufacturerComponent DatasheetFAQATtiny13 DescriptionThe ATtiny13  is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. It has 8 pins, 6 of which can be used as  I/O  pins. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATtiny13  achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed. ATtiny13 also includes debugWIRE  On-Chip debugging, an In-System Programmable SPI Port, and Low-Power Idle, Power-down, and Standby Modes. A programmable brownout detection circuit is also used. It operates at a wide range of voltages, from 1.8V to 5.5V. As a result, it can be used in logic-level operations at 1.8V, 3.3V, or 5.0V. The 1.8V input voltage for the ATtiny13  V, on the other hand, supports 0-4 Mhz operation. For frequencies up to 10 Mhz, the minimum voltage for ATtiny13  is 2.7V, and for frequencies up to 20 Mhz, the minimum voltage is 4.5V-5.5V.ATtiny13 PinoutATtiny13 AVR MicrocontrollerATtiny13 AVR Microcontroller Pinout Pin NumberPin NameDescription1(PCINT5/RESET/ADC0/dW)PB5Pin of Port B Bit 5 or ADC Input Channel 0 or debugWIRE I/O or Pin change Interrupt 0, source 3 or Reset pin mainly used for programming2(PCINT3/CLKI/ADC3) PB3Bidirectional I/O Pin of Port B Bit 3 or ADC Input Channel 3 or External Clock Input or Pin change Interrupt 0, source 33(PCINT4/ADC2) PB4Bidirectional I/O Pin of Port B Bit 4 or ADC Input Channel 2 or Pin change Interrupt 0, source 44GNDGround Pin of MCU5PB0 (MOȘI/AIN0/OC0A/PCINT0)Bidirectional I/O Pin of Port B Bit 0 or SPI MOSI used for programming or Analog comparator + or Pin change interrupt0, source 0 or Timer/Counter0 compare Match A Out6PB1(MISO/AIN1/OC0B/INT0/PCINT1)Bidirectional I/O Pin of Port B Bit 1 or Analog comparator input - or External input 0 input or Timer/Counter1 Compare Match B Out or Pin change Interrupt 0, source 1 or SPI MISO used for programming7PB2 (SCK/ADC1/T0/PCINT2)Bidirectional I/O Pin of Port B Bit 2 or ADC Input Channel 1 or Timer/Counter0 Clock Source or Serial Clock input or Pin change Interrupt 0, source 2 or external clock input, used for programming8VCCPositive Pin of MCU (+5V)ATtiny13 FeaturesHigh Performance, Low Power AVR  ® 8-Bit MicrocontrollerAdvanced  RISC Architecture          – 120 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution          – 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers          – Fully Static Operation         – Up to 20 MIPS Througput at 20 MHzHigh Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments        – 1K Bytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory        – 64 Bytes  EEPROM         – 64 Bytes Internal SRAM        – Write/Erase cyles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM        – Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C (see page 6)        – Programming Lock for Self-Programming Flash &  EEPROM Data SecurityPeripheral Features       – One 8-bit Timer/Counter with Prescaler and Two PWM Channels       – 4-channel, 10-bit ADC  with Internal Voltage Reference       – Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator       – On-chip Analog ComparatorSpecial Microcontroller Features       –  debugWIRE On-chip Debug System       – In-System Programmable via SPI Port       – External and Internal Interrupt Sources       – Low Power Idle, ADC  Noise Reduction, and Power-down Modes       – Enhanced Power-on Reset Circuit       – Programmable Brown-out Detection Circuit       – Internal Calibrated OscillatorI/O and Packages       – 8-pin PDIP/SOIC: Six Programmable I/O Lines       – 20-pad MLF: Six Programmable I/O LinesOperating Voltage:       – 1.8 - 5.5V for ATtiny13  V       – 2.7 - 5.5V for ATtiny13  Speed Grade       – ATtiny13V  : 0 - 4 MHz @ 1.8 - 5.5V, 0 - 10 MHz @ 2.7 - 5.5V       –  ATtiny13 : 0 - 10 MHz @ 2.7 - 5.5V, 0 - 20 MHz @ 4.5 - 5.5VIndustrial Temperature RangeLow Power Consumption       – Active Mode:1 MHz, 1.8V: 240 µA       – Power-down Mode:       < 0.1 µA at 1.8VATtiny13 ParameterManufacturer:Microchip TechnologySeries:AVR® ATtinyPackaging:TubePart Status:ActiveCore Processor:AVRCore Size:8-BitSpeed:10MHzConnectivity:-Peripherals:Brown-out Detect/Reset POR PWM WDTNumber of I/O:6Program Memory Size:1KB (512 x 16)Program Memory Type:FLASHEEPROM Size:64 x 8RAM Size:64 x 8Voltage - Supply (Vcc/Vdd):1.8V ~ 5.5VData Converters:A/D 4x10bOscillator Type:InternalOperating Temperature:-40°C ~ 85°C (TA)Mounting Type:Through HolePackage / Case:8-DIP (0.300" 7.62mm)Supplier Device Package:8-PDIPBase Part Number:ATTINY13ATtiny13 Block DiagramATtiny13 AlternativeATtiny2313A (Exact Alternative with the new release)ATtiny417ATtiny28LATtiny48ATmega88PAATmega8AATmega8515ATmega8535ATmega645AATmega6490ATtiny13 vs ATtiny13aATtiny13aA-grade AVRs are minor improvements over the previous iteration; these improvements vary from chip to chip, e.g. the difference between ATtiny2313 and ATtiny2313A is different from the difference between ATmega128 and ATmega128A. To be more specific, the ATtiny13 is the original version and uses a different process technology than the ATtiny13A. The A-suffixed parts are fabricated with a low power process marketed as "picoPower", and the main difference is that they generally consume less power at the same voltage and frequency.          Regarding differences from the point of view of code compatibility, I see no reason why the ATtiny13A would not be code and binary compatible with programs written for the ATtiny13. However, the reverse is not strictly the case: While the instruction sets and most peripherals are identical, the ATtiny13A has the extra registers PRR (Power Reduction Register) and BODCR (Brown-Out Detector Control Register).ATtiny13 ProgrammingAVR microcontrollers can be programmed using various software options available on the market. Some people continue to program AVR MCUs in Assembly language. The information provided below pertains to the most advanced and widely used software and compiler developed by Atmel (now Microchip). To program the AVR microcontroller, we'll need an IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which is where the programming happens. A compiler is where our program is converted into MCU-readable HEX files. IDE: Atmel Studio 7Compiler: AVR and ARM Toolchains Microchip has provided both of these pieces of software for free. They can be obtained directly from their official website. I've also included a link for your convenience. Install them on your computer once they've been downloaded. We'll need a device called ATAtmel-ICE to dump or upload our code into AVR. The ATAAtmel - ICE programmer/debugger is a straightforward in-circuit debugger that is controlled by a PC running Atmel Studio on a Windows platform. The ATAAtmel-ICE programmer/debugger is an essential tool in the toolbox of a development engineer. The ATtiny13 Programming Circuit is depicted in the diagram below.Users can also use the USB ASP AVR Programming Device in addition to this official programmer for low-cost programming solutions. In addition, we will require other hardware such as a Perf board or breadboard, a Soldering station, AVR ICs, Crystal oscillators, capacitors, and so on.ATtiny13 PackageATtiny13 ManufacturerMicrochip Technology Inc. is a leading provider of microcontroller and analog semiconductors, providing low-risk product development, lower total system cost and faster time to market for thousands of diverse customer applications worldwide. Headquartered in Chandler, Arizona, Microchip offers outstanding technical support along with dependable delivery and quality.Component DatasheetATtiny13 Microcontroller DatasheetFAQWhat is the ATtiny13 based on?AVR enhanced RISC architecture How many pins does the ATtiny13 have?8 pins How many MIPS per MHz does the ATtiny13 achieve throughputs?1 MIPS per MHz What type of circuit is used in the ATtiny13?A programmable brownout detection circuit What language does some people continue to program AVR MCUs in?Assembly language

2N5551 is a NPN Amplifier Transistor.It is designed for general purpose applications so that it can be used for amplification and switching.The maximum voltage from the collector to the emitter is 160V and the maximum voltage from the collector to the base is 180V, making it easy to use in circuits with a voltage below 160V.The maximum output load that this transistor can handle is 600mA and the maximum power consumption of the collector is 625mW.This blog provides you with a basic overview of the 2N5551 transistor, including its pin descriptions, functions, applications, similar products, etc., to help you quickly understand what 2N5551 is.We will be glad to find that this blog can be useful for people loving electronic components ;)If you want to know more details about 2N5551 and its similarities 2N5451...Catalog2N5551 Transistors Pinout2N5551 Transistors Feature2N5551 Advantage2N5551 Transistor Alternative2N5551 Transistor Equivalent2N5551 Transistor SimilaritiesWhere to use 2N5551How to use 2N5551How to Long Run 2N5551 Transistor in Circuit2N5551 Transistor Application2N5551 Transistor PackageComponent DatasheetFAQ2N5551 Transistors Pinout2N5551 has three pins, the same as any other transistor, namely Emitter, Base and Collector.Pin NO. Name of PinsSymbolPin Function1EmitterEEmits number of electrons2BaseBControls number of electrons3CollectorCCollects number of electrons2N5551 Transistors FeatureType - NPNCollector-Emitter Voltage: 160 VCollector-Base Voltage: 180 VEmitter-Base Voltage: 6 VCollector Current: 0.6 ACollector Dissipation - 0.625 WDC Current Gain (hfe) - 80 to 250Transition Frequency - 100 MHzNoise Figure - 8 dBOperating and Storage Junction Temperature Range -55 to +150 °CPackage - TO-92Note: Complete Technical Details can be found at the 2N5551 datasheet given at the end of this page.2N5551 Advantage2N5551 is a general purpose NPN transistor built to use in high voltage circuits. The max collector to emitter voltage is 160V and collector to base voltage is 180V due to which it can be easily used in circuit using under 160 volts. The max output load this transistor can handle is 600mA and the max collector dissipation is 625mW. The transistor is built to use in general purpose applications therefore it can be used for amplification and switching.2N5551 Transistor Alternative2N2369, 2N3055, 2N3904, 2N3906, 2SC5200, BC549, BC636, BC639, BC547,2N5551 Transistor Equivalent2N5088, 2N3055, NTE194, 2N5833, 2N5401 (PNP)2N5551 Transistor Similarities2N5550Where to use 2N5551The 2N5551 is a transistor NPN amplifier with an amplification factor (hfe) of 80 when the collector current is 10mA. It also has decent switching characteristics (transition frequency is 100MHz) so low-level signals can be amplified.Due to this feature, the transistor is commonly used to amplify audio or other low-power signals. So if you're looking for an NPN transistor for an amplifier circuit, this transistor might be the right choice. How to use 2N5551As stated earlier, the 2N5551 NPN transistor is widely used for amplification. A very simple bare minimum circuit for the transistor to operate as an amplifier is shown below. The simulation graph showing the amplified sine wave output can also be found.Here the input sine wave of magnitude 8mV (yellow color) is amplified to 50mV (pink color) as shown in the graph. In the circuit referred to above, the resistors R3 and R4 form a potential divider that determines the output-base voltage (VBE). The R1 resistor is the load resistor and the R2 resistor is the emitter resistor. Changing the value of the RL will affect the output wave amplification.A transistor is normally a current amplifier, which means the current flowing though the base will be amplified in the current flowing through the collector. This amplification depends on the amplification factor (hfe) of 80 for 2N5551. This means that the collector current will be amplified by 80 times that of the base current.Ic = βIbAnother current that we have taken into account is the emitter current (IE), but due to the transistor action, we assume that the emitter current is almost equal to the Collector current value, although the difference between the two can be found with the value of 5-007. Normally, the value of the current collector is given by e:IE = IC + IBThe output is obtained through the collector, which is the Collector-Emitter voltage (VCE). This output voltage depends on the input voltage (Vcc, here 12V) without the voltage drop over the load resistor (R1). The output voltage Vout can therefore be specified asVout = VCE = (Vcc – IcRc)How to Long Run 2N5551 Transistor in CircuitTo get performance from this transistor and make it run long term in an electronic circuit it is suggested to not provide voltage above 160V to transistor 2N5551, and stay 5V to 10V below from maximum ratings to be safe. Always use a suitable base resistor to provide required base current, do not operate load above 600mA and always store or operate in temperature above -55 centigrade and below +150 centigrade.2N5551 Transistor ApplicationLow power amplifiersCurrent amplifiersSmall signal boostersAudio or other signal amplifiersDarlington pair2N5551 Transistor PackageIf you are designing a PCD or Perf board with this component, the following picture from the 2N5551 Datasheet will be useful to know its package type and dimensions.That’s all for our introduction to 2N5551. If you find this blog useful, please bookmark our website Apogeeweb, we will provide you with electronic component blogs, industry news, tools, etc. that you are interested in. Stay tuned for our next blog...Component Datasheet2N5551 DatasheetFAQWhat is the purpose of the 2N5551 NPN Amplifier Transistor?Amplification and switching What is the maximum voltage from the collector to the emitter of 2N5551?160V What are transistors used for?Transistor, semiconductor device for amplifying, controlling, and generating electrical signals. What is the maximum output load of the 2N5551 transistor?600mA

Introduction74LS04 contains six independent gates each of which performs the logic INVERT function. The output signals of the six inverters are opposite to the input signals.CatalogIntroductionI Circuit of Ring OscillatorII Symmetrical Square-wave OscillatorIII Simple self-excited MultivibratorIV Circuit of Crystal Oscillator and Frequency Divider  V FM Wireless MicrophoneFAQOrdering & QuantityI Circuit of Ring OscillatorFigure 1. Ring oscillatorThe experimental circuit of a non gate ring self-excited multivibrator with RC delay circuit is shown in the figure. The oscillation circuit is composed of non gate IC1, IC2, IC3, and timing circuit elements RP and C. The rectangular wave signal is output by IC3. R1 is a protective resistor to avoid damage to IC 3 gate circuit when timing capacitor C is reverse discharged. Not gate IC4 makes the oscillator output rectangular wave with better waveform.Oscillation frequency estimation f > 1 / 2.3RC T> 2.3RCThe resistance value of the timing resistor is selected in the range of 100-10002. The timing capacitor C has a large value range, from several hundred picofarads (pF) to several hundred microfarads, which can make the oscillation frequency range from several megahertz to several hertz. Replace the timing resistor with a potentiometer  (1.5k92), which can continuously adjust the oscillation frequency and has larger coverage. The chip used is 74LS04.II Symmetrical Square-wave OscillatorThe figure shows the experimental circuit of the non-gate symmetrical square-wave self-excited multivibrator. Because the circuit is symmetrical, the duty cycle of output oscillation waveform is 1:1, which is a square wave, so it is called a symmetrical square wave oscillator. In the oscillation circuit, the output of non gate IC1 is coupled to the input of non gate IC2 via a timing capacitor C2. Also, the IC2 output is coupled to the IC1 input via C1. Two non gates are coupled with each other through capacitors to form a positive feedback closed-loop circuit, which can produce square-wave oscillation. When R1 = R4 = R, C1 = C2 = C, the estimation formula of oscillation frequency is as follows: f≈1/RC. The oscillation period T ≈ RC.Figure 2. Symmetrical Square-wave OscillatorIII Simple self-excited MultivibratorThe figure shows a simple non gate self-excited multivibrator experimental circuit. It is composed of non-gate oscillator IC1, IC2, inverter IC3, red and green light-emitting diodes and power supply system GB. IC1 and IC2 are the switching links of the oscillator. R1 and C timing circuits produce delay positive feedback signals to control the switch to turn on and off periodically, so that IC2 outputs rectangular wave. The inverter IC3 makes the red and green LEDs and the oscillator flash alternately.Figure 3. Simple self-excited multivibratorIV Circuit of Crystal Oscillator and Frequency DividerFigure 4. Circuit of Crystal oscillator and frequency dividerV FM Wireless MicrophoneWireless microphones are available everywhere on the market, but their circuits are all made up of LC oscillators or quartz crystal oscillator circuits. As we all know, the NAND gate has the function of magnification and phase inversion. Therefore, as long as three NAND gates are connected, a ring oscillator is formed. Coupled with the FM circuit, it can also be made into a wireless microphone.Figure 5. FM wireless microphone74LS04 is a TTL integrated circuit with six single-input NAND gates. The author uses three of them to make an oscillator. When the supply voltage is 5V, the oscillation frequency is about 90mhz. When the power supply voltage decreases, the frequency decreases; when the supply voltage increases, the frequency also increases. Of course, its oscillation amplitude will also change, but the effect is not significant. In this way, the author uses the method of changing the power supply voltage to change the frequency (that is, to achieve frequency modulation). The specific method is to use the output of BA328, an audio amplifier integrated circuit, as its power supply.BA328 is an amplifying circuit of the recording head. When it is used for tape signal compensation and equalization, an RC series-parallel network should be connected between the first and the second pins, but it is used for linear amplification, so only a 100kw-130kw resistor is needed. The voltage of the output terminal (pin) of BA328  should be equal to one-half of the voltage of the pin (power supply). If the power supply voltage is 12V, there should be a 6V output. If it is not correct, the resistance should be adjusted. In addition, the 1kW resistor in the figure is used to adjust the magnification. If it is reduced, the gain will be increased. When speaking to an electret microphone, the voltage at the output (PIN) can change rapidly from 5.8v to 6.2V. This voltage is sent to the foot of 74LS04  to make it generate an FM signal, which is amplified and isolated by the fourth NAND gate and sent to the antenna.FAQWhat does 74LS04 contain?Six gates that perform the logic INVERT functionWhat is 74LS04?74LS04 is a member of 74XXYY IC series. The 74-series are digital logic integrated circuits. 74LS04 IC has six NOT gates. These NOT gates perform Inverting function. Hence name HEX INVERTING GATES.What is the function of ic 74ls04?74LS04 Hex NOT Gate IC. 74LS04 is a 2 input quadruple 8-bit NOT gate IC. Inverter in logic converters is an electronics device whose basic functions are to invert the incoming logic weather it is HIGH or LOW. They are also known as NOT gates.What is a hex inverter?A hex inverter is a type of an integrated circuit that contains six inverters. Many sophisticated digital devices use inverters, including multiplexers, decoders, and state machines.  An inverter circuit's main function is to output the voltage representing the opposite level to its input.Why is NOT gate called an inverter?A NOT gate, often called an inverter, is a nice digital logic gate to start with because it has only a single input with simple behavior. A NOT gate performs logical negation on its input. In other words, if the input is true, then the output will be false.