The Kynix Components

LM324 is a operational amplifier (OP-AMP) that require a battery or single-polarity supply. This blog mainly introduce LM324 about its pinout, features, parameters, applications and other information including where and how to use this device. This Vedio Introduces 5 Simple LM324 DIY Electronic ProjectsCatalogLM324 DescriptionLM324 Documents and MediaLM324 Pin Configuration and FunctionsLM324 Basic ParametersLM324 FeaturesLM324 ApplicationsWhere and How to Use LM324?LM324 Functional Block DiagramLM324 ECCN UNSPSCLM324 ManufacturerLM324 RangeLM324 Alternative ModelsComponent DatasheetFAQOrdering & QuantityLM324 DescriptionCompared to the standard operational amplifier type, LM324 has several obvious advantages in single-supply applications. This quad-operational amplifier is suitable for single power supply with a wide range of power supply voltage and dual power supply mode. Under the recommended working conditions, the power supply and current are independent of the supply voltage. Its scope of use includes sensor amplifiers, DC gain modules and all other applications where operational amplifiers can be powered by a single power supply.LM324 Documents and MediaFeatured ProductLM324 324A Quadruple Operational AmplifiersLM324 Pin Configuration and FunctionsLM324 op amp has 14 pins as CDIP, PDIP, SOIC and TSSOP. The data sheet provided above is for your reference, so that you can understand the physical dimensions of all packages in more detail. The configuration of all 14 pins and the function of each pin are as follows: The function of all 14 pins of LM324 op amp are as follows:PINSDetails1 Out 1 - Output 1Obtain output of 1st OP-AMP2 Input 1 - inverting InputApply inverting input voltage to 1stOP-AMP3 Input 1- non-Inverting InputApply non-inverting input voltage to 1st OP-AMP4 VccConnect supply voltage.5 Input 2 - non-Inverting InputApply non-inverting input voltage to 2nd OP-AMP6 Input 2 -inverting InputApply inverting input voltage to 2ndOP-AMP7 Out 2 - Output 2Obtain output of 2nd OP-AMP8 Out 3 - Output 3Obtain output of 3rd OP-AMP9  Input 3 - inverting InputApply inverting input voltage to 3rdOP-AMP10 Input 3 - non-Inverting InputApply non-inverting input voltage to 3rd OP-AMP11 Vee, GNDConnect ground for single voltage operation or the second as Vee for dual power supply operation12 Input 4 - non-Inverting InputApply non-inverting input voltage to 4th OP-AMP13  Input 4 - inverting InputApply inverting input voltage to 4thOP-AMP14 Out 4- Output 4Obtain an output of 4th OP-AMPLM324 Basic ParametersNumber of channels 4Total supply voltage (Max) (+5V=5, +/-5V=10)32Total supply voltage (Min) (+5V=5, +/-5V=10)3Rail-to-railIn to V-GBW (Typ) 1.2 MHzSlew rate (Typ) 0.5 V/usVos (offset voltage @ 25 C) (Max) 7 mVIq per channel (Typ) 0.175 mAVn at 1 kHz (Typ) 35 nV/rtHzRatingCatalogOperating temperature range 0℃ to 70℃FeaturesStandard AmpsInput bias current (Max) 250000 pACMRR (Typ) 80 dBOutput current (Typ) 40 mAArchitectureBipolarLM324  Features Wide supply rangesSingle supply: 3 V to 32 VDual supplies: ±1.5 V to ±16 VLow supply-current drain independent of supply voltage: 0.8 mA typicalCommon-mode input voltage range includes ground, allowing direct sensing near groundDifferential input voltage range equal to maximum-rated supply voltage: 32 V2 kV ESD protectionLow input bias and offset parametersInput offset voltage: 3 mV typicalA versions: 2 mV typicalInput offset current: 2 nA typicalInput bias current: 20 nA typicalA versions: 15 nA typicalOpen-loop differential voltage amplification: 100 V/mV typicalInternal frequency compensationLM324 ApplicationsTransducer amplifiersDC amplification blocksAll the conventional operational-amplifier circuits that now can be more easily implemented in single-supply-voltage systems.Where and How to Use LM324?LM324  can be operated by a single power source. Two power supplies can also be used. The terminals or the pins used are pin ④ and ⑪. This single supply or two power supplies will make all four OP-AMPs operative.For 1st OP-AMP, inverting input is applied at pin ② and non-inverting at pin ③. The output of the first OP-AMP is obtained at pin ①.For 2nd OP-AMP, inverting input is applied at pin ⑥ and non-inverting at pin ⑤. The output of second OP-AMP is obtained at pin ⑦.For 3rd OP-AMP, inverting input is applied at pin ⑨ and non-inverting at pin ⑩. The output of third OP-AMP is obtained at pin ⑧.For 4th OP-AMP, inverting input is applied at pin ⑬ and non-inverting at pin ⑫. The output of fourth OP-AMP is obtained at pin ⑭.LM324  Functional Block DiagramLM324  ECCN UNSPSCDescriptionValueECCN CodeEAR99HTS Code8542.39.00.01LM324 ManufacturerTexas Instruments Inc. (TI) is an American technology company that designs and manufactures semiconductors and various integrated circuits, which it sells to electronics designers and manufacturers globally. Its headquarters are in Dallas, Texas, United States. TI is one of the top ten semiconductor companies worldwide, based on sales volume. Texas Instruments's focus is on developing analog chips and embedded processors, which accounts for more than 80% of their revenue. TI also produces TI digital light processing (DLP) technology and education technology products including calculators, microcontrollers and multi-core processors. To date, TI has more than 43,000 patents worldwide.LM324 RangeDevicesBoardsDeveloper ToolsARM ® PROCESSORSAUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTSIDENTIFICATION & SECURITYKinetis Cortex®-M MicrocontrollersIn-Vehicle NetworkNFCLPC Cortex-M MicrocontrollersMicrocontrollers and ProcessorsRFIDLM324  Alternative ModelsAD620LM4871LM709LM201Component DatasheetLM324 DatasheetFAQWhat is lm324?LM324 is a Quad op-amp IC integrated with four op-amps powered by a common power supply. The differential input voltage range can be equal to that of power supply voltage. ... Generally, op-amps can perform mathematical operations.Which is the difference between lm324 and lm339?The LM324 has a complementary output while the LM339 is open collector. In the complementary output, current can flow in either direction as required (either source or sink) while the open collector output can only sink current.What is op amp use for?Operational amplifiers are linear devices that have all the properties required for nearly ideal DC amplification and are therefore used extensively in signal conditioning, filtering or to perform mathematical operations such as add, subtract, integration and differentiation.How does an op amp work?What is lm324 used for?LM324 IC ApplicationsThe applications of IC LM324 include the following. By using this IC, the conventional op-amp applications can be implemented very simply. This IC can be used as oscillators, rectifiers, amplifiers, comparators etc. After reading the blog, have you better understand LM324 op amp? If you are also interested in how to use the LM324 IC to simulate and generate function signals, you may wish to browse right here right now! Finally, if you have any questions about LM324, please do not hesitate to leave a message in the comment section below!

I Description4N25 is a 6-pin phototransistor coupler. This blog describes the nonlinear and linear applications of the 4N25 based on its transmission features.CatalogI DescriptionII 4N25 Optocoupler2.1 4N25 Overview2.2 4N25 Transmission FeaturesIII 4N25 Application Circuit3.1 4N25 Non-linear Application3.2 4N25 Linear ApplicationIV ConclusionComponent DatasheetOrdering & QuantityII 4N25 Optocoupler2.1 4N25 Overview　　The internal circuit structure of the photocoupler 4N25 is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1. 4N25 internal circuit structureThe chip is a dual in-line device, with 6 outer leads, and the input end light emitter is composed of light emitting diodes.1 pin is Anode2 pin is Cathode3 pin is NC4 pin is Emitter5 pin is Collector6 pin is BaseWhen the device Ta=25℃, its limit parameters are:The forward current of the LED is 80mA;The phototransistor set-to-beam voltage is 30V;The total power consumption is 250mW;The insulation withstand voltage between input and output is 2500VDC;Working temperature -55℃～100℃.2.2 4N25 Transmission FeaturesWhen the power supply voltage in the circuit is Vcc=5V, the collector resistance Rc=1kΨ and the base is open, through the online test of the photocoupler 4N25, the data is shown in Table 1.Its transmission features have the following features:When the input current IF=0, the output current IS=0. Indicates that the light-emitting diode does not emit light, and the phototransistor is cut off without light;When the input current IF=0.5mA, the output current IC=0.22mA, IF>IC. Indicates that the light-emitting diode has begun to emit light, and the phototransistor has weak light and is out of the cut-off area;When the input current IF is 1～4mA, the output current IC is 0.7～4.19mA, IF When the input current IF=4.5mA, the output current IC=4.4mA, IF>IC. It shows that IC cannot continue to change linearly when IF increases to a certain extent. After that, the current transfer ratio drops and the photocoupler begins to enter a saturated state.From the above analysis, it can be seen that the size of IF determines the working state of the circuit. If the IF is too large or too small, the circuit works in the nonlinear region of the output features. Only in a certain range, it works in the linear region of the output featuresIII 4N25 Application CircuitThe application circuit composed of the photocoupler 4N25 is shown in Figure 2.R1 is the DC bias resistor. R1 is used to adjust the static operating point of the circuit. After the circuit IF and VF are determined, the resistance of R1 depends on the value of the bias VI, that is, R1=(VI-VF)/IF. In the formula, the value of VI must be at least 2 times of VF.R2 is the collector resistance. The output signal is taken out by R2. The selected resistance of R2 is related to the driving ability of the input signal. The driving ability is strong, and the resistance can be smaller. On the contrary, the resistance value can be larger, and generally can be selected between several hundred to several thousand Ψ.R3 is the base shunt resistance. R3 is used to change the sensitivity to incident light to improve the dynamic performance of the circuit and improve the quality of signal transmission. Its value is generally about several hundred kΨ.C1 is the coupling capacitor. C1 plays the role of blocking the direct communication, and its value is determined by the fundamental frequency of the signal, generally about tens of microfarads.3.1　4N25 Non-linear Application　　Figure 2. 4N25 application circuitFrom the circuit shown in Figure 2:If the resistance of the DC bias resistor R1 is selected to be large, the input static operating current IF is small. At this time, the light emitting diode is in a slightly conducting state.Then, when the input signal is low, the output collector current IC is also very small, the collector-to-emitter voltage UCE is the largest, and the output signal is high.Conversely, when the input signal is at a high level, the light-emitting diode operating current IF is the largest, the output collector current IC is also the largest, the collector-emitter voltage UCE is the smallest, and the output signal is at a low level.If the input is a continuous digital signal, the circuit works in saturation and cut-off state, and the output signal changes with the change of the high and low levels of the input signal, the phase is opposite, and the amplitude is determined by the size of the power supply voltage Vcc.When the circuit is in a non-linear application, the input can have 2 driving modes:Biased indirect drive. That is, the input signal is added through the coupling capacitor.Unbiased DC drive. That is, R1 and C1 are not used, and the input signal is directly added through the current limiting resistor.The difference between the two drive circuits is that the former requires a weak drive capability of the input signal, while the latter requires a strong drive capability of the input signal.In the non-linear application of the photocoupler 4N25, the value of the base shunt resistance R3 has a greater impact on the signal transmission quality.Its value cannot be too small or too large.Too small is not conducive to the current transfer ratio. Because it will prolong the saturation process of the phototransistor, the bottom of the falling edge of the output waveform will slow down.Too large is not conducive to the fast cut-off of the phototransistor. Because, it will cause the top of the rising edge of the output waveform to slow down.Therefore, the resistance of R3 must be appropriate. The influence of R3 resistance on the output waveform is shown in Figure 3.　　Figure 3. The influence of R3 resistance on the output waveform3.2 4N25 Linear ApplicationIn the circuit shown in Figure 2, if the DC bias resistor R1 is selected, the static operating point voltage UCEQ of the phototransistor at the output end is exactly at the midpoint of the linear region of the load line.Then, when the circuit is working dynamically, when the input sine wave signal is of the right size, the voltage and current of each point in the circuit will be based on the static operating point.UF=UFQ+uiSinwtUCE=UCEQ+UceSin(wt-180°), orIF=IFQ+IfSinwtIC=ICQ+IcSinwtA change corresponding to the input signal occurs.It can be seen that the static operating point is the guarantee for the circuit to work linearly.When the power supply voltage Vcc=5V and the collector resistance R2=1kΨ, the passing test circuit has the following features:When the input sine wave signal frequency f=1kHz, Ui=10mV, the maximum undistorted output voltage Uo=812mV. It can be seen that the circuit has a certain amplification capability.From the comparison of input and output waveforms, the circuit can significantly inhibit the noise interference superimposed in the input waveform, so that the output waveform becomes smooth and stable, and the output signal-to-noise ratio is improved. If the frequency of the input signal is changed, when the circuit amplification factor drops to 0.707 times, the upper limit frequency fh=30kHz, and the lower limit frequency fl=30Hz. It can be seen that the circuit has wider amplitude-frequency features.IV ConclusionIn non-linear applications, the photocoupler 4N25 is a high and low level signal because the input and output of the circuit are both high and low levels. Therefore, it is not necessary to set or set a lower static operating point, and the circuit works in a non-linear state. In linear applications, because the signal is transmitted without distortion. Therefore, a suitable static operating point should be set according to the requirements of dynamic work, and the circuit works in a linear state. In addition, the input and output AC and DC circuits of the circuit cannot share the ground, otherwise, it will lose its application features.Component Datasheet 4N25 Datasheet

The DRV8825 Motor Driver Module is a driver with two H-bridge drives and a microstepping indexer. The driver has a maximum output capacity of 45 V and ± 2.5 A. It can operate bipolar stepper motors in full, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 and 1/32-step modes. This driver module is generally used in Robotics, ATMs and Gaming Machines.This is a tutorial video showing how to control stepper motor driver with DRV8825 Module.CatalogDRV8825 Module PinoutDRV8825 SpecificationDRV8825 FeaturesDRV8825 AlternativesDRV8825 VS A4988How to Use DRV8825 Driver ModuleDRV8825 ApplicationsDRV8825 IC DimensionsComponent DatasheetDRV8825 Module Pinout Pin NameDescriptionVDD & GNDConnected to 5V and GND of ControllerVMOT & GND MOTUsed to power the motorB1, B2 & A1, A2Output Pins, Connected to the 4 Wires of motorDIRECTIONMotor Direction Control pinSTEPSteps Control PinM0, M1, M2Microstep Selection PinsFAULTFault Detection PinSLEEPPins For Controlling Power StatesRESET-ENABLE- DRV8825 SpecificationMax. Operating Voltage: 45 VMin. Operating Voltage: 8.2 VMax. Current Per Phase: 2.5 APCB Size: 15 mm x 20 mmDRV8825 FeaturesSix step resolution: Full step, ½ step, ¼ step, 1/8, 1/16 and 1/32 stepAdjustable output current via potentiometerAutomatic current decay mode detectionOver temperature shutdown circuitUnder-voltage lock outOver current shutdownDRV8825 Alternatives Alternatives for DRV8825: A4988, A498, L6474, L6207, L6208, TMC2208, TMC2209DRV8825 VS A4988A4988 stepper motor driver The DRV8825 carrier was designed to be as familiar to  A4988 stepper motor driver carriers as possible, and it can be used as a drop-in replacement for the A4988 carrier in many applications due to its similar size, pinout, and general control interface. There are a few distinctions to be made between the two modules: Because the DRV8825 does not require a logic supply, the pin used to supply logic voltage to the A4988 is used as the DRV8825's FAULT output (and the A4988 does not have a fault output). Because it is safe to connect the FAULT pin directly to a logic supply (a 1.5k resistor is placed between the IC output and the pin to protect it), the DRV8825 module can be used in A4988-based systems that route logic power to this pin.The DRV8825's SLEEP pin is not pulled up by default, as it is on the A4988, but the carrier board does connect it to the FAULT pin via a 10k resistor. As a result, systems designed for the A4988 that route logic power to the FAULT pin have a 10k pull-up on the SLEEP pin. (The initial (md20a) version of the DRV8825 carrier lacks this 10k resistor.)The current limit potentiometer is in a different location.The relationship between the current limit setting and the reference pin voltage is different.The DRV8825 has 1/32-step microstepping, whereas the A4988 only has 1/16-step.On the DRV8825, the mode selection pin inputs corresponding to 1/16-step on the A4988 result in 1/32-step microstepping. The step selection table for all other microstepping resolutions is the same for both the DRV8825 and the A4988.For the two drivers, the timing requirements for minimum pulse durations on the STEP pin differ. When using the DRV8825, the high and low STEP pulses must be at least 1.9us long; when using the A4988, they can be as short as 1 us.The DRV8825 has a higher maximum supply voltage than the A4988 (45 V vs 35 V), which means it can be used at higher voltages more safely and is less vulnerable to damage from LC voltage spikes.Without any additional cooling, the DRV8825 can deliver more current than the A4988 (based on our full-step tests: 1.5 A per coil for the DRV8825 vs 1.2 A per coil for the A4988 and 1 A per coil for the original A4988 carrier).The stepper motor outputs on the DRV8825 have a different naming convention, but they are functionally the same as the corresponding pins on the A4988 carrier, so the same connections to both drivers result in the same stepper motor behavior. The first part of the label on both boards identifies the coil (so coils “A” and “B” on the DRV8825 and coils “1” and “2” on the A4988).Color-sensitive applications should be aware that the DRV8825 carrier is purple.How to Use DRV8825 Driver ModuleThe interface diagram for DRV8825 is shown below. You can control the stepper motor with very few pins using the DRV8825. The module has a pinout and interface that are almost identical to those of the A4988 stepper motor driver carrier.DRV8255 Schematic Diagram As shown in the diagram above, the module pins DIR, STEP and FAULT are connected to the microcontroller to drive the stepper motor. STEP pin used to control steps while the DIR pin is used to control directions. The DRV8825 also features an FAULT pin, the Fault pin is shortened to the SLEEP pin, so whenever the Fault pin is low, the whole chip is disabled. Microstep pins (M0, M1 and M2) are used to operate the driver module in a variety of step functions. In the above circuit M0, M1, and M2 pins left off, this means that the driver will operate in full-step mode. DRV8825 has low-ESR ceramic capacitors on board, making it vulnerable to voltage spikes. Therefore, it is recommended to put an at least 47µf capacitor across the motor power supply pins. It is commonly used in controlling the NEMA series stepper motors like NEMA17, NEMA23, NEMA34.DRV8825 ApplicationsAutomatic Teller MachinesMoney Handling MachinesVideo Security CamerasPrintersScannersOffice Automation MachinesGaming MachinesFactory AutomationRoboticsDRV8825 IC DimensionsComponent DatasheetDRV8825 Datasheet 

Product OverviewATMEGA328P-AU is the high-performance picoPower 8bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32KB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1024B EEPROM, 2KB SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, a 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts. CatalogATMEGA328P AU BootloaderATMEGA328P AU FeatureATMEGA328P AU CAD ModelsATMEGA328P AU PinoutATMEGA328P AU Pin MappingATMEGA328P AU AlternatesATMEGA328P AU SpecificationATMEGA328P-AN VS ATMEGA328P-AUATMEGA328P AU DatasheetManufacturerUsing WarningsFAQ ATMEGA328P AU Bootloader Bootloader and upload to Atmega328P-AU ATMEGA328P AU FeatureHigh performance, low power AVR® 8bit microcontroller familyAdvanced RISC ArchitectureHigh endurance non-volatile memory segmentsAtmel® QTouch® library supportPeripheral featuresSpecial Microcontroller Features ATMEGA328P AU CAD Models ATMEGA328P AU Symbol ATMEGA328P AU Footprint ATMEGA328P AU 3D Models ATMEGA328P AU Pinout Pinout ATMEGA328P AU Pin Mapping Pin Mapping ATMEGA328P AU Alternate This part may be known by these alternate part numbers:ATMEGA328-P-AUATMEGA328P-AUATMEGA328PAU ATMEGA328P AU SpecificationProduct AttributeAttribute ValueManufacturer:MicrochipProduct Category:8-bit Microcontrollers - MCUSeries:ATmega328PMounting Style:SMD/SMTPackage / Case:TQFP-32Core:AVRProgram Memory Size:32 kBData Bus Width:8 bitADC Resolution:10 bitMaximum Clock Frequency:20 MHzNumber of I/Os:23 I/OData RAM Size:2 kBOperating Supply Voltage:1.8 V to 5.5 VMinimum Operating Temperature:- 40 CMaximum Operating Temperature:+ 85 CPackaging:TrayHeight:1 mmLength:7 mmProduct:MCUProgram Memory Type:FlashWidth:7 mmBrand:Microchip Technology / AtmelData RAM Type:SRAMData ROM Size:1 kBData ROM Type:EEPROMInterface Type:I2C, SPI, USARTMoisture Sensitive:YesNumber of ADC Channels:8 ChannelNumber of Timers/Counters:3 TimerProcessor Series:megaAVRProduct Type:8-bit Microcontrollers - MCUFactory Pack Quantity:250Subcategory:Microcontrollers - MCUSupply Voltage - Max:5.5 VSupply Voltage - Min:1.8 VTradename:AVRUnit Weight:0.002469 oz ATMEGA328P-AN VS ATMEGA328P-AUSource Content uidATMEGA328P-ANATMEGA328P-AUPart Life Cycle CodeActiveTransferredIhs ManufacturerMICROCHIP TECHNOLOGY INCATMEL CORPPackage DescriptionTQFP, QFP32,.35SQ,32TQFP, TQFP32,.35SQ,32Reach Compliance CodecompliantcompliantECCN CodeEAR99 HTS Code8542.31.00.018542.31.00.01Factory Lead Time7 Weeks1 WeekHas ADCYESYESAdditional FeatureIT ALSO OPERATES 1.8V AT 4 MHZALSO OPERATES AT 2.7 V MINIMUM SUPPLY AT 10 MHZ AND 1.8 V MINIMUM SUPPLY AT 4 MHZBit Size88Boundary ScanNO CPU FamilyAVR RISCAVR RISCClock Frequency-Max20 MHz20 MHzDAC ChannelsYESNODMA ChannelsNONOJESD-30 CodeS-PQFP-G32S-PQFP-G32JESD-609 Codee3e3Length7 mm7 mmMoisture Sensitivity Level33Number of External Interrupts2 Number of I/O Lines2323Number of Serial I/Os1 Number of Terminals3232Number of Timers3 On Chip Data RAM Width8 On Chip Program ROM Width1616Operating Temperature-Max105°C85°CPWM ChannelsYESYESPackage Body MaterialPLASTIC/EPOXYPLASTIC/EPOXYPackage CodeTQFPTQFPPackage Equivalence CodeQFP32,.35SQ,32TQFP32,.35SQ,32Package ShapeSQUARESQUAREPackage StyleFLATPACK, THIN PROFILEFLATPACK, THIN PROFILEPeak Reflow Temperature (Cel)260260Power Supplies2/5 V2/5 VQualification StatusNot QualifiedNot QualifiedRAM (bytes)20482048RAM (words)2048 ROM (words)1638416384ROM ProgrammabilityFLASHFLASHSeated Height-Max1.2 mm1.2 mmSpeed20 MHz20 MHzSupply Current-Max2.7 mA9 mASupply Voltage-Max5.5 V5.5 VSupply Voltage-Min4.5 V4.5 VSupply Voltage-Nom5 V5 VSurface MountYESYESTechnologyCMOSCMOSTemperature GradeINDUSTRIALINDUSTRIALTerminal FinishMatte Tin (Sn)Matte Tin (Sn)Terminal FormGULL WINGGULL WINGTerminal Pitch0.8 mm0.8 mmTerminal PositionQUADQUADTime@Peak Reflow Temperature-Max (s)4040Width7 mm7 mmuPs/uCs/Peripheral ICs TypeMICROCONTROLLER, RISCMICROCONTROLLER, RISC ATMEGA328P AU DatasheetATMEGA328P AU Datasheet ManufacturerMicrochip Technology Incorporated is engaged in developing, manufacturing and selling connected and secure embedded control solutions used by its customers for a variety of applications. The Company operates through two segments: semiconductor products and technology licensing.   Using WarningsNote: Please check their parameters and pin configuration before replacing them in your circuit. FAQWhat is Atmega 328p Pu?The ATMEGA328P- U is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. What is the difference between Atmega 328 and ATmega328P?Except for power, there are no significant functional differences between them. This type of microcontroller is commonly seen in Arduino boards. The Atmega 328 performs the same functions as the Atmega 328p, however the 328p consumes much less power thanks to ATMEL's PicoPower features. As a result, P stands for PicoPower. What is the meaning of ATMega?An ATMega Microcontroller is an 8-bit microcontroller with Reduced Instruction Set (RISC) based Harvard Architecture. God to know: As the name suggest, for instance, ‘ATmega16’ , where AT = Atmel, mega = mega AVR and 16= 16kb flash memory.

There have been many articles about LM317, today we will talk about LM317T separately. This blog will cover not only its pinout , features, applications but also its CAD models, functional equivalents and some useful circuits, the datasheet is at the bottom of the page as always. The LM317T belongs to a sort of an adjustable three terminal positive voltage regulator, designed to supply more than 1.5A of load current with an output voltage adjustable over a 1.2V to 3.7V range. The nominal output voltage is selected by means of a resistive divider, making the device exceptionally easy to use and eliminating the stocking of many constant regulators. Apart from using it as a variable voltage regulator, LM317T IC can also be used as a constant voltage regulator, current limiter, Battery charger, AC voltage regulator and even as an adjustable current regulator. Down below is a video about how LM317T functions in a circuit. Adjustable Voltage Regulator LM317T functional demoCatalogLM317T PinoutLM317T FeaturesLM317T Schematic CircuitLM317T SpecificationsLM317T CAD ModelsLM317T ApplicationsLM317T PackageLM317T CircuitLM317T Functional EquivalentsLM317T Popularity by RegionLM317T Market Price AnalysisLM317T ManufacturerComponent DatasheetLM317T PinoutPin NumberPin NameDescriptionPin1AdjustThis pin adjusts the output voltagePin2Output Voltage (Vout)The regulated output voltage set by the adjust pin can be obtained from this pinPin3Input Voltage (Vin)The input voltage which has to be regulated is given to this pinLM317T FeaturesAccording to LM317T datasheet, it features:Output voltage range: 1.2 to 37 V Output current in excess of 1.5 A0.1% line and load regulation Current Limit Constant with Temperature100% Electrical Burn–In Eliminates the Need to Stock Many Voltages80dB Ripple RejectionLM317T Schematic CircuitCircuit schematic can help us to understand better about how a component or chip is used and worked in circuits. It’s a reference to make them work in an actual circuit. The following LM317T circuit schematic is a sample for reference.LM317T SpecificationsProduct AttributeAttribute ValueManufacturer:STMicroelectronicsProduct Category:Linear Voltage RegulatorsMounting Style:Through HolePackage / Case:TO-220-3Number of Outputs:1 OutputPolarity:PositiveOutput Voltage:1.2 V to 37 VOutput Current:1.5 AOutput Type:AdjustableInput Voltage MAX:40 VInput Voltage MIN:4.2 VMinimum Operating Temperature:0 CMaximum Operating Temperature:+ 125 CLoad Regulation:0.5 %Line Regulation:0.04 %/VSeries:LM317Packaging:TubeHeight:9.15 mmLength:10.4 mmOperating Temperature Range:0 C to + 125 CWidth:4.6 mmBrand:STMicroelectronicsPSRR / Ripple Rejection - Typ:80 dBProduct Type:Linear Voltage RegulatorsFactory Pack Quantity:1000Subcategory:PMIC - Power Management ICsUnit Weight:0.081130 ozLM317T CAD ModelsPart SymbolFootprint3D ModelLM317T ApplicationsLM317T voltage regulator is used in a wide range in circuits, the most common applications:Used for Positive voltage regulationsUsed in motor control circuitsCommonly used in Desktop PC, DVD and other consumer productsVariable power supplyCurrent limiting circuitsReverse polarity circuitsLM317T PackageLM317T CircuitThis is how a LM317T regulator would look when connected to a circuit so that it supplies a constant DC voltage output.In this circuit, we add a DC voltage supply to the VIN pin of the regulator. This is the pin which, again, receives incoming voltage which the chip will then regulate down. The voltage which enters this pin must be larger than the voltage it is feeding out. Remember, voltage regulators are just devices that regulate voltage down to a certain level. They do not and cannot create voltage on their own. Therefore, in order to a get a voltage, VOUT, VIN must be greater than VOUT. In this circuit, we want a regulated 5VDC as output. Therefore, VIN must be greater than 5 volts. Generally, with regulators, unless they are low drop out regulators, you want the input voltage to be about 2 volts higher. So therefore, since we want 5 volts as output, we will feed into this regulator 7 volts. Now that we've dealt with the input pin, we must now deal with the adjustable pin (Adj). This is the pin which allows us to adjust the voltage to the level we want. Since we want 5 volts to be output, we must calculate which value of R2 will yield an output of 5 volts. Using the formula for the output voltage, VOUT= 1.25V (1 + R2/R1). Being that R1=240Ω, our equation is now 5V= 1.25V (1 + R2/240Ω), so R2=720Ω. So with R2 being a value of 720Ω, the LM317 will output 5V if fed an input voltage greater than 5 volts. If you need to calculate output voltages or which resistor R2 value you would need for a circuit, see LM317 Calculator online. This can help you find the exact resistor value needed for a circuit. The last pin of the LM317 is the output pin. This is where the regulated voltage (in this case, 5 volts) will come out. To feed a circuit the regulated 5 volts, we just connect it to the output pin.LM317T Functional EquivalentsPart NumberDescriptionManufacturerLM317T#PBFPOWER CIRCUITSIC VREG 1.2 V-37 V ADJUSTABLE POSITIVE REGULATOR, PSFM3, PLASTIC, TO-220, 3 PIN, Adjustable Positive Single Output Standard RegulatorLinear TechnologyLM317T2POWER CIRCUITS1.2 V-37V ADJUSTABLE POSITIVE REGULATOR, PSFM3, PLASTIC, TO-220, 3 PINMotorola Mobility LLCLM317KCSPOWER CIRCUITS1.5-A, 40-V, adjustable linear voltage regulator 3-TO-220 0 to 125Texas InstrumentsLM317T/NOPBPOWER CIRCUITSIC VREG 1.2 V-37 V ADJUSTABLE POSITIVE REGULATOR, PSFM3, ROHS COMPLIANT, PLASTIC, TO-220, 3 PIN, Adjustable Positive Single Output Standard RegulatorNational Semiconductor CorporationLM317KCPOWER CIRCUITS3/4 Pin 1.5A Adjustable Positive Voltage Regulator 3-TO-220 0 to 125Texas InstrumentsLM317PPOWER CIRCUITS1.2 V to 37 V adjustable voltage regulatorsSTMicroelectronicsLM317BT4POWER CIRCUITS1.2 V-37V ADJUSTABLE POSITIVE REGULATOR, PSFM3, PLASTIC, TO-220, 3 PINMotorola Mobility LLCLM317BTPOWER CIRCUITS1.2 V-37V ADJUSTABLE POSITIVE REGULATOR, PSFM3, PLASTIC, TO-220, 3 PINON SemiconductorLM317BTGPOWER CIRCUITSLinear Voltage Regulator, 1.5 A, High PSRR, Adjustable, Positive TJ = -40° to +125°C, TO-220, SINGLE GAUGE, 3-LEAD, 50-TUBEON SemiconductorLM317KCE3POWER CIRCUITS3/4 Pin 1.5A Adjustable Positive Voltage Regulator 3-TO-220 0 to 125Texas InstrumentsLM317T Popularity by RegionLM317T Market Price AnalysisLM317T ManufacturerSTMicroelectronics (SGS-THOMSON, ST) group was established in 1987 by the merger of SGS Microelectronics in Italy and Thomson Semiconductor in France. In May 1998, SGS-THOMSON Microelectronics changed its company name to STMicroelectronics Co., Ltd. STMicroelectronics is one of the world’s largest semiconductor companies. It aims to be the market leader in multimedia application integration and power solutions. STMicroelectronics has the world’s most powerful product lineup, including dedicated products with high intellectual property rights. Products, there are also innovative products in many fields, such as discrete devices, high-performance microcontrollers, security smart card chips, and micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) devices.Component DatasheetLM317T Datasheet 

CatalogDescriptionCAD ModelsPinoutFunctional DiagramFeaturesApplicationsDatasheetSpecificationsManufacturerUsing WarningFAQ DescriptionThe ICL8038 waveform generator is a monolithic integrated circuit capable of producing high accuracy sine, square, triangular, sawtooth and pulse waveforms with a minimum of external components. The frequency (or repetition rate) can be selected externally from 0.001Hz to more than 300kHz using either resistors or capacitors, and frequency modulation and sweeping can be accomplished with an external voltage. The ICL8038 is fabricated with advanced monolithic technology, using Schottky barrier diodes and thin film resistors, and the output is stable over a wide range of temperature and supply variations. These devices may be interfaced with phase locked loop circuitry to reduce temperature drift to less than 250ppm/oC. CAD Models Figure: PCB Symbol  Figure: PCB Footprint  Figure: 3D Model Pinout Functional Diagram FeaturesLow Frequency Drift with Temperature. . . . . . .250ppm/oCLow Distortion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1% (Sine Wave Output)High Linearity . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1% (Triangle Wave Output)Wide Frequency Range . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001Hz to 300kHzVariable Duty Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2% to 98%High Level Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TTL to 28VSimultaneous Sine, Square, and Triangle Wave OutputsEasy to Use - Just a Handful of External Components Required Applications    DatasheetYou can download the datasheet from the link given below.ICL8038-Datasheet SpecificationsPhysicalMountThrough HoleNumber of Pins14TechnicalMax Operating Temperature70 °CMin Operating Temperature0 °COutput Voltage3.83 VDimensionsHeight3.56 mmLength19.94 mmWidth7.87 mmComplianceRoHSNon-Compliant ManufacturerIntersil is an American semiconductor company headquartered in Milpitas, California. As of February 24, 2017, Intersil is a subsidiary of Renesas. The previous Intersil was formed in August 1999 through the acquisition of the semiconductor business of Harris Corporation.Intersil is a power management IC business, with specialized capability in power management and precision analog technology for applications in industrial, infrastructure, mobile, automotive and aerospace. Using WarningNote: Please check their parameters and pin configuration before replacing them in your circuit. FAQWhat is the IC used as function generator?An IC function generator is a versatile device that delivers a choice of different waveforms like sine, square, or triangle. The different waves can be obtained by selecting the appropriate code of the select pins which is present at the output. What are the three different wave forms generated by ICL8038?The ICL8038 is a function generator chip, capable of generating triangular, square , sine, pulse and sawtooth waveforms . From these sine, square & triangular wave forms can be made simultaneously.Can function generator generate DC voltage?None of the generators produce DC voltage, at least not directly. All kind of voltages induced or developed in any kind of electrical machine is always AC( not sinosoidal) . Is function generator a power supply?In a similar way, a function generator is an AC power supply for AC circuits. See Figure 1b. A function generator provides a variable voltage source (or amplitude), but it also can vary the frequency, measured in Hertz, or cycles per second.How a triangular wave generator is derived from a square wave generator?The output waveform of the integrator is triangular, if its input is square wave. Therefore, a triangular wave generator can be obtained by connecting an integrator at the output of the square wave generator.