The Kynix Components

European Safety Standard Approved Type Long Creepage Distance Photocoupler CatalogDescriptionPC123 PinoutCAD ModelProduct AttributesReplacement and Equivalent Part NumbersFeaturesApplicationsPC817 vs PC123PC123 DatasheetManufacturer DescriptionPC123XxYSZ1B Series contains an IRED opticallycoupled to aphototransistor.It is packaged in a 4-pin DIP, available in wide-leadspacing option and SMT gullwing lead-formoption.Input-output isolation voltage(rms) is 5kV.CTR is 50% to 400% (at IF=5mA,VCE=5V,Ta=25℃)  PC123 PinoutPC123 Pinout  CAD ModelCAD Model Footprint  Product Attributespc123 TYPEDESCRIPTIONCategoryIsolators Optoisolators - Transistor, Photovoltaic OutputMfrSharp MicroelectronicsSeries-PackageTubePart StatusObsoleteNumber of Channels1Voltage - Isolation5000VrmsCurrent Transfer Ratio (Min)50% @ 5mACurrent Transfer Ratio (Max)600% @ 5mATurn On / Turn Off Time (Typ)-Rise / Fall Time (Typ)4s, 3sInput TypeDCOutput TypeTransistorVoltage - Output (Max)70VCurrent - Output / Channel50mAVoltage - Forward (Vf) (Typ)1.2VCurrent - DC Forward (If) (Max)50 mAVce Saturation (Max)200mVOperating Temperature-30C ~ 100CMounting TypeThrough HolePackage / Case4-DIP (0.300", 7.62mm)Supplier Device Package4-DIP Replacement and Equivalent Part NumbersThe replacement and equivalent of PC123 optocoupler are PC816, PC817,  TLP621, TLP321, TLP421, PC17K1, H11A817, SFH615A, PS2501-1, PS2561-1, PS2571-1, LTV-816, LTV-817(-V), LTV123, LTV-610 K1010, K817P, SFH615A  Features4-pin DIPpackageDouble transfer mold package    (Ideal for Flow Soldering)Current transfer ratio       (CTR : MIN. 50% at IF=5 mA, VCE=5V, Ta=25℃)Several CTR ranksavailableReinforced insulation type      (Isolation distance : MIN. 0.4mm)Long creepage distance type        (wide lead-form type only : MIN.8mm)High isolation voltage between input and output        (Viso(rms) :5kV)RoHS directivecompliant ApplicationsI/O isolation for MCUs (Micro Controller Units)Noise suppression in switchingcircuitsSignal transmission between circuits of different potentials andimpedancesOver voltagedetection PC817 vs PC123Part NumberPC817PC123Rohs CodeNo Part Life Cycle CodeObsoleteObsoletePackage DescriptionDIP-4O-LALF-W2Reach Compliance CodeunknownunknownAdditional FeatureUL RECOGNIZEDHIGH QColl-Emtr Bkdn Voltage-Min35 V ConfigurationSINGLESINGLECurrent Transfer Ratio-Nom0.5 Dark Current-Max100 nA Forward Current-Max0.05 A Isolation Voltage-Max5000 V JESD-609 Codee0e0Number of Elements11Operating Temperature-Max100 C150 COperating Temperature-Min30 C65 COptoelectronic Device TypeTRANSISTOR OUTPUT OPTOCOUPLER Terminal FinishTin/Lead (Sn/Pb)TIN LEAD  PC123 DatasheetPC123 Datasheet ManufacturerSharp Microelectronics of the Americas (SMA) drives innovative LCD, optoelectronics, memory, imager, and RF components to market. The world's leading manufacturers of consumer and business technologies look to SMA for the products, expertise, and worldwide support they need to make their visions a reality. SMA, in Camas, Washington, is the microelectronics sales and marketing division of Sharp Electronics Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sharp Corporation. 

 In this post today, I’ll walk you through the introduction to AMS1117. I suggest you guys read this post all the way through, as I’ll be discussing pinout, datasheet, features, and applications of the dropout voltage regulator  AMS1117. What is AMS1117? Well, in short, the AMS1117 is a common voltage regulator that comes with both fixed and customizable voltages. It is a 3-pin device mainly used to drive load under 1A. The output voltage ranges from 1.5V to 5V. When it works at maximum current, it results in a low dropout voltage of 1.3A. This video shows how to test AMS1117 5v to 3.3v under different load.CatalogAMS1117 Pin ConnectionsAMS1117 FeaturesAMS1117 ApplicationsAMS1117 Application CircuitsAMS1117 PackageWhere to Use AMS1117AMS1117 ManufacturerComponent DatasheetAMS1117 Pin Connections Here are the functions of AMS1117's each pin: (SOT-223 Package) Pin NumberPin NameDescription1Adjust/GroundThis pins adjusts the output voltage, if it is a fixed voltage regulator it acts as ground2Output Voltage (Vout)The regulated output voltage set by the adjust pin can be obtained from this pin3Input Voltage (Vin)The input voltage which has to be regulated is given to this pinAMS1117 FeaturesThree Terminal Adjustable or Fixed Voltages*1.5V, 1.8V, 2.5V, 2.85V, 3.3V and 5.0VOutput Current of 1AOperates Down to 1V DropoutLine Regulation: 0.2% Max.Load Regulation: 0.4% MaxSOT-223, TO-252 and SO-8 package availableIn-built Current Limiting and thermal protection.Operating junction temperature is 125°CAMS1117 ApplicationsHigh Efficiency Linear RegulatorsPost Regulators for Switching Supplies5V to 3.3V Linear RegulatorBattery ChargersActive SCSI TerminatorsPower Management for NotebookBattery Powered InstrumentationAMS1117 Application CircuitsProtection DiodesUnlike older regulators, the AMS1117 family does not need any protection diodes between the adjustment pin and the output and from the output to the input to prevent over-stressing the die. Internal resistors are limiting the internal current paths on the AMS1117 adjustment pin, therefore even with capacitors on the adjustment pin no protection diode is needed to ensure device safety under short-circuit conditions. Diodes between the input and output are not usually needed. Microsecond surge currents of 50A to 100A can be handled by the internal diode between the input and output pins of the device. In normal operations it is difficult to get those values of surge currents even with the use of large output capacitances. If high value output capacitors are used, such as 1000µF to 5000µF and the input pin is instantaneously shorted to ground, damage can occur. A diode from output to input is recommended, when a crowbar circuit at the input of the AMS1117 is used (Figure 1).Output VoltageThe AMS1117 series develops a 1.25V reference voltage between the output and the adjust terminal. Placing a resistor between these two terminals causes a constant current to flow through R1 and down through R2 to set the overall output voltage. This current is normally the specified minimum load current of 10mA. Because IADJ is very small and constant it represents a small error and it can usually be ignored.More application circuits can be found in the datasheet below.AMS1117 PackageWhere to Use AMS1117Just like the famous 7805, LM317 the AMS1117 is also another Linear Voltage regulator. It is known for its small form factor since it is available as a DCY Package (SMD Component). There are many types of LM1117, based on package and output voltage. But all the IC is rated for a maximum current of 1A. The below table will help you choose the right part number for your IC.The IC is popularly known for being used in Arduino boards to regulate 5V and 3.3V. So if you are looking for a SMD component voltage regulator then this IC might be the right choice for you.AMS1117 ManufacturerAMS is the quality designer manufacturer and vendor of integrated circuit power management and analog products including voltage regulators, LDOs, precision voltage references, programmable PWM controllers, single and dual operational amplifiers, charge pumps, LDO regulator controllers and voltage detectors. These components are used throughout the world by major OEM manufacturers of PC motherboards, power supplies, monitors, workstations, VCR, DVD, cellular phones, pagers, notebook computers, instrumentation, PCMCIA, scanners, DBS satellite boxes, USB bus products, graphic cards, audio cards, CD-ROMs, etc.Component DatasheetAMS1117 Voltage Regulator Datasheet 

This article will introduce you four simple, useful amplifier circuits of TDA2003. TDA2003 is a ST Microelectronics audio amplifier IC with a maximum output power of 10W,  commonly used in stereo amplification in car Radio. The IC can output a maximum current of 3.5A and has very low harmonic and crossover distortion. For further, detailed introduction to TDA2003 please click here to view: TDA2003>>CatalogI. TDA2003 Integrated OTL Power Amplifier Circuit1.1 Component Required1.2 Circuit Introduction1.3 Circuit Installation PrecautionsII. TDA2003 Power Amplifier Circuit ②2.1 Circuit Introduction2.2 Circuit Charateristics2.3 Circuit Installation PrecautionsIII.TDA2003 Power Amplifier Circuit ③IV. TDA2003 Based 10W Audio Power Amplifier CircuitI. TDA2003 Integrated OTL Power Amplifier Circuit1.1 Component RequiredIntegrated block TDA2003: 1Resistors of 1Ω, 2.2Ω, 39Ω, 220Ω: 1 of each 03μF, 0.03μF, 100μF, 470μF, 1000μF capacitors: 1 of each1μF capacitor: 2 pcsSpeaker 8Ω, 0.25W: 14V power supply: 1  1.2 Circuit IntroductionThe circuit uses the TDA2003 integrated block, which is a simple circuit with a wide passband and beautiful sound quality, and can be widely used in various audio and voice amplification circuits.TDA2003 Integrated OTL Power Amplifier Circuit Pin ① of the integrated block is the input, pin ② is connected to external capacitor C2 and external resistor R3, together they constitute an AC negative feedback, to improve the sound quality of the amplifier. C3, R1 is the anti-self-excitation network, C4 is the output coupling capacitor, C6, C7 is the power supply high and low pass filter capacitor, the supply voltage VCC is 14.4V, the quiescent current is 45mA, the resistance of the load RL is 4Ω, and the power is 6W. 1.3 Circuit Installation Precautions1. The order of the pins of TDA2003 must be judged correctly, and soldering errors are not allowed. When soldering electrolytic capacitors C1, C2, C4, C6, be sure to note that the positive and negative polarities of the capacitors cannot be reversed. 2. The voltage of the power supply VCC cannot be too high or too low, it is appropriate to be about 14.4V. 3. After the soldering is completed, you can use the audio output jack of the radio or recorder to connect the earphone to the input pin 1 in the picture. 4. Heat sinks should be installed on the integrated block TDA2003 to prevent damage due to long working hours. II. TDA2003 Power Amplifier Circuit ②2.1 Circuit IntroductionTDA2030 adopts V-shaped 5-pin single in-line plastic package structure. The following figure is another classic power amplifier application circuit diagram of TDA2003. This integrated circuit is widely used in car stereo radio recorders and medium power audio equipment. It has the characteristics of small size, large output power, and low distortion, and it has an internal protection circuit. Italy SGS company, American RCA company, Japan Hitachi company, NEC company, etc. all have similar products produced. Although their internal circuits are slightly different, the positions and functions of the lead pins are the same.TDA2003 Power Amplifier Circuit 22.2 Circuit CharateristicsVery few external componentsLarge output power, Po=18W (RL=4Ω)The use of ultra-small package (TO-220) can increase the assembly density.Minimal boot impact.It contains various protection circuits, so it is safe and reliable to work. The main protection circuits are: short-circuit protection, thermal protection, accidental open circuit of the ground wire, reverse connection of power supply polarity (Vsmax=12V), and load discharge voltage kickback.TDA2030A can output 16W effective power when working at ±19V and 8Ω impedance at a minimum voltage of ±6V and a maximum of ±22V, THD≤0.1%.Undoubtedly, it is very suitable for the power amplification part of computer active speakers or small power amplifier. 2.3 Circuit Installation Precautions 1. TDA2030 has a load discharge voltage kickback protection circuit. If the peak voltage of the power supply voltage is 40V, then an LC filter must be inserted between pin 5 and the power supply to ensure that the pulse train on pin 5 remains within the specified range. 2. Thermal protection: Thermal limit protection has the following advantages, it can easily withstand output overload (even for a long time), or protect it when the ambient temperature exceeds. 3. Compared with ordinary circuits, the heat sink can have a smaller safety factor. If the junction temperature exceeds, it will not damage the device. If this happens, Po= (and Ptot of course) and Io will be reduced. 4. The decoupling of the ground wire and the output must be considered in the design of the printed circuit board, because these circuits have large currents. 5. The heat sink does not need to be insulated during assembly, the lead length should be as short as possible, and the solderingtemperature should not exceed 260°C for 12 seconds. 6. Although TDA2030 requires few components, the selected components must be quality-guaranteed components. III.TDA2003 Power Amplifier Circuit ③ TDA2003 Power Amplifier Circuit 3 In this circuit, pin 1 is the signal input and signal flow; the signal is coupled to the tda2003-1 pin via a 4.7 microfarad capacitor, a volume adjustment potentiometer and a 47 microfarad capacitor, the 2 pin is an RC network, the 3 pin is grounded, and the 4 pin has four outputs. The two components connected in parallel with the speaker are anti-self-excitation. Pin 5 is power supply. Two capacitors filter high frequencies and filter low frequencies. 220 ohms for 2 feet and 4 feet is negative feedback, 47 ohms divided by 220 ohms is the magnification. IV. TDA2003 Based 10W Audio Power Amplifier Circuit TDA2003 Based 10W Audio Power Amplifier Circuit This amplifying circuit can approximate 10 watts of power to 2 ohms and 4 ohms to 4 watts. The maximum power can be obtained with a 16 V DC power supply and a 2 ohm impedance speaker with a current of more than 1A. A power of more than 4 watts can obtain a 12 volt DC power supply and a current of more than 14 ohm impedance. 

L298 DescriptionThe L298 is an integrated monolithic circuit in 15-lead Multiwatt and PowerSO20 packages. It is a high voltage, high current dual full-bridge driver designed to accept standard TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, DC, and stepping motors. Two enable inputs are provided to enable or disable the device independently of the input signals. They are mostly used:when it is needed to operate different loads like motors and solenoids etc where an H-Bridge is requiredwhen high power motor driver is requiredwhen the control unit can only provide TTL outputswhen current control and PWM operable single-chip device is needed                                                        CatalogL298 DescriptionL298 Circuit DiagramL298 Features and SpecificationsL298 Pin Configurations and FunctionsL298 Package Outline and Mechanical DataWhere to use L298 ICHow to use L298 ICL298 ApplicationsL298 Compare with Other MotorsProduct ManufacturerComponent DatasheetFAQOrdering & QuantityL298 Circuit DiagramL298 Features and SpecificationsOperating supply voltage up to 46vTotal DC current up to 4A25w rated power2 enable control terminals to enable or device without inputting signals.Able to drive a two-phase stepper motor, four-phase stepper motor, or two DC motorsLow saturation voltageOvertemperature protectionLogical “0” input voltage up to 1.5V( high noise immunity)Operating temperature: -23°C  to 130°CStorage Temperature: -40°C  to 150°CL298 Pin Configurations and FunctionsPinout Functions:L298 Package Outline and Mechanical DataL298(Multiwatt15 V) L298(Multiwatt15 H) L298(PowerSO20) Where to use L298 ICHere are a few areas where L298 is preferred:L298 is basically used where H- BRIDGE is required.Where a high power motor driver is required. In the marked, there are H-bridges like L293 which are used for low powered application while L298 is specially designed for the high power applications.Where current control and  PWM operable single-chip device is needed.The chip is preferred when control unit can only provide TTL outputAlso, the chip does not need any additional components to be installed for operating.How to use L298 ICFor understanding the working of L298 IC, consider the simple circuit configuration shown below.Here we are using one of H-BRIDGES of l298 IC. As shown in the circuit we have two push buttons Q1 and Q2 which act as controls inputs for bridge-A. These logic inputs are provided by the Microcontroller or Microprocessor in application circuits. The four diodes are FLYBACK diodes used for protecting the IC form inductive voltage spikes. The enable pin is pulled high through a resistor so bridge-A will be functioning all the time. If it’s pulled to ground the bridge-A will be disabled no matter the input control logic.After all the circuits are setup we need to press the buttons Q1 and Q2 to change the flow of current between pins OUT1 and OUT2.  The logic control table is given below.INPUTSFUNCTIONQ1=HIGH, Q2=LOWForward currentQ1=LOW,Q2=HIGHReverse currentQ1=Q2Fast MOTOR stopSo if only Q1 is pressed, the current flows from OUT1 to OUT2. With that MOTOR rotates clockwise direction. If only Q2 is pressed, the current flows from OUT2 to OUT1. With that MOTOR rotates anti-clockwise direction. If both buttons are pressed or released simultaneously the MOTOR comes to stop immediately. In this way, we can control the motor rotation using the L298 chip.L298 ApplicationsRobotic armsRobotsRelay driversVending machinesIndustrial machinesEngineering systemsMeasuring instrumentsHobby projectsL298 Compare with Other MotorsWith so many motor drivers currently such as Servo Motors and stepper motor s, what really are the differences between the motor drivers and which one to choose? No worries, as we have crafted a table just for you to compare the various motor drivers so you know which motor driver fits the best for your project.TypeMotor DriversChipActuatorWorking VoltageWorking CurrentGroveGrove–I2C Motor DriverL298N2 DC motor or 1 Stepper6v-15v2.0A each (Max) Grove–I2C Motor Driver (TB6612FNG)TB6612FNG2 DC motor or 1 Stepper2.5v-13.5v (5 Avg, 15v Max)1.2A (Avg) to 3.2A (Max) Grove–I2C Mini Motor DriverDRV88302 DC Motor2.75v-6.8v0.2A to 1A eachShieldMotor Shield V2.0L298N2 DC motor or 1 Stepper6v-15v2.0A each (Max) 4A Motor ShieldMC339322 DC Motor6v-28v5.0A each (Max) Brushless Motor Shield (TB6605FTG)TB6605FTG1 DC Brushless Motor9v-24v-Product ManufacturerSTmicroelectronics (ST) group was established in June 1988 as a result of the merger of SGS Microelectronics of Italy and Thomson Of France. In May 1998 SGS-Thomson Microelectronics changed its name to STmicroelectronics Limited.It is the world's largest manufacturer of dedicated analog chips and power conversion chips, the world's largest supplier of industrial semiconductors and set-top box chips, and a world leader in discrete components, mobile phone camera modules, and automotive integrated circuits.Component DatasheetL298 DatasheetFAQWhat is l298n?This L298N Motor Driver Module is a high power motor driver module for driving DC and Stepper Motors. This module consists of an L298 motor driver IC and a 78M05 5V regulator. L298N Module can control up to 4 DC motors, or 2 DC motors with directional and speed control.What is the use of l298n?The L298N is a dual H-Bridge motor driver which allows speed and direction control of two DC motors at the same time. The module can drive DC motors that have voltages between 5 and 35V, with a peak current up to 2A.How does l298n control DC motor speed?1.If you send a HIGH signal to the enable 1 pin, motor A is ready to be controlled and at the maximum speed;2.If you send a LOW signal to the enable 1 pin, motor A turns off;3.If you send a PWM signal, you can control the speed of the motor. The motor speed is proportional to the duty cycle.What is l298n motor driver module?This L298N Motor Driver Module is a high power motor driver module for driving DC and Stepper Motors. This module consists of an L298 motor driver IC and a 78M05 5V regulator. L298N Module can control up to 4 DC motors, or 2 DC motors with directional and speed control.How does l298n motor driver work?The L298N is a dual H-Bridge motor driver which allows speed and direction control of two DC motors at the same time. The module can drive DC motors that have voltages between 5 and 35V, with a peak current up to 2A.How do I use an l298 motor driver with Arduino?Start by connecting power supply to the motors. In our experiment, we are using DC Gearbox Motors(also known as 'TT' motors) that are usually found in two-wheel-drive robots. They are rated for 3 to 12V. So, we will connect the external 12V power supply to the VCC terminal.What is the function of the H bridge?An H-bridge is an electronic circuit that switches the polarity of a voltage applied to a load. These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC motors to run forwards or backwards.What is the difference between l293d and l298n?L293 is a quadruple half-H driver while L298 is dual full-H driver, i.e, in L293 all four input- output lines are independent while in L298, a half H driver cannot be used independently, only full H driver has to be used. ... Hence, heat sink is provided in L298.What package is the L298 integrated monolithic circuit?15-lead Multiwatt and PowerSO20What type of driver is required in L298?High power motor driver 

CD40106 is a hex inverter Schmitt trigger, meaning it has 6 inverted Schmitt triggers inside it. This is a video introducing CD40106 in more details.CatalogCD40106 DescriptionCD40106 PinoutCD40106 FeaturesCD40106 EquivalentsWhere to Use CD40106 ICHow to Use CD40106 ICCD40106 ApplicationsCD40106 PackageComponent DatasheetFAQCD40106 DescriptionCD40106 IC consists of six Schmitt-Trigger inputs. Each circuit functions as an inverter with Schmitt-Trigger input. The trigger switches at different points for positive- and negative-going signals. The difference between positive-going voltage (VP) and negative-going voltage (VN) is defined as hysteresis voltage (VH). CD40106B device is supplied in ceramic packaging (J) as well as standard packaging (D, N, NS, PW). All CD40106B devices are rated for –55°C to +125°C ambient temperature operation.CD40106 PinoutCD40106CD40106 Pinout CD40106 Pin Descriptions:Pin NumberPin NameDescription1,3,5,11,13,15Schmitt Input PinsInput pins of the Schmitt trigger2,4,6,10,12,14Schmitt Inverted Output PinsOutput pins of the Schmitt trigger7GroundConnected to the ground of the system14Vcc (+5V)Resets all outputs as low. Must be held high for normal operationCD40106 FeaturesSchmitt Trigger – Hex InverterOperating Voltage: 5VLow-Level Hysteresis voltage: 0.3VHigh-Level Hysteresis voltage: 3.5VOutput current High: -1mAOutput current Low: 1mAQuiescent Current: 40 nAPropagation Delay Time: 280 nsOperating Temperature Range: -55 C to + 125 CAvailable in 14-pin PDIP, GDIP, PDSO packagesCD40106 EquivalentsEquivalent for CD40106: MM74C14Alternatives Schmitt Triggers:  SN74LS14, TC4584, MC14584Where to Use CD40106 ICThe CD40106B device consists of six Schmitt-Trigger inputs, which means it has 6 inverted Schmitt triggers inside it. The Schmitt trigger is used to prevent the problem of hysteresis. It can also be used to smooth a noise signal into a sharp one. Schmitt trigger gate can convert the sinusoidal or triangular wave into a square wave. It can also be used as a logic inverter, if necessary. The Schmitt trigger is also useful for setting up a pushbutton or other noisy input devices. So if you're looking for an IC that can help you get a switching noise or create sharp square wave signals based on an input signal, this IC could be the right choice for you.How to Use CD40106 ICAs mentioned above, the CD40106 has six INVERTING SCHMITT TRIGGER GATES which can be used as six individual gates. The internal structure of CD40106 is given below:CD40106 Functional DiagramEach of these 6 gates can be used individually on the basis of our application. Since the gates are inverting, we can also combine two gates into a non-inverting gate. The input signal can be a noise square wave or any signal wave that oscillates between the low and high hysteresis voltages.CD40106 ApplicationsWave and Pulse ShapersHigh-Noise-Environment SystemsMonostable MultivibratorsAstable MultivibratorsCD40106 PackageComponent DatasheetCD40106 Hex Inverter DatasheetFAQHow many Schmitt-Trigger inputs does CD40106 IC consist of?Six What are all CD40106B devices rated for?–55°C to +125°C What is the equivalent for CD40106? MM74C14

DescriptionATMEGA328P is a Microcontroller. This blog covers ATMEGA328P Microcontroller pinout, datasheet, equivalent, features and other information on how to use and where to use this device.ATMEGA328PCatalogDescriptionATMEGA328P PinoutATMEGA328P ApplicationsATMEGA328P FeaturesATMEGA328P AdvantageATMEGA328P ParametersATMEGA328P ArduinoATMEGA328P AlternativesATMEGA328P EquivalentsWhere to use ATMEGA328PHow to use ATMEGA328PHow to Safely Long Run Atmega328PATMEGA328P ManufacturerOrdering & QuantityATMEGA328P PinoutATMEGA328P is a 28-pin chip as shown in pin diagram above. Many pins of the chip here have more than one function. We will describe functions of each pin in below table.Pin No.Pin nameDescriptionSecondary Function1PC6 (RESET)Pin6 of  PORTCPin by default is used as RESET pin. PC6 can only be used as I/O pin when RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed.2PD0 (RXD)Pin0  of  PORTDRXD (Data Input Pin for USART)USART Serial Communication Interface[Can be used for programming]3PD1 (TXD)Pin1 of  PORTDTXD (Data Output Pin for USART)USART Serial Communication Interface[Can be used for programming] INT2( External Interrupt 2 Input)4PD2 (INT0)Pin2  of  PORTDExternal Interrupt source 0 5PD3 (INT1/OC2B)Pin3  of  PORTDExternal Interrupt source1 OC2B(PWM - Timer/Counter2 Output Compare Match B Output)6PD4 (XCK/T0)Pin4  of  PORTDT0( Timer0 External Counter Input)XCK ( USART External Clock I/O)7VCC Connected to positive voltage8GND Connected to ground9PB6 (XTAL1/TOSC1)Pin6  of  PORTBXTAL1 (Chip Clock Oscillator pin 1 or External clock input)TOSC1 (Timer Oscillator pin 1)10PB7 (XTAL2/TOSC2)Pin7  of  PORTBXTAL2 (Chip Clock Oscillator pin 2)TOSC2 (Timer Oscillator pin 2)11PD5(T1/OC0B)Pin5 of  PORTDT1(Timer1 External Counter Input) OC0B(PWM - Timer/Counter0 Output Compare Match B Output)12PD6 (AIN0/OC0A)Pin6  of  PORTDAIN0(Analog Comparator Positive I/P) OC0A(PWM - Timer/Counter0 Output Compare Match A Output)13PD7 (AIN1)Pin7  of  PORTDAIN1(Analog Comparator Negative I/P) 14PB0 (ICP1/CLKO)Pin0  of  PORTBICP1(Timer/Counter1 Input Capture Pin) CLKO (Divided System Clock. The divided system clock can be output on the PB0 pin)15PB1 (OC1A)Pin1  of  PORTBOC1A (Timer/Counter1 Output Compare Match A Output)16PB2 (SS/OC1B)Pin2  of  PORTBSS (SPI Slave Select Input).  This pin is low when controller acts as slave.[Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) for programming] OC1B (Timer/Counter1 Output Compare Match B Output)17PB3 (MOSI/OC2A)Pin3  of  PORTBMOSI (Master Output Slave Input). When controller acts as slave, the data is received by this pin. [Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) for programming]OC2 (Timer/Counter2 Output Compare Match Output)18PB4 (MISO)Pin4  of  PORTBMISO (Master Input Slave Output). When controller acts as slave, the data is sent to master by this controller through this pin. [Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) for programming]19PB5 (SCK)Pin5  of  PORTBSCK (SPI Bus Serial Clock). This is the clock shared between this controller and other system for accurate data transfer.[Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) for programming]20AVCC Power for Internal ADC Converter21AREF Analog Reference Pin for ADC22GND GROUND23PC0 (ADC0)Pin0  of  PORTC ADC0 (ADC Input Channel 0)24PC1 (ADC1)Pin1  of  PORTCADC1 (ADC Input Channel 1)25PC2 (ADC2)Pin2  of  PORTC ADC2 (ADC Input Channel 2)26PC3 (ADC3)Pin3  of  PORTC ADC3 (ADC Input Channel 3)27PC4 (ADC4/SDA)Pin4  of  PORTCADC4 (ADC Input Channel 4)SDA (Two-wire Serial Bus Data Input/output Line)28PC5 (ADC5/SCL)Pin5  of  PORTCADC5 (ADC Input Channel 5)SCL (Two-wire Serial Bus Clock Line)ATMEGA328P ApplicationsThere are thousands of applications for Atmega328P also more to come in near future depends on how creative one can think. Every day we see a new application built using the this chip by electronic students, engineers, hobbyists, tinkerers. Some of the applications for the chip are as follow.Industrial machinery controlling systemsSolar powered machinery and applicationsIOT based applicationsPower supply and charger based applicationsWeather systemsWireless communication applicationsSecurity based applicationsMedical & health related projects & systemsAutomobile related applicationsATMEGA328P FeaturesHigh performance designLow power consumptionTotal number of Analog Input pins are 6Contains 32 kilobytes of flash memoryContains 2 kilobytes of SRAMContains 1 kilobytes of EEPROM16 megahertz clock speedMinimum & maximum temperature -40 degree centigrade to 105 degree centigradeTotal number of Digital I/O pins are 14Advance RISCLock program functionality for programming code securityContains total three timers two 8-bit and one 16 bitTotal number of I/O pins are 23Total number of PWM channels are 6Minimum and maximum operating voltage from 1.8V DC to 5.5V DCATMEGA328P AdvantageATMEG328PThe high-performance Microchip picoPower 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32KB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1024B EEPROM, 2KB SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, a 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts.By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the device achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, balancing power consumption and processing speed.ATMEGA328P ParametersAdditional FeatureIT ALSO OPERATES 2.7V AT 10 MHZBit Size8Clock Frequency-Max20 MHzDAC ChannelsNODMA ChannelsNOHas ADCYESHTS Code8542.31.00.01JESD-30 CodeR-PDIP-T28Length34.167 mmManufacturerMicrochip Technology IncManufacturer Part NumberATMEGA328P-20PUNumber of I/O Lines23Number of Terminals28Operating Temperature-Max85 °COperating Temperature-Min-40 °CPackage Body MaterialPLASTIC/EPOXYPackage CodeDIPPackage ShapeRECTANGULARPackage StyleIN-LINEPart Life Cycle CodeObsoletePWM ChannelsYESQualification StatusNot QualifiedReach Compliance CodeUnknownRisk Rank5.68ROM ProgrammabilityFLASHSeated Height-Max4.5724 mmSpeed20 MHzSupply Voltage-Max5.5 VSupply Voltage-Min4.5 VSupply Voltage-Nom5 VSurface MountNOTechnologyCMOSTemperature GradeINDUSTRIALTerminal FormTHROUGH-HOLETerminal Pitch2.54 mmTerminal PositionDUALuPs/uCs/Peripheral ICs TypeMICROCONTROLLER, RISCWidth7.62 mmATMEGA328P ArduinoATMEG328P ModelATMEGA328 is used similar to any other controller. All there to do is programming. Controller simply executes the program provided by us at any instant. Without programming controller simply stays put without doing anything.Since ATmega328P is used in Arduino Uno and Arduino nano boards, you can directly replace the arduino board with ATmega328 chip. For that first you need to install the Arduino bootloader into the chip (Or you can also buy a chip with bootloader – ATMega328P-PU). This IC with bootloader can be placed on Arduino Uno board and burn the program into it. Once Arduino program is burnt into the IC, it can be removed and used in place of Arduino board, along with a Crystal oscillator and other components as required for the project.ATMEGA328P AlternativesATMEGA16, ATMEGA32, ATMEGA8535ATMEGA328P EquivalentsATMEGA8Where to use ATMEGA328PAlthough we have many controllers ATMEGA328P is most popular of all because of its features and cost. ARDUINO boards are also developed on this controller because of its features.With program memory of 32 Kbytes ATMEGA328P applications are many.With various POWER SAVING modes it can work on MOBILE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS.With Watchdog timer to reset under error it can be used on systems with minimal human interference.With advanced RISC architecture, the controller executes programs quickly.Also with in chip temperature sensor the controller can be used at extreme temperatures.These all features add together promoting ATMEGA328P further.How to use ATMEGA328PATMEGA328 is used similar to any other controller. All there to do is programming. Controller simply executes the program provided by us at any instant. Without programming controller simply stays put without doing anything.As said, first we need to program the controller and that is done by writing the appropriate program file in the ATMEGA328P FLASH memory. After dumping this program code, the controller executes this code and provides appropriate response.Entire process of using an ATMEGA328P goes like this:List the functions to be executed by controller.Write the functions in programming language in IDE programs.You can download the IDE program for free in company websites. IDE program for AVR controllers is ‘ATMEL STUDIO’. Link for ATMEL STUDIO is given below.(Usually Atmel Studio 6.0 for Windows7 [ http://atmel-studio.software.informer.com/6.0/ ],Atmel Studio 7 for Windows10 [ https://www.microchip.com/avr-support/atmel-studio-7 ])ATMEGA328P programming can also be done in ARDUINO IDE.After writing the program, compile it to eliminate errors.Make the IDE generate HEX file for the written program after compiling.This HEX file contains the machine code which should be written in controller flash memory.Choose the programming device (usually SPI programmer made for AVR controllers) which establishes communication between PC and ATMEGA328P. You can also program ATMEGA328P using ARDUINO UNO board.Run the programmer software and choose the appropriate hex file.Burn the HEX file of written program in ATMEGA328P flash memory using this program.Disconnect the programmer, connect the appropriate peripherals for the controller and get the system started.How to Safely Long Run Atmega328PTo get long term performance or if you want to run the Atmega328P for years in your electronic gadget or project it should be known that Chips or ICs are very sensitive and care must be taken when using them. The supply voltage should not exceed from 5.5V. Always check the voltage source output before connecting to the IC. When experimenting on the breadboard or soldering in a circuit it is highly recommended to check all the pins for short circuit before giving power to the IC, it is better to use an IC socket for the IC, but also check the IC socket pins for short circuit before placing the IC in it. IC socket also saves the IC from the heat generated from the soldering iron while soldering. Do not store or operate the chip below -40 centigrade and above 105 centigrade.ATMEGA328P ManufacturerMicrochip Technology Inc. is a leading provider of microcontroller and analog semiconductors, providing low-risk product development, lower total system cost and faster time to market for thousands of diverse customer applications worldwide. Headquartered in Chandler, Arizona, Microchip offers outstanding technical support along with dependable delivery and quality.Component DatasheetATMEGA328P DatasheetFAQWhat is meant by ATMEGA328P?ATMEGA328P is high performance, low power controller from Microchip. ATMEGA328P is an 8-bit microcontroller based on AVR RISC architecture. It is the most popular of all AVR controllers as it is used in ARDUINO boards.What is the difference between ATMEGA328 and ATMEGA328P?ATMEGA328P and ATMEGA328 are the same every sense architecturally.ATMEGA328P just consumes lower power than ATMEGA328, which means that the 328P is manufactured in a finer process than the 328.Why ATMEGA328 is used in Arduino?The ATMEGA328/P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR® enhanced RISC (reduced instruction set computer) architecture. In Order to maximize performance and parallelism, the AVR uses Harvard architecture – with separate memories and buses for program and data.How do you code ATMEGA328P?Is ATMEGA328P a microcontroller?The ATMEGA328 is a single-chip microcontroller created by Atmel in the megaAVR family (later Microchip Technology acquired Atmel in 2016). It has a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC processor core.Can the ATMEGA328P microcontroller be used without the Arduino board?Yes. You can use ATMega328P without arduino board. ... You can use arduino board with the IC. Program the IC and then take it out and use it in your circuit. You will have to use 16MHZ Oscillator with capacitors.How do I program Atmega328P without bootloader?Programming AVR With Arduino As ISP Without Bootloader and External CrystalStep 1: Things You Need. ...Step 2: Upload ArduinoISP Code on Arduino Board. ...Step 3: Open Command Prompt (in Windows OS) ...Step 4: Required Downloads.. ...Step 5: Installation of WinAVR (only Help for Windows OS Is Covered for Now)