The Kynix Components

Product OverviewThe ZCU102 Evaluation Kit enables designers to jumpstart designs for automotive, industrial, video, and communications applications. This kit features a Zynq® UltraScale+™ MPSoC with a quad-core Arm® Cortex®-A53, dual-core Cortex-R5F real-time processors, and a Mali™-400 MP2 graphics processing unit based on Xilinx's 16nm FinFET+ programmable logic fabric. The ZCU102 supports all major peripherals and interfaces, enabling development for a wide range of applications. This blog will introduce ZCU102 systematically from its features, pinout to its specifications, applications, also including ZCU102 datasheet and so much more. Video: FPGA YOLOv2 on the Xilinx ZCU102 Zynq Ultrascale+ MPSoC Board CatalogProduct OverviewZCU102 FeaturesHardwareZCU102 Board Layout SchematicZCU102 Block SchematicZCU102 Pin MapEncryption Key Backup CircuitZCU102 SpecificationZCU102 ManufacturerZCU102 User GuideUsing WarningsZCU102 FAQ ZCU102 FeaturesOptimized for quick application prototyping with Zynq Ultrascale+ MPSoCDDR4 SODIMM – 4GB 64-bit w/ ECC attached to Processor Subsystem (PS)DDR4 Component – 512MB 16-bit attached to Programmable Logic (PL)PCIe Root Port Gen2x4, USB3, Display Port & SATA4x SFP+ cages for Ethernet2x FPGA Mezzanine Card (FMC) interfaces for I/O expansion including 16 x 16.3 Gb/s GTH transceivers and 64 user defined differential I/O signals HardwareConfigurationOnboard JTAG configuration circuitry to enable configuration over USBDual Quad-SPI flash memoryBoot from SD card Communication & NetworkingRGMII communications at 10, 100, or 1000 Mb/s. Serial GMII interface-supports a 1 Gb/s SGMII interface4x SFP+ cageSMA GTH support (4x SMA Tx/Rx connectors)UART To USB bridgeRJ45 Ethernet connectorSATA (1 x GTR) (note1)PCIe Gen2x4 Root Port (note1) Expansion Connectors2x FMC-HPC connectors (16 GTH Transceivers, 64 differential user defined signals)2x PMOD headersIIC Control & I/O6x Directional Push Buttons (5x PL, 1x PS)DIP switches (8x PL)PMBUS & System Controller MSP430 for power, clocks, and I2C bus switchingUSB2/3 (MIO ULPI and 1 GTR) (note1) MemoryPS 4GB DDR4 64-bit SODIMM w/ ECCPL 512MB DDR4 component memory ([256 Mb x 16] devices) at 1200MHz / 2400Mbps DDR8KB IIC EEPROMDual 64MB Quad SPI flashSD card slot DisplayHDMI video input and output (3 GTH)External Retimer device driving an HDMI output connector9x GPIO user LEDs (8x PL, 1x PS)VESA DisplayPort 1.2 source-only controller supports up to two lanes of main link data at rates of 1.62 Gb/s, 2.70 Gb/s, or 5.40 Gb/s. ClockingProgrammable clocksSystem clocks, user clocks, jitter attenuated clocks2x SMA MGT input clocks Power12V wall adapter or ATX ZCU102 Board Layout SchematicThe following figure shows the board layout diagram of ZCU102. ZCU102 Board Layout Schematic ZCU102 Block DiagramThe following figure shows the block diagram of ZCU102. ZCU102 Evaluation Board Block Diagram ZCU102 Pin MapThe following figure shows the pin map of ZCU102. ZCU102 Pin Map Encryption Key Backup CircuitThe XCZU9EG MPSoC U1 implements bitstream encryption key technology. The ZCU102 board provides the encryption key backup battery circuit shown in the following figure. Encryption Key Backup Circuit ZCU102 SpecificationProduct AttributeAttribute ValueManufacturer:XilinxProduct Category:Programmable Logic IC Development ToolsProduct:Evaluation KitsType:FPGATool Is For Evaluation Of:XCZU9EG-2FFVB1156EDimensions:23.749 cm x 24.384 cm x 0.2642 cmBrand:XilinxMaximum Operating Temperature:+ 45 CMinimum Operating Temperature:0 CProduct Type:Programmable Logic IC Development ToolsSubcategory:Development ToolsUnit Weight:6.479 lbs ZCU102 ManufacturerXilinx, Inc. is an American technology company that develops highly flexible and adaptive processing platforms. The company invented the field-programmable gate array (FPGA), programmable system-on-chips (SoCs), and the adaptive compute acceleration platform (ACAP). It is the semiconductor company that created the first fabless manufacturing model. ZCU102 User GuideYou can download this PDF for ZCU102 user guide from the link given below:ZCU102 User Guide Using WarningsNote: Please check their parameters and pin configuration before replacing them in your circuit. ZCU102 FAQWhat is the user clock frequency on zcu102?On power-up the user clock defaults to an output frequency of 156.250 MHz. User applications can change the output frequency within the range of 10 MHz to 810 MHz through an I2C interface. Power cycling the ZCU102 board reverts this user clock to the default frequency of 156.250 MHz. What kind of processor does Xilinx zcu102 have?This kit features a Zynq® UltraScale+™ MPSoC with a quad-core Arm® Cortex®-A53, dual-core Cortex-R5F real-time processors, and a Mali™-400 MP2 graphics processing unit based on Xilinx's 16nm FinFET+ programmable logic fabric. The ZCU102 supports all major peripherals and interfaces, enabling development for a wide range of applications. What kind of peripherals does Zynq zcu102 support?The ZCU102 supports all major peripherals and interfaces, enabling development for a wide range of applications. RGMII communications at 10, 100, or 1000 Mb/s. Serial GMII interface-supports a 1 Gb/s SGMII interface VESA DisplayPort 1.2 source-only controller supports up to two lanes of main link data at rates of 1.62 Gb/s, 2.70 Gb/s, or 5.40 Gb/s. 

 The LM193-N series consists of two independent precision voltage comparators with an offset voltage specification as low as 2.0 mV max for two comparators which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. CatalogProduct OverviewLMx93-N PinoutLMx93-N CircuitDatasheetFeaturesApplicationsDevice Functional ModesPower Supply RecommendationsLayout ExampleProduct AttributesReplacementUsing Warning Product OverviewThe LM193-N series consists of two independent precision voltage comparators with an offset voltage specification as low as 2.0 mV max for two comparators which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage. These comparators also have a unique characteristic in that the input common-mode voltage range includes ground, even though operated from a single power supply voltage. Application areas include limit comparators, simple analog to digital converters; pulse, squarewave and time delay generators; wide range VCO; MOS clock timers; multivibrators and high voltage digital logic gates. The LM193-N series was designed to directly interface with TTL and CMOS. When operated from both plus and minus power supplies, the LM19-N series will directly interface with MOS logic where their low power drain is a distinct advantage over standard comparators. The LM393 and LM2903 parts are available in TI’s innovative thin DSBGA package with 8 (12 mil) large bumps.  LMx93-N Pinout LMx93-N Pinout LMx93-N Circuit LMx93-N Circuit DatasheetLMx93-N Datasheet FeaturesWide SupplyVoltage Range: 2.0 V to 36 VSingle or Dual Supplies: ±1.0 V to ±18 VVery Low Supply Current Drain (0.4 mA) — Independent of Supply VoltageLow Input Biasing Current: 25 nALow Input Offset Current: ±5 nAMaximum Offset voltage: ±3 mVInput Common-Mode Voltage Range Includes GroundDifferential Input Voltage Range Equal to the Power Supply VoltageLow Output Saturation Voltage: 250 mV at 4 mAOutput Voltage Compatible with TTL, DTL, ECL, MOS and CMOS logic systemsAvailable in the 8-Bump (12 mil) DSBGA PackageSee AN-1112 (SNVA009) for DSBGA ConsiderationsAdvantagesHigh Precision ComparatorsReduced VOS Drift Over TemperatureEliminates Need for Dual SuppliesAllows Sensing Near GroundCompatible with All Forms of LogicPower Drain Suitable for Battery Operation ApplicationsBattery Powered ApplicationsIndustrial Applications Detailed Information:The LM193 series are high gain, wide bandwidth devices which, like most comparators, can easily oscillate if the output lead is inadvertently allowed to capacitively couple to the inputs via stray capacitance. This shows up only during the output voltage transition intervals as the comparator change states. Power supply bypassing is not required to solve this problem. Standard PC board layout is helpful as it reduces stray input-output coupling. Reducing the input resistors to < 10 kΩ reduces the feedback signal levels and finally, adding even a small amount (1.0 to 10 mV) of positive feedback (hysteresis) causes such a rapid transition that oscillations due to stray feedback are not possible. Simply socketing the IC and attaching resistors to the pins will cause inputoutput oscillations during the small transition intervals unless hysteresis is used. If the input signal is a pulse waveform, with relatively fast rise and fall times, hysteresis is not required. All input pins of any unused comparators should be tied to the negative supply. The bias network of the LM193 series establishes a drain current which is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage over the range of from 2.0 VDC to 30 VDC. The differential input voltage may be larger than V + without damaging the deviceTypical Applications . Protection should be provided to prevent the input voltages from going negative more than −0.3 VDC (at 25°C). An input clamp diode can be used as shown in Typical Applications . The output of the LM193 series is the uncommitted collector of a grounded-emitter NPN output transistor. Many collectors can be tied together to provide an output OR'ing function. An output pullup resistor can be connected to any available power supply voltage within the permitted supply voltage range and there is no restriction on this voltage due to the magnitude of the voltage which is applied to the V + terminal of the LM193 package. The output can also be used as a simple SPST switch to ground (when a pullup resistor is not used). The amount of current which the output device can sink is limited by the drive available (which is independent of V + ) and the β of this device. When the maximum current limit is reached (approximately 16 mA), the output transistor will come out of saturation and the output voltage will rise very rapidly. The output saturation voltage is limited by the approximately 60 Ω rSAT of the output transistor. The low offset voltage of the output transistor (1.0 mV) allows the output to clamp essentially to ground level for small load currents. Device Functional ModesA basic comparator circuit is used for converting analog signals to a digital output. The output is HIGH when the voltage on the non-inverting (+IN) input is greater than the inverting (-IN) input. The output is LOW when the voltage on the non-inverting (+IN) input is less than the inverting (-IN) input. The inverting input (-IN) is also commonly referred to as the "reference" or "VREF" input. All pins of any unused comparators should be tied to the negative supply. Power Supply RecommendationsEven in low frequency applications, the LM139-N can have internal transients which are extremely quick. For this reason, bypassing the power supply with 1.0 μF to ground will provide improved performance; the supply bypass capacitor should be placed as close as possible to the supply pin and have a solid connection to ground. The bypass capacitor should have a low ESR and also a SRF greater than 50MHz. Layout Example LM393-N-Layout-ExampleProduct AttributesManufacturer Part Number:LM393NSIIBPart Life Cycle Code:ObsoleteIhs Manufacturer:PHILIPS SEMICONDUCTORSPackage Description:DIP, DIP8,.3ECCN Code:EAR99HTS Code:8542.39.00.01Manufacturer:Philips SemiconductorsRisk Rank:5.92Amplifier Type:COMPARATORInput Offset Voltage-Max:9000 µVJESD-30 Code:R-PDIP-T8JESD-609 Code:e0Number of Functions:2Number of Terminals:8Operating Temperature-Max:70 °CPackage Body Material:PLASTIC/EPOXYPackage Code:DIPPackage Equivalence Code:DIP8,.3Package Shape:RECTANGULARPackage Style:IN-LINEPower Supplies:5 VSubcategory:ComparatorsSupply Voltage-Nom (Vsup):5 VTechnology:BIPOLARTemperature Grade:COMMERCIALTerminal Finish:Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)Terminal Form:THROUGH-HOLETerminal Pitch:2.54 mmTerminal Position:DUALReplacementReplacement Part NumberRepl. MfrDescriptionReference TypeBA10393 Cross ReferenceRohmDual ComparatorsCompatible EquivalentCA3290E Cross ReferenceHarrisInfo source: STMicroelectronics web-sitePin-to-Pin ReplacementKIA393P Cross ReferenceKECDUAL COMPARATORCompatible EquivalentLM393N Cross ReferenceNational SemiconductorLow Power Low Offset Voltage Dual ComparatorsCompatible EquivalentLM393P Cross ReferenceTexas InstrumentsDUAL DIFFERENTIAL COMPARATORSPin-to-Pin ReplacementUPC393C Cross ReferenceNECInfo source: STMicroelectronics web-sitePin-to-Pin ReplacementUsing WarningNote: Please check their parameters and pin configuration before replacing them in your circuit.  

Have you ever wondered what is meant by "switch" in switching power supply? To be specific, what is " switching on" and " switching off"?As the name implies, the switching power supply uses electronic switching devices (such as transistors, field effect transistors, thyristors, etc.) to make the electronic switching devices "on" and "off" continuously through the control circuit. What happened next? Then, let the electronic switching device pulse modulate the input voltage to realize DC/AC, DC/DC voltage conversion, as well as adjustable output voltage and automatic voltage stabilization.After you have an understanding of the basic definition of switching power supply, you may be willing to further explore its application and deepen your understanding. Therefore, in this blog, we will introduce 6 simple switching power supply circuit design schematics to you.Of course, if you have any questions about the circuit diagram, please leave your questions in the comment, and we will provide you with enthusiastic and professional answers.A video introducing basics of switching mode power supplysCatalogI What is switch mode power supplyII 6 switching power supply circuit diagrams2.1 A simple switching power supply circuit2.2 24V switching power supply circuit2.3 Single-ended forward switching power supply circuit2.4 Push-pull switching power supply circuit2.5 Power feedback isolation circuit2.6 Inverter and rectifier circuitIII ConclusionI What is switch mode power supplySwitch Mode Power Supply (SMPS), also known as switching power supply and switching converter, is a high-frequency electric energy conversion device and a type of power supply. Its function is to convert a level of voltage into the voltage or current required by the user through different forms of architecture.NameSwitching Mode Power SupplyNatureUtilize modern power electronics technologyMethodPulse width modulationFeaturesSmall size, light weight and high efficiencyII 6 switching power supply circuit diagrams2.1 A simple switching power supply circuitThis circuit is not difficult and can work normally without too many requirements. Basically pay attention to the following points:Adjust C3 and R5 so that the oscillation frequency is 30KHz-45KHz;The output voltage needs to be stabilized;The output current can reach 500mA.The effective power is 8W and the efficiency is 87%.2.2 24V switching power supply circuit24V switching power supply is a type of high frequency inverter switching power supply. The switch tube is controlled by the circuit to conduct high-speed pass and cut-off, convert the direct current into high-frequency alternating current and provide it to the transformer for transformation, thereby generating the required one or more sets of voltages.The working principle of 24V switching power supply is:The AC power input is rectified and filtered into DC;Control the switching tube by high-frequency PWM (pulse width modulation) signal, and add that DC to the primary of the switching transformer;High-frequency voltage is induced in the secondary of the switching transformer, which is rectified and filtered and supplied to the load;The output part is fed back to the control circuit through a certain circuit to control the PWM duty cycle to achieve the purpose of stable output.2.3 Single-ended forward switching power supply circuitThe typical circuit of a single-ended forward switching power supply is shown in the figure below. This circuit is similar in form to a single-ended flyback circuit, but the working conditions are different:When the switch tube VT1 is turned on, VD2 is also turned on. At this time, the grid transmits energy to the load, and the filter inductor L stores energy;When the switch VT1 is turned off, the inductor L continues to release energy to the load through the freewheeling diode VD3.There is also a clamping coil and diode VD2 in the circuit. The diode can limit the maximum voltage of the switch tube VT1 to between twice the power supply voltage. In order to meet the magnetic core reset condition, that is, the flux establishment and reset time should be equal, so the duty cycle of the pulse in the circuit cannot be greater than 50%.Because this circuit transfers energy to the load through the transformer when the switch tube VT1 is turned on, the output power range is large, and it can output power of 50-200 W. However, there are few practical applications of this circuit. The reason is that the transformer used in this circuit has a complicated structure and a large volume.2.4 Push-pull switching power supply circuitThe typical circuit of push-pull switching power supply is shown in the figure below. It is a double-ended conversion circuit, and the magnetic core of the high-frequency transformer works on both sides of the hysteresis loop. The circuit uses two switching tubes VT1 and VT2. The two switching tubes are switched on and off alternately under the control of an external excitation square wave signal. The square wave voltage is obtained in the secondary group of the transformer T, which is rectified and filtered into the required DC Voltage.The advantage of this circuit is that the two switching tubes are easy to drive, and the main disadvantage is that the withstand voltage of the switching tubes must reach twice the peak voltage of the circuit. The output power of the circuit is relatively large, generally in the range of 100-500 W.2.5 Power feedback isolation circuitIn the switching power supply, the power feedback isolation circuit is composed of a photocoupler such as PC817 and a shunt regulator TL431, and its typical application is shown in the following figure. When the output voltage fluctuates, the sampled voltage obtained after the resistor divider is compared with the 2.5V bandgap reference voltage in the TL431, and an error voltage is formed on the cathode. Subsequently, the LED operating current in the optical coupling device changes accordingly. In this way, the current size of the TOPSwitch control terminal can be changed through the optical coupling device, and then the output duty ratio can be adjusted, so that Uo can be kept unchanged to achieve the purpose of voltage stabilization.The role and selection of the main components in the feedback loop: The main role of R1R4R5 is to work with the TL431 and the optical coupling device. Among them, R1 is the current limiting resistor of the optocoupler, and R4 and R5 are the voltage divider resistors of TL431, which provide the necessary working current to complete the protection of TL431.2.6 Inverter and rectifier circuitThe circuit takes the UC3842 oscillator chip as the core to form an inverter and rectifier circuit. UC3842 is a high-performance single-ended output current-controlled pulse width modulator chip. The AC220V power supply is introduced through the common mode filter L1, which can better suppress the high frequency interference from the power grid and the radiation from the power supply itself. The AC voltage is filtered by the bridge rectifier circuit and the capacitor C4 to become an unstable DC voltage of about 280V, which serves as an inverter circuit composed of the oscillating chip U1, the switching tube Q1, the switching transformer T1 and other components.III ConclusionThe above are 6 simple switching power supply circuit diagrams that we have prepared for you. During the browsing process, is there anything that I don’t understand or have doubts about? If so, don't hesitate to leave your thoughts in the comment area.

1. HC is COMS level and HCT is TTL level;2. LS input open circuit is high level, HC input is not allowed to open circuit. HC generally requires a pull-up and pull-down resistor to determine the level when the input terminal is invalid. But LS does not have this requirement;3. LS output pull-down is strong, pull-up is weak, HC pull-up and pull-down are the same;4. Working voltage: LS can only use 5V, while HC is generally 2V to 6V;5. CMOS can drive TTL, but not vice versa. When the TTL circuit drives the COMS circuit, a pull-up resistor needs to be added to pull up the voltage between 2.4V and 3.6V, so that the CMOS can detect the high-level input;6. The driving ability is different. The driving ability of LS is generally 5mA for high level and 20mA for low level; while the high and low level of CMOS are both 5mA;7. RS232 level is +12V for logic negative, -12 for logic positive;8. The 74 series are for commercial use and 54 are for military use9, TTL high level> 2.4V and TTL low level <0.4V, with noise tolerance 0.4V10. OC gate, which is an open-collector gate circuit (why is there an OC gate? Because of the realization of "wire-AND" logic), OD gate, which is an open-drain gate circuit, must be pulled up by an external resistor and power supply to switch the level Used as high and low level. Otherwise, it is generally only used to switch high voltage and high current loads, so it is also called drive gate circuit. And it can only absorb current, and only an external pull-up resistor and power supply can output current externally.11. If the input current of COMS exceeds 1mA, COMS may be burnt out12. When connecting a long signal transmission line, connect a matching resistor to the COMS circuit terminal13. Connect a 10K resistor in series at the input of the gate circuit and then input a low level. The input end shows a high level instead of a low level.14. If there is a 3.3V COMS circuit to drive a 5VCMOS circuit in the circuit, such as a 3.3V microcontroller to drive 74HC, there are several ways to solve this situation. The simplest is to directly replace the 74HC with a 74HCT chip, because 3.3VCMOS can directly drive a 5V TTL circuit; or add a voltage conversion chip; another is to set the I/O port of the microcontroller to open drain, and then add a pull-up resistor to 5V. In this case, you need to adjust the resistance according to the actual situation. Size to ensure the rising edge time of the signal.15. The load current when the logic gate output is high level (sourcing current), and the load current when the logic gate output is low level (sinking current)16. Since the drain stage is open, the subsequent circuit must be connected to a pull-up resistor, and the power supply voltage of the pull-up resistor can determine the output level. In this way, the open-drain form can be connected to devices of different levels for level conversion. One thing to note: The load is charged by an external pull-up passive resistor during the rising edge, so the rising edge time may not be fast enough, try to use the falling edge17. Several level conversion methods:(1) Transistor + pull-up resistor methodIt is a bipolar transistor or MOSFET, the C/D pole is connected to a pull-up resistor to the positive power supply, the input level is very flexible, and the output level is roughly the positive power level.(2) OC/OD device + pull-up resistor methodSimilar to 1). It is suitable for occasions where the device output happens to be OC/OD.(3) 74xHCT series chip boost (3.3V→5V)Any 5VCMOS device whose input is compatible with 5VTTL level can be used for 3.3V→5V level conversion.——This is because the level of 3.3VCMOS is just compatible with the level of 5VTTL (coincidence), while the output level of CMOS is always close to the power supply level.Inexpensive choices such as 74xHCT (HCT/AHCT/VHCT/AHCT1G/VHCT1G/...) series (the letter T means TTL compatible).(4) Over-limit input step-down method (5V→3.3V, 3.3V→1.8V,...)Any logic device that allows the input level to exceed the power supply can be used to reduce the level.The "over-limit" here refers to exceeding the power supply. Many older devices do not allow the input voltage to exceed the power supply, but more and more new devices cancel this limitation (change the input-level protection circuit).For example, 74AHC/VHC series chips, its datasheets clearly indicate "input voltage range is 0~5.5V", if 3.3V power supply is used, 5V→3.3V level conversion can be realized.(5) Dedicated level conversion chipThe most famous is the 164245, which can not only be used as a boost/buck, but also allows the power supplies on both sides to be asynchronous. This is the most common level conversion scheme, but it is also very expensive. Therefore, if it is not necessary, it is best to use the first two options.(6) Resistance divider methodThis is the easiest way to reduce the level. With 5V level, divided by 1.6k+3.3k resistors, it is 3.3V.(7) Current limiting resistance method18. Non-polarized capacitors and polarized capacitors: The package of the former is basically 0805,0603. The latter uses aluminum electrolytic capacitors at most, better tantalum capacitors19.PQFP (Plastic Quad Flat Package), BGA (Ball Grid Array Package), PGA (Pin Grid Array Package), PLCC (Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier), SOP (Small Outline Package), TOSP (Thin Small Outline Package), SOIC (Small Outline Integrated Circuit Package)Common packaging forms of integrated circuits:QFP (quad flatpa ckage) has gull wing feet on all sides (package)BGA (ball gridarray) ball grid array (package)PLCC (plastic leaded chip carrier) has inner hook type pins on four sides (package)SOJ (small out line junction) has inner hook type pins on both sides (package)SOIC (small out line integrated circuit) has gull-wing pins on both sides (package)20. Shielded wires have a strong inhibitory effect on static electricity, and twisted-pair wires also have a certain inhibitory effect on electromagnetic induction.21. Analog signal sampling anti-jamming technology: it is possible to use a measuring amplifier with differential input, use shielded double glue lines to transmit measurement signals, or change voltage signals to current signals, and use resistance-capacitance filtering techniques22. Do not leave unused IC pins floating in order to avoid interference. The positive input terminal of the unused operational amplifier is grounded, and the negative input terminal is connected to the output. The unused I/O ports of the MCU are defined as outputs. There are more than one power and ground terminals on the single-chip microcomputer, each of which must be connected, and should not be left floating23. Color ring representation of resistance value: ordinary color ring resistors are represented by 4 rings, and precision resistors are represented by 5 rings.24. The function of resistance is shunting, current limiting, voltage division, biasing, filtering (used in combination with capacitors) and impedance matching, etc.25. The role of capacitors: DC blocking, bypass, coupling, filtering, compensation, charging and discharging, energy storage, etc.26. The digital representation unit of general capacitors is pF, and electrolytic capacitors are generally uF27. The main performance indicators of the capacitor:The capacity of the capacitor (that is, the capacity of the stored charge);Withstand voltage (refers to the maximum DC voltage or the effective value of the maximum AC voltage at which the capacitor can work reliably for a long time within the rated temperature range);Temperature resistance value (indicating the maximum operating temperature that the capacitor can withstand.).28. The role of inductors: filter, trap, oscillate, store magnetic energy, etc.29. Classification of inductors: air core inductance and magnetic core inductance. Magnetic core inductance can also be called iron core inductance and copper core inductance, etc.30.Classification of semiconductor diodesClassified by material: silicon diode and germanium diode;According to the purpose: rectifier diode, detector diode, voltage stabilizer diode, light emitting diode, photodiode, varactor diode.31. The field effect tube is a voltage control element, and the transistor is a current control element. When only allowing less current to be drawn from the signal source, FETs should be used; and when the signal voltage is low and allowing more current to be drawn from the signal source, transistors should be used32. Socket is a form of socket packaging, which is a rectangular socket;Slot is a form of slot packaging, a rectangular slot33. Crystal oscillator measurement method: use the multimeter RX10K file to measure the positive and negative resistance values ​​of the quartz crystal oscillator. Normally, it should be infinite. If the measured resistance of the quartz crystal oscillator is zero or zero, it means that the quartz crystal oscillator has a certain resistance value or zero. The crystal oscillator has leaked or broken down34.When the IO port outputs high level, the driving ability is the lowest, and the external display is the push current;When the IO port outputs a low level, the drive capacity is the largest, and the external display is a source of current35. If the peripheral integrated digital drive circuit is driving an inductive load, a current limiting resistor or a diode must be added36.9013 provides a drive current of 300mA37.The output data should be latched (the peripheral speed cannot keep up, so it needs to be latched);The input data should have a three-state buffer (a high-impedance state is added to not affect the internal data bus)38. 8-bit parallel output port (must have a latch function): 74LS377, 74LS27 3.8-bit parallel input port (must be a three-state gate): 74LS373, 74LS24439. Serial port expansion parallel port, parallel input port: 74LS165. Parallel output port: 74LS16440. There are three keyboard working modes:1. Program scan mode2. Timing scan mode3. Interruption mode.An IO port can also be specially designed for the design of dual function keys (upshift key and downshift key)41. For TTL loads, DC load characteristics should be mainly considered, because TTL has a large current and small distributed capacitance. For MOS-type loads, AC load characteristics should be mainly considered, because the input current of MOS-type loads is small, and distributed capacitance is mainly considered42. Pay special attention to the concept of bus load balancing!43. The benefits of pull-up resistors:1. Increase the signal level2. Improve the anti-electromagnetic interference ability of the bus (electromagnetic signals enter the CPU through DB)3. Suppress electrostatic interference (CMOS chip)4. Reflected wave interference (long-distance transmission)44. When voltage stabilizing, it is better to use two-stage integrated voltage stabilizing chip.45. Impedance matching of transmission line:1. Terminal parallel impedance matching (high level drops)2. The start end is matched in series (low level is raised)3. Terminal parallel DC isolation matching (RC series grounding)4. Terminal connected to clamp diode46. ​​There are two types of grounding: shell grounding (real grounding) and working grounding (floating ground)47. Types of ground in the single-chip microcomputer: digital ground, analog ground, power ground (large current, thick ground wire), signal ground, AC ground, shield ground48.One point grounding: low frequency circuit (below 1MHZ)Multi-point grounding: high frequency circuit (above 10MHZ)49. The AC ground and signal ground cannot be shared. Digital ground and analog ground should be separated and connected at one point.50.Vibration circuit: Mica, high-frequency ceramic capacitors can be selected;DC blocking: paper, polyester, mica, electrolytic, ceramic and other capacitors can be selected;Filtering: Electrolytic capacitors can be used;Bypass: polyester, paper, ceramic, electrolytic and other capacitors can be used51. Diode application circuitLimiting circuit --- It is composed of the unidirectional conductivity of the diode and the basically constant voltage at both ends after it is turned on. It can limit the signal to change in a certain range, and is divided into single-limiting and double-limiting circuits. This circuit is mostly used in signal processing circuits.Clamping circuit --- Clamp the output voltage to a certain value.Switching circuit---Using the unidirectional conductivity of a diode to make and break the circuit, which is widely used in digital circuits.Rectifier circuit---Using the unidirectional conductivity of diodes to convert AC signals into DC signals, it is widely used in DC stabilized power supplies.Low-voltage voltage stabilizing circuit---Using the characteristic that the voltage at both ends of the diode is basically unchanged after the diode is turned on, several diodes are connected in series to obtain an output voltage below 3V52. The high frequency bypass capacitor is generally relatively small, and is generally 0.1u, 0.01u, etc. according to the resonance frequency. The decoupling capacitor is generally larger, 10uF or greater53. Summary of pull-up resistors:When the TTL circuit drives the CMOS circuit, if the high level output by the TTL circuit is lower than the lowest high level of the CMOS circuit (usually 3.5V), a pull-up resistor needs to be connected to the output terminal of the TTL. This can achieve the purpose of increasing the value of the output high level.The OC gate circuit must be added with a pull-up resistor before it can be used.To increase the drive capability of the output pins, pull-up resistors are often used on some single-chip microcomputer pins.On the COMS chip, in order to prevent damage caused by static electricity, the unused pins cannot be left floating. Generally, a pull-up resistor is connected to reduce the input impedance and provide a leakage path.Add pull-up resistors to the pins of the chip to increase the output level, thereby increasing the noise margin of the chip's input signal and enhancing the anti-interference ability.Improve the anti-electromagnetic interference capability of the bus. If the pin is left floating, it is easier to accept external electromagnetic interference.In the long-line transmission, the resistance mismatch can easily cause the reflected wave interference, and the pull-down resistance is the resistance matching, which effectively suppresses the reflected wave interference.It should be large enough to save power consumption and the current sink capability of the chip; the resistance is large and the current is small.It should be small enough to ensure enough drive current; the resistance is small, the current is large.54. The pull-up is to clamp the uncertain signal at a high level through a resistor.55. Bypass capacitor: Generate an AC shunt to eliminate unnecessary energy that enters the susceptible area. Decoupling capacitor: Provide a local DC power supply to the active device to reduce the propagation of switching noise on the board and guide the noise to the ground (its value is about 1/100 to 1/1000 of the bypass capacitor

74LS47 is a BCD to 7-segment decoder/driver IC. This is an introduction blog to 74LS47 BCD to 7-segment decoder ic, which will cover as much information as possible, including its pinout, features, some useful application circuits and other information. Anyway, i hope you guys like it!This tutorial video shows how to use 74LS47 in a display project.Catalog74LS47 Description74LS47 Pinout74LS47 Features74LS47 Parameter74LS47 Application Circuits74LS47 Package74LS47 ManufacturerComponent DatasheetFAQ74LS47 Description74LS47 is a Low Power Schottky BCD to 7-Segment Decoder/Driver consisting of NAND gates, input buffers and 7 AND-OR-INVERT gates. They offer direct active low, high sink current outputs for driving indicators. Seven NAND gates and one driver are connected in pairs to make BCD data and its complement available to the seven AND-OR-INVERT gates.74LS47 Pinout74LS4774LS47 Pinout Pin NoPin NameDescription1BBCD input of the IC2CBCD input of the IC3Display test/Lamp testTo test the display LED4Blank InputTo turn-off the LEDs of the display5StoreStore or strobe a BCD code6DBCD input of the IC7ABCD input of the IC8GNDGround Pin9e7 segment output 110d7 segment output 211c7 segment output 312b7 segment output 413a7 segment output 514g7 segment output 615f7 segment output 716VCCSupply Voltage74LS47 FeaturesFunction: Decoder, DemultiplexerTechnology Family: LSVCC (Min): 4.75VVCC (Max): 5.25VChannels: 1Voltage (Nom): 5VMax Frequency at normal Voltage: 35Mhztpd at normal Voltage (Max): 100 nsecConfiguration: 4:7Type: Open-CollectorIOL (Max): 3.2mAIOH (Max): -0.05mARating: CatalogOperating temperature range (C): 0 to 70Bits (#): 7Digital input leakage (Max): 5uAESD CDM (kV): 0.75ESD HBM (kV): 274LS47 ParameterManufacturer:Texas InstrumentsSeries:-Packaging:TubePart Status:ActiveDisplay Type:LEDConfiguration:7 SegmentInterface:BCDDigits or Characters:-Current - Supply:7mAVoltage - Supply:4．75V ~ 5．25VOperating Temperature:0°C ~ 70°CMounting Type:Through HolePackage / Case:16-DIP (0．300" 7．62mm)Supplier Device Package:16-PDIPBase Part Number:SN74LS4774LS47 Application Circuits74LS47 has integral ripple-blanking facilities, but does not include data latches. Figure 1 shows the functional diagrams and pin designations of these devices, each of which is housed in a 16-pin package.Figure 1. Functional diagram of the 74LS47 BCD-to-seven-segment decoder/driver ICs. The 74LS47 has active-low outputs designed to drive a common-anode LED display via external current-limiting resistors (Rx) as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2. Basic way of using a 74LS47 IC to drive a common-anode LED display. Note: Figure 1 shows that each of these ICs has three input 'control' terminals, which are designated LT (Lamp Test), BI/RBO, and RBI. The LT terminal drives all display outputs when the terminal is connected to logic 0 with the RBO terminal open or to logic 1. When the BI/RBO terminal is pulled low, all outputs are cleared; this pin also functions as a ripple-blanking output terminal. Figure 3 shows how to connect the ripple-blanking terminals to the leading zero suppression on the first three digits of the four-digit display.Figure 3. Method of applying leading-zero suppression to the first three digits of a four-digit display using 74LS47 ICs.74LS47 Package74LS47 ManufacturerTexas Instruments Inc. (TI) is an American technology company that designs and manufactures semiconductors and various integrated circuits, which it sells to electronics designers and manufacturers globally. Its headquarters are in Dallas, Texas, United States. TI is one of the top ten semiconductor companies worldwide, based on sales volume. Texas Instruments's focus is on developing analog chips and embedded processors, which accounts for more than 80% of their revenue. TI also produces TI digital light processing (DLP) technology and education technology products including calculators, microcontrollers and multi-core processors. To date, TI has more than 43,000 patents worldwide.Component Datasheet74LS47 DatasheetFAQWhat is the function of IC 7447?BCD Seven Segment Display Using IC 7447. A decoder is one kind of combinational logic circuit that connects the binary data from n-input lines toward 2n output lines. The IC7447 IC is a BCD to seven segment decoder.What type of display will the 74LS47 drive?Common-anode LED display. The 74LS47 has active-low outputs designed for driving a common-anode LED display via external current-limiting resistors (Rx), as shown in Figure 2. FIGURE 2. Basic way of using a 74LS47 IC to drive a common-anode LED display.What is BCD to 7 segment decoder?BCD to seven segment decoder is a circuit used to convert the input BCD into a form suitable for the display. It has four input lines (A, B, C and D) and 7 output lines (a, b, c, d, e, f and g).How do you display a 7 segment?The displays common pin is generally used to identify which type of 7-segment display it is. As each LED has two connecting pins, one called the “Anode” and the other called the “Cathode”, there are therefore two types of LED 7-segment display called: Common Cathode (CC) and Common Anode (CA).