Warm hints: this article reading time is about 15 minutes. This article is mainly about learning several kinds of industrial weapons - sensors. Automation technology is a comprehensive technology. It has a very close relationship with cybernetics, information theory, systems engineering, computer technology, electronics, hydraulic pressure technology, and automatic control, among which automation is based on control theory and computer technology. CatalogI、Automation TechnologyII、Physical SensorIII、Fiber Optic SensorIV、Bionic SensorV、Infrared SensorVI、Electromagnetic SensorVII、Magneto-optical Effect SensorVIII、How to Choose Industrial SensorsFAQ I. Automation Technology Automation technology is a comprehensive technology. It has a very close relationship with cybernetics, information theory, system engineering, computer technology, electronics, hydraulic pressure technology, automatic control, etc., of which automation and control theory and computer technology The most influential technology. There are a lot of special equipment in automation technology, just like the different weapons, the author made a count of the automated weapons below.II. Physical SensorPhysical sensorSensor (Sensor) is a common but very important device. A sensor is a device, module, or subsystem whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the information to other electronics, frequently a computer processor. For the sensor, the input can be divided into static and dynamic according to the input state. We can get the static characteristics of the sensor based on the relationship between the output and the input based on the steady-state of each value. The main indicators of the static characteristics of the sensor are linearity, hysteresis, repeatability, sensitivity, and accuracy. The dynamic characteristics of a sensor refer to the response characteristics of the input over time. Dynamic characteristics are usually described using automatically controlled models such as transfer functions. In general, the signal received by the sensor has a weak low-frequency signal, and the amplitude of the external interference sometimes exceeds the measured signal. Therefore, eliminating the noise in series becomes a key sensor technology. The physical sensor is a sensor that detects physical quantities by the use of certain physical effects. The sensor can convert measured physical volume into a form of energy to facilitate the processing of the signal device. The output signal and the input signal have a definite relationship. The main physical sensors include photoelectric sensors, piezoelectric sensors, piezoresistive sensors, electromagnetic sensors, pyroelectric sensors, and optical fiber sensors. As an example, let us look at the more commonly used photoelectric sensors. This kind of sensor converts the optical signal into an electrical signal. It directly detects the radiation information from the object and can also convert other physical quantities into an optical signal. The main principle is the photoelectric effect: When the light is irradiated to the material, the electrical effect on the material changes, and the electrical effects here include electron emission, conductivity, and potential current. Obviously, a device that can easily produce such an effect becomes a major component of a photoelectric sensor, such as a photoresistor. In this way, we know that the main working process of a photoelectric sensor is to receive the corresponding light, convert the light energy into electricity through a device such as a photosensitive resistance, and then obtain the required output by amplification and denoising electric signal. The output electrical signal here has a certain relationship with the original optical signal, which is usually close to a linear relationship so that the calculation of the original optical signal is not very complicated. The principles of other physical sensors can be compared to optical sensors. The range of applications of physical sensors is very extensive. We look at the application of physical sensors from the perspective of biomedical sciences. It is not difficult to infer that physical sensors have important applications in other aspects. For example, blood pressure measurement is the most common type of medical measurement. Our usual blood pressure measurement is an indirect measure of the blood pressure in the vessel by measuring the relationship between blood flow and pressure detected by the body surface. The sensors needed to measure blood pressure usually include an elastic diaphragm that transforms the pressure signal into a deformation of the diaphragm and then converts it into a corresponding electrical signal based on the strain or displacement of the diaphragm. At the peak of the electrical signal, we can detect systolic pressure. After passing through the inverter and the peak detector, we can get the diastolic pressure. The average pressure can be obtained through the integrator. Let us look again at breath measurement technology. Respiratory measurement is an important basis for the clinical diagnosis of lung function and is essential in surgery and patient monitoring. For example, when using a thermistor sensor for measuring respiratory rate, mount the sensor's resistance on the outside of the front end of a clip, clip the clip over the nose, and pass the heat as the flow of breathing gas flows from the thermistor surface Sensitive resistance to measure the frequency of breathing and the status of hot gas. Another example of the most common body surface temperature measurement process. Although it seems easy, it has a complex measurement mechanism. The body surface temperature is determined by various factors such as the local blood flow, the heat conduction of the underlying tissue, and the heat dissipation of the epidermis. Therefore, the measurement of the skin temperature must take into account various influences. Thermocouple sensors are more commonly used in the measurement of temperature, usually rod-shaped thermocouple sensors and thin-film thermocouple sensors. Because the size of the thermocouple is very small and the accuracy is relatively high, it is possible to measure the temperature at a certain point accurately. With the help of later analysis statistics, a more comprehensive analysis result can be obtained. This is incomparable with the traditional mercury thermometer, but also shows the broad prospects for the application of new technologies to scientific development. From the above introduction, it can be seen that physical sensors have a variety of applications just in biomedical applications. The development direction of the sensor is a multifunctional, imaged, intelligent sensor. Sensor measurement as an important means of data acquisition is indispensable for industrial production and even family life, and physical sensors are the most common family of sensors. The flexible use of physical sensors will inevitably create more products and better benefits. III. Fiber Optic SensorFiber optic sensorIn recent years, sensors have evolved in the direction of sensitivity, precision, adaptability, compactness, and intelligence. In the process, fiber optic sensors are a new addition to the sensor family. Optical fiber has many excellent properties, such as anti-electromagnetic interference and atomic radiation performance, fine diameter, soft, lightweight mechanical properties, insulation, non-inductive electrical properties, water resistance, high-temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, chemical properties, etc. It can reach people's eyes and ears in unattainable places (such as high-temperature areas), or in areas harmful to humans (such as nuclear radiation area), but also can transcend human physiological boundaries and receive sensory organs Unforeseen outside information. Optical fiber sensors are new technologies that have emerged in recent years. It can be used to measure a variety of physical quantities, such as sound fields, electric fields, pressures, temperatures, angular velocities, and accelerations, as well as measurement tasks that are difficult to accomplish with existing measurement techniques. In tight spaces, fiber optic sensors show unique capabilities in environments with strong electromagnetic interference and high voltage. At present, there are more than 70 optical fiber sensors, which are roughly divided into optical fiber sensors and optical fiber sensors. The so-called optical fiber sensor itself is the optical fiber directly to receive the outside world was measured. The external measured physical quantity can cause the length, refractive index, and diameter of the measuring arm to change so that the light transmitted within the fiber changes in amplitude, phase, frequency, polarization, and the like. The light transmitted by the measuring arm interferes (compares) with the reference light of the reference arm to change the phase (or amplitude) of the output light, and the change in the measured light can be detected based on this change. The phase of the transmission in the optical fiber is highly sensitive to external influences, and the interferometric technique can detect the physical quantity corresponding to the slight phase change of 10 negative quadratic arcs. For the optical fiber’s winding and low loss characteristics, we can disc a long fiber optic into a small diameter optical fiber ring in order to increase the length, to obtain higher sensitivity. An optical fiber acoustic sensor is a kind of sensor using the optical fiber itself. When the fiber is a little tiny external force, it will produce micro-bending, and its light transmission capacity has undergone great changes. Sound is a kind of mechanical wave. Its effect on the optical fiber is to stress and bend the optical fiber. By bending, the sound intensity can be obtained. Compared with laser gyro, FOG has high sensitivity, small size, and low cost. It can be used in the high-performance inertial navigation systems of aircraft, ships, and missiles. Another major category of fiber optic sensors is the use of fiber optic sensors. The structure is rough as follows: The sensor is located at the end of the fiber. The fiber is just the transmission line of light, and the physical quantity to be measured is transformed into the change of the amplitude, phase, or amplitude of the light. In this sensor system, conventional sensors are combined with optical fibers. The introduction of optical fibers offers the possibility of implementing probing telemetry. This fiber-optic transmission sensor has a wide range of applications and is easy to use, but its accuracy is slightly lower than that of the first type of sensor. Fiber optic sensors have become a rising star in sensor families with their numerous advantages and have played their own unique role in various measurements and become an indispensable part of the sensor family. IV. Bionic SensorBionic sensorA bionic sensor is a new sensor using a new detection principle, which uses immobilized cells, enzymes, or other bioactive substances and transducers to form a sensor. This kind of sensor is a new type of information technology developed in recent years by the mutual penetration of biomedicine and electronics and engineering. This sensor is characterized by high performance and long life. In bionic sensors, biometric sensors are more commonly used. Bionic sensors in accordance with the media used can be divided into enzyme sensors, microbial sensors, organelle sensors, tissue sensors. In the picture, we can see that there is a close connection between the biomimetic sensor and all aspects of the biological theory and it is a direct result of the development of the biological theory. Among biosensors, urea sensors are a recently developed type of sensor. The following is an example of a urea sensor biosensor sensor application. The urea sensor is mainly composed of two parts, a biofilm, and an ion channel. The biofilm can feel the effects of external stimuli, the ion channel can receive the information of the biofilm and amplify and deliver it. When the sensory site inside the film is affected by an external stimulating substance, the permeability of the membrane will change, allowing a large number of ions to flow into the cell to form the transmission of information. Among them, the important component of the biofilm is the membrane protein, which can produce a conformal network change, change the permeability of the membrane, and transmit and amplify the information. The biofilm ion channels, which are composed of amino acid polymers, can be replaced by polymers of polyamine acids (L-glutamic acid, PLG), which are easily synthesized in organic chemistry, and are more chemically stable than the enzyme. PLG is water-soluble, which is not suitable for motor modification. However, PLG and polymer can synthesize block copolymers to form sensor films for sensors. The principle of the ion channel of the biofilm is basically the same as that of the biofilm. After the block copolymer film is fixed on the electrode, if a substance that changes the inductive network of the PLG is added, the permeability of the film changes, and thus a current is generated. Changes in the current from the changes can be carried out on the detection of stimulating substances. The urea sensor has been tested and proved to be a biometric analog sensor with good stability. The lower limit of detection is 10 orders of magnitude of a negative third power. It can also detect irritant substances, but for the time being it is not suitable for the measurement of living organisms. At present, although many biomimetic sensors have been developed successfully, the stability, reproducibility, and mass productivity of biomimetic sensors are obviously insufficient. Therefore, biomimetic sensing technology is still in its infancy. Therefore, in addition to continuing to develop a new series of biomimetic sensors And improve the existing series, the biomembrane immobilization technology and solid-state biomimetic sensor deserved further study. In the near future, biomimetic sensors that simulate the functions of the organism will appear, which may exceed the sensitivity of human facial features and improve the robot's vision, taste, touch, and ability to operate on objects. We can see the broad prospects for biomimetic sensor applications, but these require the further development of biotechnology, and we'll see this day coming. V. Infrared SensorInfrared sensorInfrared technology has been developed to the present, as we all know. This technology has been widely used in modern science and technology, national defense and agriculture, and other fields. Infrared sensing systems are infrared-based measurement systems that can be divided into five categories based on function: (1) radiometers for radiation and spectroscopic measurements; (2) search and tracking systems for searching and tracking infrared targets, determining Its spatial position and its movement are tracked; (3) The thermal imaging system can produce a distribution image of the entire target infrared radiation; (4) Infrared ranging and communication systems; (5) Hybrid systems, refer to the above categories A combination of two or more in the system. Let us look at the composition of the infrared system, the main optical system, and auxiliary optical system, on the basis of which the key components of infrared are discussed in detail. In fact, the working principle of the infrared sensor is not complicated, the working principle of each part of a typical sensor system is as follows: (1)The target object. According to the infrared radiation characteristics of the target to be set, the infrared system can be set. (2)Atmospheric attenuation. When the target's infrared radiation passes through the Earth's atmosphere, the infrared radiation emitted by the infrared source will be attenuated due to the scattering and absorption of gas molecules and various gases, and various sol particles. (3) Optical receiver. It receives a portion of the target's infrared radiation and transmits it to the infrared sensor. Equivalent to a radar antenna, often used as an objective lens. (4) Radiation modulator. Radiation from the target under test is modulated into alternating radiant light to provide the target orientation information and to filter out large areas of interfering signals. Also known as a reticle and chopper, it has a variety of structures. (5) Infrared detector. This is the heart of the infrared system. It is the use of infrared radiation and the physical interaction between the physical effects of detecting infrared radiation sensors, in most cases is the use of this interaction presented by the electrical effects. Such detectors can be divided into two types of photon detectors and thermal detectors. (6) Detector cooler. Since some detectors must work at low temperatures, the corresponding system must have refrigeration equipment. After cooling, the equipment can shorten the response time and increase detection sensitivity. (7) Signal processing system. The detected signal is amplified, filtered, and extracted from these signals. This information is then converted into the required format and finally delivered to the control device or display. (8) Display device. This is the terminal device of the infrared device. Commonly used displays include oscilloscopes, kinescopes, infrared sensitized materials, indicating instruments, and recorders. Here gives a video of infrared sensors:Working principle of infrared sensorAccording to the above process, the infrared system can complete the measurement of the corresponding physical quantity. The infrared system is the core of infrared detectors, according to the detection mechanism of different, can be divided into two categories of heat detectors and photon detectors. The heat detector is used as an example to analyze the principle of the detector. The thermal detector is the use of radiant heat effect, so that the detection element causes the temperature to rise after receiving radiation, and thus makes the detector temperature-dependent performance changes. By detecting a change in one of these properties, radiation can be detected. In most cases, radiation is detected by thermoelectric changes. When the element receives the radiation and causes a non-electrical physical change, the corresponding change in the amount of electricity can be measured by appropriate transformation. Infrared sensors have played an important role in modern production practices. With the improvement of detection equipment and other parts of technology, infrared sensors can have more performance and better sensitivity. VI. Electromagnetic Sensor Magnetic sensors are the oldest sensors and compass is the earliest application of magnetic sensors. However, as a modern sensor, in order to facilitate the signal processing, a magnetic sensor is required to convert the magnetic signal into an electrical signal. The earliest applications were magnetoelectric sensors manufactured on the principle of electromagnetic induction. This magnetic sensor has made an outstanding contribution to industrial control. But today it has been replaced by a new type of magnetic sensor based mainly on high-performance magnetically sensitive materials.The shape of an electromagnetic sensorAmong the electromagnetic effect sensors used today, the magnetic rotation sensor is an important one. Magnetic rotation sensor mainly by the semiconductor magnetoresistive components, permanent magnets, fixtures, enclosures, and other components. A typical structure is a pair of magnetoresistive elements mounted on a permanent magnet stimulation, the input and output terminals connected to the fixture, and then installed in the metal box, and then sealed with plastic to form a closed structure, the structure has good reliability. Magnetic rotation sensor has many advantages of semiconductor magnetoresistance element. In addition to having high sensitivity and a large output signal, it also has a strong speed detection range, which is due to the development of electronic technology. In addition, this sensor can also be used in a wide temperature range, has a long working life, resistance to dust, water, and oil, and therefore withstand a variety of environmental conditions and external noise. Therefore, this kind of sensor has received widespread attention in industrial applications. Magnetic rotary sensors are widely used in factory automation systems because they have satisfactory characteristics and do not require maintenance. Its main application is the machine tool servo motor rotation detection, factory automation robotic arm positioning, hydraulic stroke detection, factory automation related equipment position detection, rotary encoder detection unit, and a variety of rotating detection unit. Modern magnetic rotation sensors mainly include four-phase sensors and single-phase sensors. In the course of work, four-phase differential rotation sensor with a pair of detection unit to achieve differential detection, the other to achieve the inverted differential detection. In this way, four-phase sensor detection capability is four times single-element. The two-element single-phase rotation sensor also has its own advantages, that is, small and reliable features, and the output signal can detect low-speed movement, anti-environmental impact, and anti-noise ability, low cost. Therefore, single-phase sensors will also have a good market. Magnetic rotary sensors also have great potential for use in household appliances. In the reversing mechanism of the cassette recorder, a magnetic resistance element can be used to detect the end of the magnetic tape. Most home video recorders have a variable speed and high-speed playback function, which can also be used magnetic spindle sensors to detect the spindle speed and control, to obtain a high picture quality. The positive and negative rotation of the motor in the washing machine and the high and low-speed rotation functions can be detected and controlled by the servo rotation sensor. Electromagnetic proximity switch. This switch can be sensed into the metal area of their own test objects, control their own internal circuit on or off. The switch generates its own magnetic field. When a metal object enters the magnetic field, it will cause a change in the magnetic field. This change can be turned into an electrical signal by switching the internal circuitry. The electromagnetic sensor is a widely used high-tech, both at home and abroad have invested some research efforts in research, the application of this sensor is penetrating into the national economy, national defense construction and people's daily life in all fields, with the information The arrival of society, its status and role will certainly be more prominent. VII. Magneto-optical Effect SensorMagneto-optical effect sensorModern electric measurement technology is maturing day by day, has the advantages of high precision, easy to real-time processing connected to a microcomputer, etc., has been widely used in the measurement of electrical and non-electrical measurements. However, the electrical measurement method is susceptible to interference. In the AC measurement, the frequency response is not wide enough and there are certain requirements on voltage and insulation. With the rapid development of laser technology, the above problems have been solved. Magneto-optic effect sensors are high-performance sensors using laser technology. Laser is another new technology that has been rapidly developed in the early 1960s. Its appearance signals that people have mastered and utilized light waves and entered a new stage. Due to the low monochromaticity of ordinary light sources in the past, many important applications are limited. The advent of lasers makes radio technology and optical technology by leaps and bounds, penetrate each other and complement each other. Today, many sensors have been fabricated using lasers that solve many of the unsolved technical problems that make them suitable for use in hazardous, flammable places such as coal, oil, and gas storage. For example, optical fiber sensors made of laser can measure the situation of crude oil injection, cracking oil tank parameters. It is not necessary to supply power at the place of measurement. This is particularly applicable to the petrochemical equipment group that requires strict safety and explosion protection measures. It can also be used to implement optical method telemetry chemistry in some aspects of large-scale steel plants. The principle of magneto-optic effect sensor mainly utilizes the polarization state of light to realize the function of the sensor. When a beam of polarized light passes through the medium, if there is an external magnetic field in the beam propagation direction, the light will rotate through the plane of polarization by an angle, which is the magneto-optical effect. That is, the applied magnetic field can be measured by the angle of rotation. Under certain experimental setups, the angle of deflection is proportional to the intensity of the output, and the laser diode LD is illuminated by the output light to obtain the digitized light intensity that is used to measure a particular physical quantity.Magneto-optical effect sensorSince the late 1960s, RC Lecraw has raised great concerns after his research report on magneto-optical effects was presented. Japan, the Soviet Union, and other countries have conducted research, and domestic scholars have also explored it. Magneto-optical sensor with excellent electrical insulation properties and anti-interference, wide frequency response, safety, and explosion-proof and other characteristics, and therefore for some special occasions electromagnetic parameters of measurement, has a unique effect, especially in the power system high voltage and current The measurement aspect shows its potential advantages. At the same time, by developing the software and hardware of the processing system, automatic real-time measurement of the welding machine and the robot control system can also be realized. In the use of magneto-optic effect sensors, the most important thing is to choose magneto-optical media and lasers. Different devices have different capabilities in terms of sensitivity and working range. With the advent of high-performance lasers and new types of magneto-optical media in recent decades, the performance of magneto-optical effect sensors has become stronger and the applications have become more widespread. Magneto-optical sensor, as a specific purpose sensor, can play its own function in a particular environment. It is also a very important industrial sensor. VIII. How to Choose Industrial SensorsModern sensors vary widely in principle and structure. How to select a sensor based on a specific measurement purpose, measurement object, and measurement environment is the first problem to be solved when performing a certain amount of measurement. When the sensor is determined, the matching measuring method and measuring equipment can be determined. The success or failure of measurement results depends to a large extent on the reasonableness of the choice of sensors. The influencing factors are: (1) Determine the type of the sensor according to the measurement object and the measurement environment. (2)Selection of the sensitivity. (3)Frequency response. (4) Linear range. (5)Stability.(6) Accuracy. FAQ 1. What sensor means?a device that responds to a physical stimulus (such as heat, light, sound, pressure, magnetism, or a particular motion) and transmits a resulting impulse (as for measurement or operating a control) .2. What is the purpose of a sensor?A sensor converts the physical action to be measured into an electrical equivalent and processes it so that the electrical signals can be easily sent and further processed. The sensor can output whether an object is present or not present (binary) or what measurement value has been reached (analog or digital). 3. How do sensors work?Put simply, a sensor converts stimuli such as heat, light, sound and motion into electrical signals. These signals are passed through an interface that converts them into a binary code and passes this on to a computer to be processed. 4. What can sensors detect?Broadly speaking, sensors are devices that detect and respond to changes in an environment. Inputs can come from a variety of sources such as light, temperature, motion and pressure. 5. What are the importance of sensors in our daily life?Intelligent sensor systems are omnipresent in our everyday lives. They provide security, save lives and improve our quality of life. As more and more areas of life are automated and networked, the importance of innovative sensor technologies will also increase in the future. 6. How do we classify sensors?Classification of Sensors:Active and Passive Sensors. Contact and Non-Contact Sensors.Absolute and Relative Sensors.Analog and Digital Sensors.Miscellaneous Sensors. 7. How are sensors used to collect data?With a sensor, a machine observes the environment and information can be collected. A sensor measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal. Sensors translate measurements from the real world into data for the digital domain. 8. What is the difference between sensor and transducer?The main difference between sensor and transducer is that a transducer is a device that can convert energy from one form to another, whereas a sensor is a device that can detect a physical quantity and convert the data into an electrical signal. 9. Why do we need a temperature sensor?Within our homes, temperature sensors are used in many electrical appliances, from our refrigerators and freezers to help regulate and maintain cold temperatures as well as within stoves and ovens to ensure that they heat to the required levels for cooking, air confectioners/heaters. 10. How sensors are connected?A sensor device directly connected to a computer. A connected sensor is a sensor that also has a way to send data to either a local network or the Internet. Diagram of a sensor receiving waves on the left and broadcasting a wireless signal on the right to a router. A sensor device wirelessly connected to a network. 11. Can a transducer be a sensor?A Sensor is defined as a device which measures a physical quality (light, sound, space) and converts them into an easily readable format. If calibrated correctly, sensors are highly accurate devices. Not all transducers are sensors but most sensors are transducers. 12. What is the difference between active and passive sensors?Active sensors have its own source of light or illumination. In particular, it actively sends a pulse and measures the backscatter reflected to the sensor. But passive sensors measure reflected sunlight emitted from the sun. When the sun shines, passive sensors measure this energy. 13. What are the basic characteristics considered in the process of sensor selection?Sensor selection criteria include temperature, size, protection class, and whether the sensor requires a discrete or analog input. Also consider sensor repetition accuracy, sensor response speed, and sensing range. 14. What are the applications of sensors?Sensors are central to industrial applications being used for process control, monitoring, and safety. Sensors are also central to medicine being used for diagnostics, monitoring, critical care, and public health. 15. How do you check the accuracy of a sensor?To find out the accuracy of sensor you have to take several readings by your sensor on that particular one input parameter (like. temperature). after accumulating those sensor output values evaluate the standard deviation as per law, which indicate the accuracy level of your sensor. 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