The Kynix Blog

New industrial-grade microSDHC/XC memory cards have been launched by Apacer Technology which are custom-built for video monitoring equipment to endure long hours of continuous data writing. Not only are Apacer microSDXC UHS-1(U3) memory cards available in capacities ranging from 4-128GB, their Ultra High Speed Class 3 specification also supports smooth Full-HD, 3D and 4K video recording, which is particularly significant in video monitoring applications that require continuous recording and sustain high wear rate.  Their durability, endurance and performance make them suitable for surveillance video recorders, dashcams for fleet vehicles and government use, and webcams.High-endurance memory cards, high-reliability assuranceUnlike those used for photographs and storing small files, Apacer memory cards are designed to endure extensive write cycles. Industrial-grade high-endurance microSDHC/XC memory cards are developed for security surveillance equipment that requires all-year-round uninterrupted data writing, ensuring high-quality images and data integrity required for long-lasting video recording. When using the 128GB ultra high capacity microSDXC memory card to record Full-HD in 20FPS, it can record for up to 20,000 hours; in loop recording, it can store 32 hours of video footage with automatic write-over. In an emergency when both quality and performance are required in the video surveillance system, Apacer microSD memory cards protect and store data securely, providing high endurance and high capacity.Improved speed, enhanced access performanceFeaturing Ultra High Speed Class 3 (U3) specification, Apacer microSD memory cards have maximum read/write speed of 75/65MB per second. The memory cards also support ECC (Error Correcting Code) to automatically check data and provide timely error correction, preventing data loss and damage, and increasing data accuracy and integrity. When teamed with 128GB (SDXC) large capacity, they become a suitable storage device for security surveillance systems.All Apacer microSDHC/SDXC memory cards are temperature-resistant, shockproof, waterproof, anti-static and x-ray-proof, allowing surveillance systems to operate reliably in a harsh environment. The memory cards also feature high quality MLC flash memory chip and customised firmware optimised management tools, such as write protect which prevents precious data from being written over or erased by mistake. Furthermore, the memory cards support ECC to reduce data error arising from constant overwrite, and wear-leveling and S.M.A.R.T. techniques which automatically monitor memory health status, improving product reliability and lifespan. Ref:KY32-K9T1G08U0M-YIBOKY32-CY7C1357S-100AXCKY32-70V639S10BC8

The BHA250 low-power sensor hub and BHI160 ultra-low power sensor hub from Bosch Sensortec is now in stock at distributor Mouser Electronics . Designed specifically for always-on sensor applications in smartphones running the Android operating system, the BHA250 and BHI160 enable designers to offload sensor processing from the main processor, which can reduce power consumption and extend battery life.  The sensor hubs integrate a best-in-class 3-axis MEMS accelerometer (BH250) or 6-axis gyroscope/accelerometer inertial measurement unit (BH160) with the new Bosch Sensortec digital signal processor, Fuser Core.The Fuser Core is a 32-bit floating-point microcontroller optimised to execute Bosch Sensortec's sensor fusion and activity-recognition algorithms with ultra-low power consumption — up to 95 percent less than that of other microcontrollers.The BHA250 and BHI160 are specifically designed for applications in Android smartphones — implementing a full Android sensor stack inside the devices to provide a flexible, low-power solution for always-on motion sensing and sensor data processing. In both devices, the 32-bit Fuser Core microcontroller features 96 kBytes of ROM, including the BSX sensor fusion library, and 48 kBytes of RAM for additional drivers, local data buffering, or feature updates.The devices provide up to three general-purpose input/outputs (GPIOs) and a high-speed I2C interface with data rates up to 3.4 MBit/s for power-efficient data transfer.They meet the requirements of smartphones, wearables, and other applications that demand highly accurate, real-time motion data at very low power consumption.Mouser also offers corresponding shuttle boards for the sensor hubs. Both the BHA250 shuttle board and BHI160 shuttle board, available to order from Mouser, include four external magnetometers that can be connected to the sensor hubs using the available jumpers on the PCB.The shuttle board allows easy access to the sensor‘s pins via a simple socket and can be plugged into the Bosch Sensortec Application Board. Ref:KY45-AD22293ZKY45-SS16-3KY45-TLE4998P3 

This article introduces 5 excellent microcontrollers that you might not be familiar with, offering alternatives to mainstream development boards.I Brief IntroductionEven if you are a casual microcontroller enthusiast, you've probably heard of the biggest names in the business: Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and ESP32. However, there are less renowned but still high-quality microcontrollers that you may have missed but should get to know.II Five Microcontrollers You Should Know About2.1 MSP430 LaunchPadLaunchPad is a low-cost, ultra-low-power microcontroller development platform from Texas Instruments. As of 2025, the MSP430 LaunchPad ecosystem has expanded significantly, with prices ranging from $10-30 depending on the model. The latest MSP430FR series features FRAM (Ferroelectric RAM) technology, offering non-volatile memory with extremely low power consumption.The MSP430 excels in battery-powered applications, with some models consuming less than 100nA in standby mode and waking up in less than 5 microseconds. Modern variants offer up to 256KB of FRAM and 8KB of SRAM. The platform is supported by Texas Instruments' Code Composer Studio IDE and is compatible with Energia, an Arduino-like programming environment, making it accessible for beginners while powerful enough for professional applications in IoT sensors, wearables, and medical devices.2.2 Nanode (Legacy Platform)Note: The Nanode project has been discontinued and is no longer actively maintained. While it was an innovative Arduino-compatible board with built-in Ethernet connectivity designed for Internet of Things applications, modern alternatives have superseded it.Modern Alternatives: For IoT projects in 2025, consider the ESP32 (with built-in WiFi and Bluetooth, $5-15), Arduino MKR WiFi 1010 ($30-35), or Raspberry Pi Pico W ($6) which offer better performance, active community support, and modern connectivity options.2.3 Pinguino (Limited Availability)Pinguino was an open-source microcontroller platform based on Microchip PIC microcontrollers, designed as an alternative to Arduino. However, the project has seen reduced activity in recent years, with limited board availability and community support.Current Status: While some Pinguino boards may still be available through specialty retailers, the ecosystem has largely stagnated. For PIC-based development in 2025, consider Microchip's official Curiosity development boards ($25-50) which offer better support, documentation, and integration with MPLAB X IDE.2.4 STM32 Discovery & NucleoSTMicroelectronics' STM32 ecosystem has grown tremendously and is now one of the most popular professional microcontroller platforms. As of 2025, the STM32 family includes hundreds of variants, from the ultra-low-power STM32L series to the high-performance STM32H7 series running at up to 550 MHz.Discovery boards ($15-50) feature specific peripherals for evaluation, while Nucleo boards ($10-25) offer Arduino-compatible headers. Modern STM32 boards feature 32-bit ARM Cortex-M cores (M0+ to M7), with RAM ranging from 20KB to over 1MB, and flash memory up to 2MB. The platform is supported by STM32CubeIDE (free), and has excellent Arduino compatibility through the STM32duino project, making it accessible to hobbyists while meeting professional requirements for automotive, industrial, and consumer electronics.2.5 Teensy 4.1The Teensy platform has evolved significantly since 2017. The current flagship Teensy 4.1 ($31.50) is a powerhouse featuring an ARM Cortex-M7 processor running at 600 MHz, 1MB RAM, 8MB flash, and optional microSD card slot. It's one of the fastest Arduino-compatible microcontrollers available.Teensy boards maintain their compact form factor while offering exceptional performance for audio processing, real-time data acquisition, and complex control systems. The Teensy 4.0 ($23.80) offers similar performance in an even smaller package. Full Arduino IDE compatibility, extensive library support, and the powerful Teensyduino add-on make these boards excellent for advanced projects requiring high processing power in a small footprint. Popular applications include synthesizers, high-speed data loggers, LED matrix controllers, and robotics.FAQ1. What is a microcontroller used for?Microcontrollers are embedded computers used to control electronic devices. In offices, they're found in keyboards, monitors, printers, and phone systems. At home, they control appliances like microwaves, washing machines, thermostats, smart home devices, and entertainment systems. In 2025, microcontrollers are essential in IoT devices, wearables, electric vehicles, drones, and medical equipment.2. What is a microcontroller and what does it do?A microcontroller is an integrated circuit (IC) containing a processor core, memory (RAM and ROM/Flash), and programmable input/output peripherals. It's designed to execute specific control tasks in embedded systems, reading sensors, making decisions, and controlling actuators or displays.3. What is the difference between microprocessor and microcontroller?A microprocessor (like those in PCs) contains only a CPU and requires external components for memory and I/O. A microcontroller integrates CPU, memory, and I/O peripherals on a single chip. Microprocessors are designed for general-purpose computing with maximum performance, while microcontrollers are optimized for specific control tasks with lower power consumption and cost.4. What are the advantages of microcontrollers?Key advantages include: low cost ($0.50-$50), low power consumption (microamps to milliamps), small size, integrated peripherals, reliability, reprogrammability, and real-time control capabilities. Modern microcontrollers also offer built-in security features, wireless connectivity, and advanced power management.5. What is Arduino?Arduino is an open-source electronics platform consisting of programmable circuit boards (containing microcontrollers) and development software (Arduino IDE). It simplifies microcontroller programming with an easy-to-learn language and extensive library support, making it popular for education, prototyping, and hobbyist projects.6. Which is faster: microcontroller or microprocessor?Microprocessors are generally faster, with modern CPUs running at 2-5+ GHz. Microcontrollers typically run at 8 MHz to 600 MHz (as of 2025). However, microcontrollers offer better real-time response and deterministic behavior for control applications, and their integrated peripherals eliminate external bus delays.7. Which is better: microcontroller or microprocessor?Neither is universally "better"—they serve different purposes. Choose microprocessors for complex computing tasks requiring high performance and large memory (computers, servers). Choose microcontrollers for dedicated control tasks requiring low power, small size, and real-time operation (embedded systems, IoT devices).8. How does a microcontroller work?A microcontroller executes programmed instructions stored in its memory. It continuously reads inputs from sensors or user interfaces, processes this data according to its program, and sends output signals to control devices like motors, LEDs, or displays. This happens in a loop, often thousands of times per second.9. What are the characteristics of a microcontroller?Key characteristics include: integrated CPU (8-bit to 32-bit), volatile RAM (1KB-1MB+), non-volatile program memory (Flash/EEPROM, 4KB-2MB+), digital I/O pins, analog-to-digital converters (ADC), timers/counters, communication interfaces (UART, SPI, I2C, USB), and often specialized peripherals like PWM, comparators, or wireless transceivers.10. What are the disadvantages of microcontrollers?Limitations include: limited processing power compared to microprocessors, fixed memory capacity, complexity for beginners, limited high-power device interfacing (requires external drivers), and platform-specific programming. However, modern development tools and extensive communities have significantly reduced these barriers.11. Why choose Arduino over bare microcontrollers?Arduino provides a complete ecosystem: pre-tested hardware, simplified programming environment, extensive libraries, and a massive community. This dramatically reduces development time and learning curve compared to programming microcontrollers directly. It's ideal for prototyping, education, and projects where development speed matters more than per-unit cost.12. What is the difference between Arduino and a microcontroller?A microcontroller is the chip itself. Arduino is a complete development platform that includes a microcontroller, supporting circuitry (voltage regulation, USB interface), standardized connectors, and software tools. Arduino makes microcontrollers accessible by handling low-level complexities.13. Are microcontrollers expensive?No, microcontrollers are very affordable. Basic chips cost $0.50-$5 in volume, while development boards range from $5-50. The integrated design reduces external component costs. Even high-performance 32-bit microcontrollers are typically under $10 in single quantities.14. Why are microcontrollers used in embedded systems?Microcontrollers are ideal for embedded systems because they integrate all necessary components (CPU, memory, I/O) in a single, compact, low-power, cost-effective package. They provide deterministic real-time performance essential for control applications and can operate reliably in harsh environments.15. Why is it called a microcontroller?"Micro" refers to the microscopic transistors (measured in nanometers in modern chips) and the small physical size. "Controller" indicates its primary purpose: controlling other devices and systems. The term distinguishes it from general-purpose microprocessors by emphasizing its control-oriented design.Article Updated: November 2025Original Publication: 2017

At this week's IEEE IEDM conference, world-leading research and innovation hub for nano-electronics and digital technology, imec, reported for the first time the CMOS integration of vertically stacked gate-all-around (GAA) silicon nanowire MOSFETs. Key in the integration scheme is a dual-work-function metal gate enabling matched threshold voltages for the n- and p-type devices. Also, the impact of the new architecture on intrinsic ESD performance was studied, and an ESD protection diode is proposed. These breakthrough results advance the development of GAA nanowire MOSFETs, which promise to succeed FinFETs in future technology nodes. GAA nanowire transistors are promising candidates to succeed FinFETs in 7nm and beyond technology nodes. They offer optimal electrostatic control, thereby enabling ultimate CMOS device scaling. In a horizontal configuration, they are a natural extension of today's mainstream FinFET technology. In this configuration, the drive current per footprint can be maximized by vertically stacking multiple horizontal nanowires. Earlier this year, imec scientists demonstrated GAA FETs based on vertically stacked 8nm diameter Si nanowires. These devices showed excellent electrostatic control, but were fabricated for n- and p-FETs separately.Imec now reports on the CMOS integration of vertically stacked GAA Si nanowire MOSFETs, with matched threshold voltages for n- and p-type devices. Key in the integration scheme is the implementation of dual-work-function metal gates to set the threshold voltages of the n- and p-FETs independently. In this process step, p-type work function metal (PWFM) is deposited in the gate trenches of all devices, followed by selectively etching the PWFM down to the HfO2 from the n-FETs and subsequent deposition of the n-type work function metal. The observation of matched threshold voltages (VT,SAT = 0.35V) for nMOS and pMOS devices validates the dual-work-function metal integration scheme.The impact of this new device architecture on the intrinsic ESD performance was investigated as well. Two different ESD protection diodes have been proposed, i.e. a gate-structure defined diode (gated diode) and a shallow-trench isolation defined diode (STI diode). The STI diode was the better ESD protection device, showing an excellent ratio of failure current (It2) over parasitic capacitance (C). Measurements and TCAD simulations also prove that the ESD performance in GAA nanowire based diodes is maintained in comparison to bulk FinFET diodes."GAA nanowire transistors enable ultimate CMOS device scaling, with low degree of added complexity compared to alternative scaling scenarios," stated Dan Mocuta, Director Logic Device and Integration at imec. The proposed integration scheme for Si GAA CMOS technology and the results on ESD protection are important achievements towards realizing these 7nm and beyond technology nodes. Future work will focus, among others, on further optimizing individual process steps, for example through the co-optimization of the junction and nanowire formation."Ref:KY56-2SA1987KY56-KSC5024RTUKY56-MJL4302A          

Microchip’s PIC18F ‘K42’ microcontrollers are available with up to 128kbyte (from 16kbyte) of flash memory in packages from 28-48 pins. Max clock speed is 64Mbit/s and there is up to 1kbyte data EEPROM and 8kbyte of SRAM.   The firm has gone big on its ‘core independent peripherals’ (CIP) to allow functions to be implemented in hardware, saving code, validation time, core overhead, and power consumption, said Microchip. Intended for automotive, industrial control, IoT, medical and white goods, they include peripherals for safety critical applications including cyclic redundancy check with memory scan, a windowed watchdog timer, a 24bit signal measurement timer and a hardware limit timer, as well as up to eight hardware PWMs, complementary waveform generation for power bridges, and multiple communications interfaces. Analogue peripherals including a zero crossing detector, constant current I/O (see below), a comparator, and a 12bit ADC with computation – the latter for automating capacitive voltage division (for touch sensing), averaging, filtering, over-sampling, and threshold comparison. Constant current I/O The constant current I/O feature allows the sink and source current of a pin to be set to 1, 2, 5 or 10mA. This has to be used with caution because the pin circuitry cannot dissipate much static power, so an “external resistor must be inserted in series with the load to dissipate most of the power,” said Microchip. It has an example, with a 5V rail and a load which needs 1mA and whose voltage drop can be between 1.0 and 1.5V. The external resistor and pin circuitry has to make up 3.5-4V difference, so the resistor  needs to be chosen to drop 3.5V at of 1 mA, said Microchip, then the pin can make up the 0-500mV variable difference. A ‘memory access partition’ supports data protection and bootloading, and the ‘device information area’ is a dedicated memory space for factory programmed device ID and peripheral calibration values. Building blocks ADC with computation zero crossing detector 10bit PMW complementary waveform generator numerically controlled oscillator data signal modulator hardware limit timer 24bit signal measurement timer configurable logic cell crc/scan module windowed watchdog timer peripheral pin select direct memory access temperature indicator data signal modulator 5bit DAC UART, SPI, and I2C Ref: KY32-PIC18F1220-E/ML KY0-PIC18F1220-E/SO KY0-PIC18F1220-I/ML

Philips Lighting has introduced TrueForce LED Urban for replacing high pressure mercury (80W/125W) and sodium ovoid lamps (50W/70W) in streets, residential roads, parks and public squares.  The frosted version of the Urban produces 4,400 lm from a 33W input (133.33 lm/W @ 4,000K 70CRI), while the clear version puts out 4,800 lm. There are also frosted and clear 25W versions (2,900 and 3,200 lm). At the same time, it announced TrueForce LED Industrial and Retail for replacing traditional HID lamps – expected to be available in the second half of this year.The TrueForce LED range is rated at 50,000 hours and comes with a five-year warranty.The third stage of the European Commission Regulation (EC) 245/2009 came into effect on April 13, 2017 – introducing stricter efficiency requirements for HID lamps and requires light sources not meeting the minimum energy efficiency requirements to be phased out, said Philips.Ref:KY59-VC1512135W3DKY59-LE-MG-24W