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Today I want to share a project of making a simple automatic street light controller using relay and LDR I found in circuitdigest with you.   You have seen street light which automatically gets turned on in the night and gets turned off in the morning or day time, there are sensors who senses the light and control the light accordingly. These Street lights are an important project in smart cities.   So here in this project, we are going to make a Simple Automatic Street Light Controller Using Relay and LDR. This circuit is very simple circuit and can be built with Transistors and LDR, you don’t need any op-amp or 555 IC to trigger the AC load. Here we have used an AC bulb as street light. Some applications of this circuit are street light controlling, home/office light controlling, day and night indicators, etc.   Components Required:   Transistor BC547 -2 LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) Relay Resistor 1k 100k Potentiometer Power Supply 12v -1 Connecting wires Jumper wires Screw terminal Block 2 pin or 3 pin Bread Board or Perf Board 1n4007 Diode AC supply AC Load or Bulb   Here you may want to know: what is LDR? LDRs are made from semiconductor materials to enable them to have their light sensitive properties. There are many types but one material is popular and it is cadmium sulphide (CdS). These LDRs or PHOTO REISTORS works on the principle of “Photo Conductivity”. Now what this principle says is, whenever light falls on the surface of the LDR (in this case) the conductance of the element increases or in other words the resistance of the LDR falls when the light falls on the surface of the LDR. This property of the decrease in resistance for the LDR is achieved because it is a property of semiconductor material used on the surface. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)   Circuit Diagram and Explanation:   Below is the circuit diagram of this Light sensing Street Light:       In this project, we have used an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) which is responsible for detecting light and darkness. The resistance of LDR increases in darkness and reduces in presence of light. This circuit is same as a Dark Detector or Light Detector Circuit, only here we have replaced simple LED with a AC load, using a Relay. Two BC547 NPN transistors are used to drive the relay. Automatic Street Light circuit using LDR and relay   Whenever light falls over LDR its resistance get decreased and transistor Q1 turns ON and collector of this transistor goes LOW, and this makes the second transistor turns OFF due to getting a LOW signal at its base, so relay also remain turned OFF due to second transistor.   Now whenever LDR senses Darkness, mean no light, then transistor Q1 turned ON due to increase in the resistance of LDR which is responsible for voltage drop at the base of Q1. Due to a LOW signal at the Q1 base, Q2 transistor gets a HIGH signal from the collector of Q1 and turns ON the relay. Relay turned ON the AC load that is connected to relay. A 10K pot is also used for setting up the sensitivity of the circuit.   So this is how automatic Street Lights turns on in the night and turn off in the day, and below is the effect pictures. >>>>>                                                       > >>>>   Ref. KY56-BC547A KY32-1N4007  

Access to clean, safe water is one of the world’s pressing needs, yet today’s water distribution systems lose an average of 20 percent of their supply because of leaks. These leaks not only make shortages worse but also can cause serious structural damage to buildings and roads by undermining foundations, which is a great loss.Many property losses experienced by business owners involve water damage caused by leaky pipes. Water can be very destructive whether it seeps from a loose fitting or gushes from a ruptured main.Unfortunately, leak detection systems are expensive and slow to operate — and they don’t work well in systems that use wood, clay, or plastic pipes, which account for the majority of systems in the developing world. Now, a new system developed by researchers at MIT could provide a fast, inexpensive solution that can find even tiny leaks with pinpoint precision, no matter what the pipes are made of. The system, which has been under development and testing for nine years by professor of mechanical engineering Kamal Youcef-Toumi, graduate student You Wu, and two others, will be described in detail at the upcoming IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) in September. Meanwhile, the team is carrying out tests this summer on 12-inch concrete water-distribution pipes under the city of Monterrey, Mexico. The system uses a small, rubbery robotic device that looks something like an oversized badminton birdie. The device can be inserted into the water system through any fire hydrant. It then moves passively with the flow, logging its position as it goes. It detects even small variations in pressure by sensing the pull at the edges of its soft rubber skirt, which fills the diameter of of the pipe.(The fast, inexpensive robotic device that developed by engineers from MIT can find even tiny leaks in pipes with pinpoint precision, no matter what the pipes are made of.)This device contains two parts: "skirt" sensor and soft body drone. It is then retrieved using a net through another hydrant, and its data is uploaded. No digging is required, and there is no need for any interruption of the water service. In addition to the passive device that is pushed by the water flow, the team also produced an active version that can control its motion.Monterrey itself has a strong incentive to take part in this study, since it loses an estimated 40 percent of its water supply to leaks every year, costing the city about $80 million in lost revenue. Leaks can also lead to contamination of the water supply when polluted water backs up into the distribution pipes. The MIT team, called PipeGuard, intends to commercialize its robotic detection system to help alleviate such losses. In Saudi Arabia, where most drinking water is provided through expensive desalination plants, some 33 percent is lost through leakage. That’s why that desert nation’s King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals has sponsored and collaborated on much of the MIT team’s work, including successful field tests there earlier this year that resulted in some further design improvements to the system, Youcef-Toumi says. DKNY CEO Caroline Brown, said “PipeGuard has created a simple, pragmatic and elegant solution to a complex problem. … This robot is a great example of utilizing smart design to simplify complexity and maximize efficiency.”

“For the living room, a sensual green with temperature and motion sensors.” In the future, you may be able to order that or something similar for your smart home. Sometime soon, new types of sensors could become a reality on your four walls.Science or fiction? More and more often, we find ourselves having to answer that question with science. That also applies to tiny new sensors that—hidden in wall paint—could make smart homes even smarter. On the one hand, they would have to be very, very small, and on the other, they would have to work without a battery. Researchers at the University of Eindhoven have already found an elegant solution. Their tiny temperature sensor gets its energy from the same radio waves that it uses to transmit its measuring results. First it receives radio waves from a special router via an antenna and stores it as energy. Starting at a certain energy level, it then measures the temperature and sends the results to the router. And it does so at exactly the same frequency that was chosen in advance for the measured temperature value. The router then uses the information to calculate the actual temperature. The walls have earsThe range of the tiny sensor, which measures just two square millimeters in size and weighs just 1.6 milligrams, is limited to 2.5 centimeters. But researchers hope to reach one meter during the next year. They are aiming for up to five meters in the future. Because the sensor also works under a coat of paint, pavement or concrete, there are only a few restrictions to its applications. For example, in smart homes or production environments, it could be “painted” onto the building’s walls with paint. And not just as a “thermometer”. The technology can also be used for sensors that measure motion, light and moisture. Right now the sensor stems from a 65-nm CMOS process. Produced in mass, the cost of production should come in at around 30 cents. Ref.KY45-LM35DTKY45-AMB2402

ABOUT KNYIX OverviewKynix Semiconductor HongKong Limited was founded in 2008, which specializes in electronic components distribution business. With an experienced research and development,sales and management team, we have gradually established an excellent reputation and credibility in our international business. As our business philosophy, honesty and ethics are always in the first place when we serve our customers. For the accurate quotation, excellent credit, reasonable price, reliable quality, fast delivery, authentic service, we have won favorable comments of our customers.After years of steady development, Kynix has established good relationships of cooperation with well-known brand agents and manufacturers in Japan, Korea and some western countries (LG,INTEL,Foxconn,etc.). Also we have stable and good supply channels. At the meanwhile, we attach great importance to relationships with  everyone in this field, and cherish every opportunity of cooperation and sharing. Company profile Company nameKynix Semiconductor HongKong LimitedYear Established2008Area of BusinessElectronic components distributionAddress of companyFlat 08,4/F Shing Yip Ind Bldg,19,19-21 Shing Yip Street Kwun Tongkowloon Hong KongProductsOptical devices, embedded systems, semiconductors, circuit protection components, passive components, connectors, sensors, etc.ServicesOffering over 60 days after-sales services  Development History   Kynix’s Advantages    ·Our Operation SystemStrong enterprise management system, high intelligent procurement system, super stable order system, strong warehouse management system, professional inspection technology of professional shipment,convenient and efficient delivering system, applicable to PC/mobile devices. We are pleasure to serve for over 9000 clients around the world. We have spend 13 years to meet the needs from our worldwide clients and satisfy them, so we know clearly about the importance of safe delivery, timely after-sales service and  intimate service.           ·Warehouse ManagementWe strictly comply with the warehouse management rules. By implementing ERP system, we master the warehouse data accurately, which fundamentally ensure the accuracy and unity of actual operation, delivery status and the backend database.  At the same time, it further improves the working efficiency and accomplishes the scientific management of the warehouse.   Corporate Culture  Kynix is constantly committed to constructing a strong corporate culture and sharing its prosperity with all of its employees. Kynix is devoted to carrying out its core corporate culture of “honesty, efficiency and reliability”, adhering to the development concept of its quality culture under the theme of human-nurturing before goods-building and earnestness, etc. Close cooperation among departments plays a key role in a company’s operation. To ensure that all of our customers can get reliable and efficient service promptly, Kynix sales department always pays high attention to each RFQ sent by our customers and proceeds it in the first place. Our purchasing department is responsible for goods purchasing and quality assurance. Every staff in Kynix is trying their best to do their jobs well, which makes our company better and better.   Customers’ Reviews With the good cooperation, Kynix won a lot of praise from our customers. Follows are some reviews from them. “Both price and goods is suitable for my design! The seller’s service is really good! Anyway, I am indeed content with shopping of this time. Recommending Kynix strongly to everyone who wants to purchase electronic components.”——Nikita Silva “About one year ago I ordered a first shipment of parts from Kynix, so I′m giving a long-therm evaluation here. Kynix in my opinion is a reputable, professional supplier with great pricing, communication, care taking/handling and reassurance that no fake-parts are sold. I am very confident in their service and I′m currently preparing another shipment of same size......”——Florian Poeschko “Great seller, the best service.Very pleasant to deal business with such company.”——Crystal Ling “I placed a trial order in Kynix Semiconductor’s website, and I received the parts.They are all good and well packaged. The service is also excellent. I think I will but again!”——Madele “This is my second order. I got an excellent service and the delivery is very fast. I am very satisfied. Thank you.”——Gustavo “I am a regular customer of Kynix Semiconductor. After years of purchasing components here, I have to say these good points about it. And these are the reason why I want to recommend Kynix if you want to buy components for your design. Items: Standard, hard-to-get and long obsolete components like - Transistors (e.g. Sanyo 2SK44, Fairchild FQPF11P06) - Diodes (e.g. Rohm 1S2473, Toshiba 1S1588) - Integrated circuits (e.g. National Semiconductors LM308)  Quotation: The quotation (pre-buy) was turned around fast, it was accurate and clear (including shipping costs). Several parts needed communication on my behalf with a sales assistant who was able to answer every question I had (e.g. is component definitely from the manufacturer I specified, can I see another picture, etc.). All my necessities we′re met and all components/manufacturers could be found. Pictures were sent for confirmation where needed and matched parts sent.  Parts: After working with the parts over the past year I can say they are all of genuine brand/manufacturer and I haven′t yet had a single defective component.  Packaging: All parts were sent in sealed soft-bags/hard batch-casings and accurately labelled (part number, manufacturer and amount). Bags can be opened and sealed again which makes them great for both storage and regular use.  Shipment: The whole shipment was packed carefully and no damage to any parts. It was delivered faster as expected and customs were taken care of hassle-free. The cost was very reasonable.  Pricing: The pricing was excellent especially with greater amounts which was why I could purchase a greater amount for surplus (In some instances several hundreds of them.) I feel really good with their good quality and excellent service. Hope this evaluation can help you!”——Pinellis Sam   Kynix’s ProspectIn 2015, Kynix Semiconductor’s annual value of production had reached $50 million. And our partners in electronics field increased to 700 in 2016. Now the Chinese version of Kynix website is moving ahead and will be launched soon. ContactIf you want to know more about Kynix Semiconductor and our products, please view our website! Or you can contact us through our email: info@kynix.com. Come and buy good products at lower price from us! 

Three fingers on a new soft robotic gripper each have specialized sensors that can estimate the size and shape of an object accurately enough to identify it from a set of multiple items.  Robots have many strong suits, but delicacy traditionally hasn't been one of them. Rigid limbs and digits make it difficult for them to grasp, hold, and manipulate a range of everyday objects without dropping or crushing them. Recently, researchers from MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) have discovered that the solution may be to turn to a substance more commonly associated with new buildings and Silly Putty: silicone. At a conference this month, researchers from CSAIL Director Daniela Rus' Distributed Robotics Lab demonstrated a 3-D-printed robotic hand made out of silicone rubber that can lift and handle objects as delicate as an egg and as thin as a compact disc. Just as impressively, its three fingers have special sensors that can estimate the size and shape of an object accurately enough to identify it from a set of multiple items. "Robots are often limited in what they can do because of how hard it is to interact with objects of different sizes and materials," Rus says. "Grasping is an important step in being able to do useful tasks; with this work we set out to develop both the soft hands and the supporting control and planning systems that make dynamic grasping possible." The paper, which was co-written by Rus and graduate student Bianca Homberg, PhD candidate Robert Katzschmann, and postdoc Mehmet Dogar, will be presented at this month's International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. The hard science of soft robots The gripper, which can also pick up such items as a tennis ball, a Rubik's cube and a Beanie Baby, is part of a larger body of work out of Rus' lab at CSAIL aimed at showing the value of so-called "soft robots" made of unconventional materials such as silicone, paper, and fiber. Researchers say that soft robots have a number of advantages over "hard" robots, including the ability to handle irregularly-shaped objects, squeeze into tight spaces, and readily recover from collisions. "A robot with rigid hands will have much more trouble with tasks like picking up an object," Homberg says. "This is because it has to have a good model of the object and spend a lot of time thinking about precisely how it will perform the grasp." Soft robots represent an intriguing new alternative. However, one downside to their extra flexibility (or "compliance") is that they often have difficulty accurately measuring where an object is, or even if they have successfully picked it up at all. That's where the CSAIL team's "bend sensors" come in. When the gripper hones in an object, the fingers send back location data based on their curvature. Using this data, the robot can pick up an unknown object and compare it to the existing clusters of data points that represent past objects. With just three data points from a single grasp, the robot's algorithms can distinguish between objects as similar in size as a cup and a lemonade bottle. "As a human, if you're blindfolded and you pick something up, you can feel it and still understand what it is," says Katzschmann. "We want to develop a similar skill in robots—essentially, giving them 'sight' without them actually being able to see." The team is hopeful that, with further sensor advances, the system could eventually identify dozens of distinct objects, and be programmed to interact with them differently depending on their size, shape, and function. How it works（“We want to ... give robots‘sight’ without them actually being able to see,” says MIT grad student Robert Katzschmann. ） Researchers control the gripper via a series of pistons that push pressurized air through the silicone fingers. The pistons cause little bubbles to expand in the fingers, spurring them to stretch and bend. The hand can grip using two types of grasps: "enveloping grasps," where the object is entirely contained within the gripper, and "pinch grasps," where the object is held by the tips of the fingers. Outfitted for the popular Baxter manufacturing robot, the gripper significantly outperformed Baxter's default gripper, which was unable to pick up a CD or piece of paper and was prone to completely crushing items like a soda can. Like Rus' previous robotic arm, the fingers are made of silicone rubber, which was chosen because of its qualities of being both relatively stiff, but also flexible enough to expand with the pressure from the pistons. Meanwhile, the gripper's interface and exterior finger-molds are 3-D-printed, which means the system will work on virtually any robotic platform. In the future, Rus says the team plans to put more time into improving and adding more sensors that will allow the gripper to identify a wider variety of objects. "If we want robots in human-centered environments, they need to be more adaptive and able to interact with objects whose shape and placement are not precisely known," Rus says. "Our dream is to develop a robot that, like a human, can approach an unknown object, big or small, determine its approximate shape and size, and figure out how to interface with it in one seamless motion." Ref.KY45-TSL1401CLKY45-11242-11

(A test sample comprised of a thermal chip, a heat spreader and a microcooler demonstrates the efficiency of diamond for removing heat from hotspots in semiconductor electronics.) Powerful electronic components can get very hot. When many components are combined into a single semiconductor chip, heating can become a real problem. An overheating electronic component wastes energy and is at risk of behaving unpredictably or failing altogether. Consequently, thermal management is a vital design consideration. This becomes particularly important in devices made from gallium nitride. "Gallium nitride is capable of handling high voltages, and can enable higher power capability and very large bandwidth," says Yong Han from the A*STAR Institute of Microelectronics. "But in a gallium nitride transistor chip, the heat concentrates on tiny areas, forming several hotspots." This exacerbates the heating problem. Han and co-workers demonstrate both experimentally and numerically that a layer of diamond can spread heat and improve the thermal performance of gallium nitride devices. The researchers created a thermal test chip that contained eight tiny hotspots, each 0.45 by 0.3 millimeters in size, to generate the heat created in actual devices. They bonded this chip to a layer of high quality diamond fabricated using a technique called chemical vapor deposition. The diamond heat spreader and test chip were connected using a thermal compression bonding process. This was then connected to a microcooler, a device consisting of a series of micrometer-wide channels and a micro-jet impingement array. Water impinges on the heat source wall, and then passes through the micro-channels to remove the heat and keep the structure cool. Han and the team tried their device by generating 10–120 Watts of heating power in test chips of 100 and 200-micrometer thickness. To dissipate the heating power, the diamond heat spreading layer and microcooler helped maintain the structure at a temperature below 160 degrees Celsius. In fact, the maximum chip temperature was 27.3 per cent lower than another device using copper as the heat spreading layer, and over 40 per cent lower than in a device with no spreading layer. The experimental results were further confirmed by thermal simulations. The simulations also indicated that the performance could be improved further by increasing the thickness of the diamond layer, and that good bonding quality between the gallium nitride chip and the diamond heat spreader was crucial to obtain the best performance. "We next hope to develop a novel micro-fluid cooler of higher and more uniform cooling capability, and to achieve thermal management using a diamond layer of high thermal conductivity near an electronic gate," says Han. Ref.KY56-MJL4302AKY56-PZTA06KY56-FZT958TA