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Wearable sensors that monitor heart rate, activity, skin temperature, and other variables can reveal a lot about what is going on inside a person, including the onset of infection, inflammation, and even insulin resistance, according to a study by researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine.An important component of the ongoing study is to establish a range of normal, or baseline, values for each person in the study and when they are ill. “We want to study people at an individual level,” said Michael Snyder, Ph.D., professor, and chair of genetics. Snyder is the senior author of the study, which was published online in PLOS Biology.  Altogether, the team collected nearly 2 billion measurements from 60 people, including continuous data from each participant’s wearable biosensor devices and periodic data from laboratory tests of their blood chemistry, gene expression, and other measures. Participants wore between one and seven commercially available activity monitors and other monitors that collected more than 250,000 measurements a day.  The team collected data on weight; heart rate; oxygen in the blood; skin temperature; activity, including sleep, steps, walking, biking, and running; calories expended; acceleration; and even exposure to gamma rays and X-rays. “I was very impressed with all the data that was collected,” said Eric Topol, MD, professor of genomics at the Scripps Research Institute, who was not involved in the study. “There’s a lot here — a lot of sensors and a lot of different data on each person.” The study demonstrated that, given a baseline range of values for each person, it is possible to monitor deviations from normal and associate those deviations with environmental conditions, illness, or other factors that affect health. Distinctive patterns of deviation from normal seem to correlate with particular health problems. Algorithms designed to pick up on these patterns of change could potentially contribute to clinical diagnostics and research. The work is an example of Stanford Medicine’s focus on precision health, whose goal is to anticipate and prevent disease in the healthy and to precisely diagnose and treat disease in the ill. On a long flight to Norway for a family vacation last year, Snyder noticed changes in his heart rate and blood oxygen levels. As one of the 60 participants in the digital health study, he was wearing seven biosensors.  From previous trips, Snyder knew that his oxygen levels normally dropped during airplane flights and that his heart rate increased at the beginning of a flight — as occurred in other participants. But the values typically returned to normal over the course of a long flight and after landing. This time, his numbers didn’t return to baseline. Something was up, and Snyder wasn’t completely surprised when he went on to develop a fever and other signs of illness.  The fact that you can pick up infections by monitoring before they happen is very provocative. Two weeks earlier, he’d been helping his brother build a fence in rural Massachusetts, so his biggest concern was that he might have been bitten by a tick and infected with Lyme disease. In Norway, Snyder persuaded a doctor to give him a prescription for doxycycline, an antibiotic known to combat Lyme disease. Subsequent tests confirmed that Snyder had indeed been infected with the Lyme microorganism. Snyder was impressed that the wearable biosensors picked up the infection before he even knew he was sick. “Wearables helped make the initial diagnosis,” he said.  Subsequent data analysis confirmed his suspicion that the deviations from normal heart rate and oxygen levels on the flight to Norway had indeed been quite abnormal. “The fact that you can pick up infections by monitoring before they happen is very provocative,” said Topol. For Snyder, the Lyme diagnosis is just the tip of the iceberg — part of very early work to begin querying massive data sets of health information. The results of the current study raise the possibility of identifying inflammatory disease in individuals who may not even know they are getting sick. For example, in several participants, higher-than-normal readings for heart rate and skin temperature correlated with increased levels of C reactive protein in blood tests. C reactive protein is an immune system marker for inflammation and often indicative of infection, autoimmune diseases, developing cardiovascular disease, or even cancer. Snyder’s own data revealed four separate bouts of illness and inflammation, including the Lyme disease infection and another that he was unaware of until he saw his sensor data and an increased level of C reactive protein. The wearable devices could also help distinguish participants with insulin resistance, a precursor for Type 2 diabetes. Of 20 participants who received glucose tests, 12 were insulin-resistant. The team designed and tested an algorithm combining participants’ daily steps, daytime heart rate, and the difference between daytime and nighttime heart rate. The algorithm was able to process the data from just these few simple measures to predict which individuals in the study were likely to be insulin-resistant. The study also revealed that declines in blood-oxygen levels during airplane flights were correlated with fatigue. Fortunately, the study showed that people tend to adapt on long flights; oxygen levels in their blood go back up, and they generally feel less fatigued as the hours go by. “The desaturation of oxygen in flight was not something I anticipated,” said Topol. “Whenever you walk up and down the aisle of a plane, everyone is sleeping, and I guess there may be another reason for that besides that they partied too hard the night before. That was really interesting, and I thought it was great that the authors did that.” Topol noted that one of the biosensors used in the study doesn’t work very well and that another has been recalled. “A few are not going to hold up,” he said. “Either they are not going to be available or they are going to be proven to not be very accurate." "But what is good about what the authors did here is that they weren’t just relying on one device. They did everything they could with the kind of sensors that are available today to get data that was meaningful.” During a visit to the doctor, patients normally have their blood pressure and body temperature measured, but such data is typically collected only every year or two and often ignored unless the results are outside of the normal range for entire populations. But biomedical researchers envisage a future in which human health is monitored continuously. “We have more sensors on our cars than we have on human beings,” said Snyder. In the future, he said, he expects the situation will be reversed and people will have more sensors than cars do. Already, consumers have purchased millions of wearable devices, including more than 50 million smartwatches and 20 million other fitness monitors. Most monitors are used to track activity, but they could easily be adjusted to more directly track health measures, Snyder said. We have more sensors on our cars than we have on human beings. With a precision health approach, every person could know his or her normal baseline for dozens of measures. Automatic data analysis could spot patterns of outlier data points and flag the onset of ill health, providing an opportunity for intervention, prevention, or cure. FAQ 1. What is wearable sensor?Wearable sensors, just as the name implies, are integrated into wearable objects or directly with the body in order to help monitor health and/or provide clinically relevant data for care. ... However, recent focus has shifted to wearable sensing platforms, exploiting stretchable and flexible electronics. 2. What can wearable sensors measure?The use of wearable sensors for sports is at its infancy, with the majority of devices currently used to measure movement-based parameters such as distance, velocity, and acceleration. 3. What are wearable sensors made of?At present, wearable temperature sensors also use a variety of nanomaterials, including conductive polymers,96, 97 graphene,89, 98 CNTs,46, 99 nickel,100 silver,101, 102 and copper metal nanoparticles and nanowires103 as thermal-sensing elements. 4. What are examples of wearable technology?Common examples of wearable technology include:Smart jewelry, such as rings, wristbands, watches and pins. ...Body-mounted sensors that monitor and transmit biological data for healthcare purposes.Fitness trackers, often in the form of wristbands or straps, that monitor things like physical activity and vital signs. 5. What are the wearable sensors used for?Wearable sensors are used to gather physiological and movement data thus enabling patient's status monitoring. Sensors are deployed according to the clinical application of interest. 6. What can wearable devices be used for?Wearables are electronic technology or devices incorporated into items that can be comfortably worn on a body. These wearable devices are used for tracking information on real time basis. They have motion sensors that take the snapshot of your day to day activity and sync them with mobile devices or laptop computers. 7. How we can monitor activity in wearable devices?Present wearable technologies include accelerometers, gyroscopes, sole sensors, and barometric pressure sensors mounted over the body. According to the purpose of the use, different body sensors have been developed with a capacity to monitor physiological and biochemical properties, posture and motion. 8. What is the value of the use of wearable microsensors?Using on-board sensors, wearable devices can provide critical information about athlete's performance and well-being. Athlete tracking is an important functionality of wearable devices that relies on positioning data which also influences the accuracy of numerous other attributes. 9. What health conditions require a wearable device?These devices will be especially important for improving the health and control of chronically ill patients and for those with conditions like asthma, COPD, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The focus of this paper revolves around wearable devices for asthma, but can be applied for any chronic condition. 10. What are the pros and cons of wearable technology?Pros and Cons of Wearable Tech:Pro: Wearable Tech is Convenient.Con: Wearable Tech is Limited.Pro: Most Wearable Tech is Discreet.Con: Some Wearable Tech is Not Discreet.Pro: Wearable Tech is Useful.Con: Wearable Tech is Expensive. Reference:EE-TP109IS471FSEIS489E

TT Electronics has announced that its sensors will be used in the NASA mission to the planet Mars in 2020. The robustness of the company’s Hall-effect sensors enables them to withstand the harsh environments found on Mars. The Hall-effect sensors from TT Electronics are key components in NASA’s new Mars 2020 Rover that will be landing on the surface of the red planet in 2021. These sensors detect magnetic fields in motors that control the speed and movement of the robotic arm of the Mars Rover.The Mars 2020 Rover will carry an entirely new subsystem to collect and prepare Martian rocks and soil samples. This subsystem will include a coring drill on its arm, controlled partially by TT Electronics’ Hall-effect sensors. About 30 samples will be deposited at select locations for return to Earth on a potential future sample-retrieval mission.David Kertes, Vice President of Global Sales and Marketing, Industrial Sensing and Control, TT Electronics, said, “We are delighted that our Hall-effect sensors will fly on NASA’s 2020 mission to Mars – this further underpins the high quality and integrity of our components for use in mission critical, aerospace and space applications. It is particularly exciting that the devices will be deployed as part of the system that controls the robotic arm of the Rover, the very ‘core’ of the mission, to collect Martian rock and soil samples.”TT Electronics designs and manufactures semiconductors for use in a variety of space, satellite and payload applications, in many different package options. In its Class 100,000 clean room, complete satellite harness sets and electromagnetics components are manufactured, as well as the test equipment needed for use in a clean room environment.Reference:01B1001JF01B5001JF01C1002JF 

Bosch Connected Devices and Solutions showcases three innovative sensor-based solutions in Las Vegas, USA. The devices help improve comfort, convenience and accountability, and new extension boards simplify the development of Internet of Things (IoT) applications.“Sensor-based connected devices and solutions lie at the heart of many applications today, including connected mobility, Industry 4.0 and logistics – and we offer some of the most innovative products in these dynamic sectors”.Increasing car driver safetyIn the event of an accident, a vehicle equipped with an eCall system will automatically contact emergency services. The Bosch Retrofit eCall plug is a smart device that uses acceleration sensors and intelligent embedded algorithms to detect an accident. Upon detection, it transmits data to a back-end IT system (via a Bluetooth smartphone app) to provide immediate assistance, e.g. it enables a call centre to call the driver, or immediately contact the emergency services if necessary.At CES, Bosch announces that Retrofit eCall can now be extended to Usage-Based Insurance and Concierge Services. At the push of a button, the Concierge Service connects drivers to a designated personal assistant at a service centre. This personal assistant can then provide the driver with specific directions or alternative routes, and can even book hotels and restaurants.Ensuring supply chain accountability The Transport Data Logger (TDL) ensures transparency across the entire supply chain. The TDL is a sensor-based device that can be attached to a shipment of sensitive or high-value goods. By monitoring and recording relevant parameters such as temperature, humidity, tilt, and shocks, the TDL makes the delivery process transparent and traceable.These measurements are subsequently documented and visualised via an app. If any parameter exceeds a user defined threshold, this is recorded, providing traceability and accountability. If no thresholds are exceeded, the TDL provides evidence of an incident-free transport chain.Extension boards for the cross domain development kitThe ability to quickly produce a demo or proof of concept is a key time saving factor when developing IoT projects. Bosch’s Cross Domain Development Kit (XDK) is a rapid prototyping tool that enables developers to bring their IoT designs to life, accelerating and simplifying the transition from prototype to mass production.At CES, Bosch Connected Devices and Solutions is also presenting three new extension boards expanding the feature set of the XDK. The first is the LoRaWAN connectivity extension board, which provides long-range network connectivity of up to 40km. The second is an infrared sensor extension board enabling the detection of heat signatures, for applications such as motion detection and temperature measurement. The last is an extension board for an additional temperature sensor providing an extended temperature measurement range, which is suited for industrial applications.The XDK is a fully integrated hardware and software product with Bluetooth and WiFi connectivity, containing a MEMS accelerometer, magnetometer and gyroscope, coupled with humidity, pressure, temperature, acoustic and digital light sensors. The software development environment offers access to various API layers, together with an algorithm library and sample applications, as well as access to the online development community.Reference:LM75AD"PCT2075DP"OH10/62

Designed for precision angle measurement, Contelec’s Vert-X 48E series non-contacting magnetic encoder is aimed at applications in agriculture, mining or construction equipment, and other applications where extreme environmental conditions exist and accurate control is required for steering, guiding or positioning etc.Available with full product and application engineering support from Variohm EuroSensor, the new sensor is a two-part design with no mechanical bearing or joint between the magnet and sensor components.The 48mm diameter and 17mm high sensor housing is fully sealed to IP68/IP69K and a choice of magnet designs allows maximum installation flexibility. The Vert-X 48E has resolution options of 12- or 14-bits with a choice of single and redundant output types for 0..10 V, and 4…20mA as well as single and redundant CANopen versions. The supply voltage of 8…35VDC will suit various position feedback tasks.With simple installation between rotating and stationary components in steering, drive chain, guide or other transmission mechanics, the sensor works with an air-gap of up to 13mm depending on the sensor type and an optional ‘detection of magnetic loss’ feature will signal a system shut-down in case of the magnetic actuator moving out of a valid air-gap range.The axial alignment allows up to 13mm between the sensor and magnet rotation axes as well as a good tolerance of tilting and radial misalignment. These factors combine with outstanding resilience to humidity, damp and dust as well as EN 60068-2-6 shock and EN 60068-2-27 vibration rated mechanical specifications, for exceptional levels of reliability and endurance.Other options for the range include selectable electrical angle in ten degree steps up to 360 degrees, settable mid-point, start and end point and gradient. One metre cable connection is standard with customised lengths and special connector options available on request. Reference:350-00029ALS-PT17-51C/L177/TR8EE-TP405-X  

In order to help social-fitness fans stay motivated, STMicroelectronics has introduced smart motion sensors that enable always-on tracking applications to run for longer and record progress more accurately. These sensors, the LIS2DS12 3-axis 'pico' accelerometer, LSM6DSL/M 6-axis inertial module, and the LSM303AH eCompass help track movement continuously with minimal impact on device battery life by performing various motion-related calculations efficiently on-chip instead of using the main system processor. Pre-embedded algorithms that include high-precision pedometer, step detection, step counting, and significant motion and tilt detection effectively reduce engineering effort and accelerate time to market for imaginative new apps on devices such as fitness bands, medical monitors, personal navigation and Internet of Things (IoT) nodes, in addition to smartphones and wearable devices.ST’s smart motion sensors are already integrated in several smartphones to enable WeRun, a new feature of the WeChat messaging app used by more than 90% of people in China’s largest cities. “WeRun turns physical activity into a social pursuit, helping smartphone and wearable device users stay healthy,” commented Andrea Onetti, Group Vice President and General Manager, MEMS Sensors Division, STMicroelectronics. “ST’s smart motion sensors enable WeRun to track movements continuously, never missing a step, while preserving battery energy to power the device for longer. This enhances usability and helps attract more subscribers.”ST’s sensor device with the on-board pedometer suiting the WeRun app, the LSM303AH eCompass combines an accelerometer with a magnetic sensor that more than doubles the heading accuracy of other eCompass or pure magnetometer solutions tested at the same geographical latitudes. Combined with the continuous accurate step monitoring, this ensures precise location awareness by dead reckoning where there is no GPS signal, such as in offices, car parks, or shopping malls. In addition, ST has engineered advanced software that simplifies user calibration of the temperature drift and the magnetic sensor.ST’s smart sensors also implement selectable power modes and resolution that help optimise energy efficiency and performance. Additional features that simplify system design include an embedded FIFO, built-in self-test, integrated temperature sensor, and programmable interrupts for conditions such as freefall. The LIS2DS12, LSM6DSL/M, and LSM303AH smart sensors are in production now. 

Clinical breast examinations can save women's lives, but, as doctors-in-training, new residents sometimes aren't thorough or experienced enough to detect potentially cancerous abnormalities.Now, future physicians could learn to give high-quality breast exams with help from high-tech sensors developed by University of Wisconsin-Madison engineers."This whole project is about facilitating the training of residents," says Hongrui Jiang, Lynn H. Matthias Professor in Engineering and Vilas Distinguished Achievement Professor in electrical and computer engineering.The project is working toward creating small fingertip sensors that can measure the pressure and hand motions used by physicians when probing for lumps. New residents will be able to compare their own exams against standards established from experienced doctors, and obtain feedback on whether or not they are being sufficiently thorough.Experienced clinicians long have been looking for an effective tool to establish standards for high-quality breast exams. Dr. Carla Pugh, the Susan Behrens, MD Professor of Surgical Education and a professor of industrial and systems engineering at UW-Madison, has attempted for years to create such a device, but the available sensing technology simply couldn't capture all of the subtle motions necessary for performing a comprehensive breast examination."They were using commercial products—but the sensors were not very good," says Jiang. "Commercial sensors have serious limitations."While some of the existing devices could quantify direct pressure reasonably well, nothing existed that could also measure the side-to-side and circular motion that real-world clinical procedures entail. So Pugh approached Jiang for help."It was very hard; we couldn't figure out a nice way to handle the problem until a year ago, when we had an 'aha' moment," says Jiang.Jiang and his student, Jayer Fernandez, realized that one traditional capacitive sensor alone couldn't possibly measure all of the necessary parameters. Instead, they fashioned a device that integrates information from four overlapping components to quantify pressure and shear from all three dimensions.That novel approach earned Fernandez top honors at the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' prestigious Sensors Conference in fall 2016. Fernandez gave a brief, informal presentation to a panel of experts, who were impressed by the capabilities of the device."I've never done an elevator pitch before, but it went well. People asked me a lot of interesting questions. I described why our sensor is more sensitive to the force range that we're looking at and gives us a nice way to do the readout in different directions," says Fernandez.Currently the researchers are working to further miniaturize the sensor, and to combine data from multiple devices at once. They will continue to collaborate with Pugh and other clinicians to develop the most useful device for working doctors."There's a real need to improve physician training," says Jiang. "We didn't realize there was such a clinical need. It's a very challenging problem, but very interesting and very significant." Reference:OVM7695-RAEAOV09726-A40A-1DOV05633