The Kynix Blog

 This article is a brief introduction to contactor.  Catalog  I. What is a Contactor?II. Differences Between Contactor and RelaysIII. Contactor Working PrincipleIV. About Arc SuppressionFAQ I. What is a Contactor? As an essential part of the motor control gear, the most widespread switching device used in a starter is the a,c. airbrake contactor which consists of contact assemblies actuated by electromagnetic action. An operating coil is enclosed by the magnetic yoke, as well as when energized attracts an armature to which is attached a set of moving contacts which make with a set of stationary contacts. Modern contractors use a silver alloy contact tip, normally silver–cadmium oxide or silver–tin oxide alloy attached to a brass or copper backing strip. The choice of tip material is critical and is normally established after many types of tests.  Note: The rating of the contactor depends on the size, shape, and material of the contacts and on the efficiency of the arc extinction method used. An electrical contactor is an electromagnetic switch similar to a relay. It is a switch that can be controlled with the current/pulse to switch over an electrically powered circuit. II. Differences Between Contactor and Relays Let me put forward a basic question firstly:If you see in industrial control panels, both relays and contractors are used for the same purpose, so why different names? Both of them perform the same task. The relay is usually used in low voltage paths such as switching tube-light or small LEDs. The contactor is used in electrical circuits of industrial motors or other heavy applications. So, the difference is from an application point of view. The basic working principle is the same for both. The relay behaves similarly to how a contractor works. If you want to switch circuits with high voltages, use contactors and if you want to switch light voltages then the relay is ready for you.  It is important to note here the difference between protection and switching. A relay is a protection device whereas a contactor cannot assure you about protection. The relay can differentiate between normal & abnormal conditions and give command accordingly which contactor cannot. Switching means to break and make a circuit and a contactor is mainly used for that purpose. III. Contactor Working Principle When the contactor coil is de-energized, gravity or a spring returns the electromagnet core to its initial position and opens the contacts. For contactors energized with alternating current, a small part of the core is surrounded by a shading coil, which slightly delays the magnetic flux in the core. The following video will help you understand the working principle of contactor more intuitively:  IV. About Arc Suppression Most motor control contactors at low voltages (600 volts and less) are air brake contactors; air at atmospheric pressure surrounds the contacts and extinguishes the arc when interrupting the circuit. Modern medium-voltage AC motor controllers use vacuum contactors. High voltage AC contactors (greater than 1,000 volts) may use a vacuum or an inert gas around the contacts. High voltage DC contactors (greater than 600V) still rely on air within specially designed arc-chutes to break the arc energy. High-voltage electric locomotives may be isolated from their overhead supply by roof-mounted circuit breakers actuated by compressed air; the same air supply may be used to "blow out" any arc that forms.Without adequate contact protection, the occurrence of electric current arcing causes significant degradation of the contacts, which suffer significant damage. An electrical arc occurs between the two contact points (electrodes) when they transition from a closed to an open (break arc) or from an open to a closed (make arc). The break arc is typically more energetic and thus more destructive. Without adequate contact protection, the occurrence of electric current arcing causes significant degradation of the contacts, which suffer significant damage. An electrical arc occurs between the two contact points (electrodes) when they transition from a closed to an open (break arc) or from an open to a closed (make arc). The break arc is typically more energetic and thus more destructive.FAQ 1. What is the main function of contactor?Function of contactor, generally used for connected and disconnected of electric current supply. Usually in use for applications: motors, heater, lighting or electric power distribution. 2. Why do we need contactors?Contactors are used for high power applications. They allow a lower voltage and current to switch a much higher power circuit, so they are generally larger and more heavy-duty than control relays, enabling them to switch higher power loads on and off for many thousands of cycles. 3. How a contactor is wired?Break your circuit, L N E through your contactor. Link a permanent live and a neutral from your supply to your coil (Al + A2) then use your switch feed to your photocell from A1, and switch the wire to the switched phase of your contactor load. This should now open when light, close when dark. 4. What is NO and NC In Contactor?Normally Open (NO) and Normally Closed (NC) terms refer to type of dry contact or wet contact. Put very simply, a Normally Open sensor will have no current when in a normal state but when it enters an alarm state it will have +5V applied to the circuit. 5. How many types of contactors are there?The contacts are classified as power contact, auxiliary contact, and contact spring. There are two types of power contact; stationary contact and movable contact. The material used for the contacts has stable arc resistance and high welding resistance. 6. Why contactor is used?Contactors are used for high power applications. They allow a lower voltage and current to switch a much higher power circuit, so they are generally larger and more heavy-duty than control relays, enabling them to switch higher power loads on and off for many thousands of cycles 7. What is the difference between a relay and a contactor?A contactor joins 2 poles together, without a common circuit between them, while a relay has a common contact that connects to a neutral position. Additionally, contactors are commonly rated for up to 1000V, while relays are usually rated to only 250V. 8. What are the types of contactors?There are different types of contacts in a contactor, and they are; auxiliary contact, power contact, and contact spring. The power contact has two types that are; stationary and movable contact. Material for making contacts must have a high welding resistance and stable arc resistance. 9. What are the three major parts of a contactor or relay?There are three major parts of a contactor or relay: the coil, mechanical linkage and contacts. The coil is used to create a magnetic field and is rated based on voltage (24 V, 120 V, 208/204 V, 480 V). The mechanical linkage connects the armature to the contacts when the coil is energized, completing the circuit. 10. How contactor is connected?A contactor is typically controlled by a circuit which has a much lower power level than the switched circuit, such as a 24-volt coil electromagnet controlling a 230-volt motor switch. Unlike general-purpose relays, contactors are designed to be directly connected to high-current load devices. 

Summary Energy-efficient sensor nodes are crucial to the development of the industrial internet of things (IIoT).Engineering team are trying to optimise energy efficient IIoT sensor nodes.In many cases, these devices will have to perform for years on a single battery charge. That calls for an implementation that is as energy efficient as possible. Achieving this demands a holistic approach to energy optimisation, one that reaches from the system level down to process and circuit-design choices.     Problem met Engineering team are trying to optimise the energy comsumption of an IIOT sensor node is that many of the design decisions interact with each other. And there are often hidden complexities of designs that lead to energy consumption being much higher than expected. For example, conventional wisdom points to the power consumption of an RF transmitter being a major influence on total energy. But, even though the receiver element may consume far less instantaneous power, system-level decisions that call for the device to listen for intermittent updates from a server can lead to it being left active for long periods of time – tens of seconds per hour versus tens of milliseconds for the transmitter. Because of the long operational life of a typical IoT sensor node, the energy used even when subsystems are sleeping can be responsible for a heavy drain on the battery.   Integration Despite the complex interaction between application design and implementation, there are some high-level choices that are likely to lead toward an optimal solution. One of these is the use of integration. Although it is entirely possible to use 2D-IC and 3D-IC multi chip packaging to assemble a compact IIoT sensor node from off-the-shelf components, integration into a single custom integrated circuit (IC) provides not just significant benefits in terms of cost and size but reductions in power consumption. In order to communicate with off-chip memories and analogue and RF on traditional PCB-based implementations, Input/Output (I/O) drivers with significant current draw are often required. A single system-on-chip (SoC) makes it possible to remove such power-hungry circuits.     The duty cycle and lifetime energy consumption The other fundamental consideration for designing energy-efficient IIoT sensor nodes is an understanding of the duty cycle and its impact on lifetime energy consumption. Simply minimising the power consumption of individual elements is not enough to guarantee that a remote or  inaccessible sensor can operate on a single battery charge for a decade or more. In such a situation, every microjoule the node requires from its battery is important. But that does not mean the system powered by a typical battery can consume no more than a few microwatts at any point in its life. Such a system would not be able to take measurements and communicate them wirelessly in any practical way. The use of duty-cycle planning makes it possible for the system to perform tasks that take significant amounts of power for short periods, trading those bursts against savings that can be made while much of the system is quiescent. For example, the RF subsystem of a wireless sensor node need only be powered when it is active. This is likely to be one of the most power-hungry parts of the overall design because of the need to supply enough transmitter power to ensure packets of data can be delivered reliably. However, the power consumed by the transmitter portion of the RF subsystem is relatively easy to control. Once a packet has been delivered the transmitter can be shut down. But there can still be significant power drawn by subsystems such as the RF receiver that continue to remain active once the transmitter has finished sending.   The RF receiver often needs to remain active because of timing uncertainty and this type of uncertainty has a major influence on overall energy consumption. Whereas the transmitter has predictable requirements – it need only be activated when data is ready to send – the receiver needs to be active for much longer. It needs to wait for acknowledgments from nodes to which it is sending data, and also needs to activate periodically to be able to listen for unsolicited messages. As a result, the overall energy consumption of the RF receiver will often exceed that of the transmitter over the lifetime of the sensor, even though its instantaneous power demand is lower. An efficient design will exploit power-saving techniques such as putting much of the circuitry into a low-activity state until an RF signal is detected. Another optimisation is to reduce the amount of time per minute the receiver is active at the cost of the sensor node’s responsiveness to external commands.     Although they might appear to be essential to all operations, the microprocessor core and its memory subsystem need careful duty-cycle management because they can demand very high levels of power. The problem for many designs is that software running on the processor is often responsible for core tasks such as fetching data from sensors and passing messages to the RF subsystem. This appears to mandate that the processor be fully active whenever sensor inputs need processing.   However, in many cases, the work performed by the software is very simple. It is quickly checking data values to see if they have passed a limit that might signal a problem, or for increased activity that needs closer inspection. Activating the processor to handle all the data is wasteful and can easily be offloaded to custom hardware or a programmable state machine. These circuits consume far less power and can run independently of the processor, so that and the memory array can be powered down.   Current leakage Even when most of the device is powered down, the power drawn during lengthy periods of sleep can be surprising. Energy lost through current leakage in subsystems that need to remain powered can incur a heavy overhead when analysed over the lifetime of the system because the time the system spends sleeping can be orders of magnitude longer than that during which the system is active. The problem of leakage calls for design techniques that limit leakage in subsystems such as real-time clocks and interrupt controllers to the nanoamp level. It might seem reasonable to disable interrupts for external events and only keep the real-time clock running in some applications. However, in that design the system needs to wake at regular intervals to check inputs that may incur unwanted energy consumption if there is no overall change to record. If the long-term energy usage of an interrupt controller is low enough, keeping that active to respond to events as they happen may make more sense.   When the processor and memory subsystem are powered down, a key decision is how to manage temporary data. One option is to use specialised retention register and memory cells, at the cost of some leakage power. Another is to put important data, such as calibration values, into non-volatile memory (NVM). This allows values to be restored quickly on restart but allows the leakage-prone SRAM arrays and registers to be powered down fully until then. But NVM choices are not always straightforward.   Processes that are optimised for low leakage and that support high-density NVM options may not have the performance required to support efficient RF modules on-chip. The energy needed for I/O drivers that transfer data to an off-chip RF transceiver may outweigh the power savings and security advantages obtained from implementing NVM on-chip. Careful analysis of the application’s requirements will indicate which choice is better for the custom SoC solution.   For the portions of the design that will be active for much of the device’s lifetime, careful attention to detail is required. Seemingly small details such as choosing to multiplex inputs into an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) will help determine the architecture of choice for those circuits. A sigma-delta ADC may initially appear to offer a good trade-off between accuracy, energy efficiency and silicon area. But it is not suited to multiplexing. Often a successive approximation (SAR) architecture offers superior performance for industrial sensor signals. Advances in SAR design have pushed the energy per bit per conversion down into the range of tens of femtojoules.   Front-end analogue circuits are just as important as the ADC. Amplifiers and buffers that isolate and condition signals before conversion can consume high levels of power and they will be active for long periods of time. Analysis of the specific requirements for bandwidth and accuracy often allow for optimizations that reduce the energy of front-end circuitry and ADCs.   To tie all the subsystems together into a working custom SoC demands the use of power-aware design methodologies to ensure subsystems and circuits are activated properly when required, and can be powered down without disrupting the operation of other parts of the custom IC that need to stay running. Standards such as the Unified Power Format (UPF) have been designed to support such power-aware methodologies, but their application requires experience and attention to detail at different levels of abstraction.   Take an example For example, there may be a logical connection between two subsystems that demands they be active at the same time. But physical restrictions may call for them to form part of a larger power island – an area of the mixed-signal ASIC with a common set of power and ground rails – that includes other subsystems that are not required during that time. Design verification needs to ensure that the entire island is powered up correctly. If not, the final SoC will fail. Such physical design considerations may call for changes to the power-control architecture if the consumption of the whole island is higher than the budget allows. It may call for subsystems to be assigned to different power islands, for example.   Verification also needs to pay attention to on-chip noise, which may point to further optimization of the power-island strategy. For example, a low-noise LDO may be used to power sensitive mixed-signal sections that operate autonomously. Once measurements have been taken or RF communications have been completed, a higher-efficiency DC/DC converter may then be reactivated to analyse incoming data and make decisions.   Although the core requirements of energy efficiency in IIoT sensor nodes are readily understood, as can be seen, the implementation choices are complex and often subtle. Many factors affect the optimum solution for a given IIoT sensor node application, although a custom SoC will frequently be the best target in terms of energy and overall cost. Therefore, the ability to call on the expertise of design teams with extensive experience in custom mixed-signal IC implementation is key to success.  

SummaryA digital temperature sensor IC which offers accurate measurements in the temperature range -20 to 10°C has been introduced by ams. The performance of the AS6200C makes it easier for designers of refrigerators and data loggers in cold-chain storage equipment to meet demanding targets for system-level accuracy. The AS6200C’s measurements are accurate to ±0.2°C between -20°C and 10°C, the temperature range over which storage equipment for perishable goods operates.  AS6200C Sensor ICAS6200C sensor's accuracy is guaranteed over the device's supply voltage range of 1.8~3.6V. In temperature control and temperature logging applications, the total error budget is made up of multiple components. By minimising the error at the point of measurement, the designer gains extra headroom for other error and noise sources, such as the heat generated by board-mounted com-ponents. The use of the highly accurate AS6200C gives the designer more flexibility to modify other elements of the system design while keeping total error below a specified maximum level. The AS6200C integrates a sensor front end, 12-bit analogue-to-digital converter and digital logic in a small WL-CSP package. It provides a digital output over an I2C interface to any host microcontrol-ler. The device performs on-board digital signal processing, which means that it needs no user calibration, and its linearised output requires no compensation by an external microcontroller. The AS6200C is intended for use in equipment for storing and transporting food, pharmaceuticals, flowers and other perishable goods, as well as in domestic and commercial refrigerators. It is well suited to data loggers that comply with the EN12830:1999 class 1 standard.The new device extends the ams family of small, accurate digital temperature sensor ICs, joining the AS6200 sensor, which achieves peak accuracy between 0 and 65°C. “The AS6200C offers the market a unique combination of small size - its footprint is only 1.5mm2 - very high accuracy over the cold-chain monitoring and storage temperature range, and a convenient digital output requiring no calibration or linearisation. It provides a new example of the value of the low noise, high sensitivity, high linearity semiconductor technology underlying the outstanding performance of ams' sensor solution products,” said Nikolai Haslebner, Marketing Manager at ams. 

SummaryChristmas is coming,as well as the New Year's Day. In keeping with the festive lighting of the holiday season,there are various LED lighting architecture in the world. Now let me take you to tour the landmarks lit with LEDs.  In the touring of this LED architecture, I will also introduce how this landmarks be done. Well,these These attention grabbing displays are dependent on products that can deliver a wide range of colors, and a control scheme that allows lighting designers to fully realize their creative ideas. First Stationlet's begin with the glorious Miami in Miami,Florida.  Located downtown, the Miami Tower is a 47-story landmark that you may have seen in films and on television. Before conversion to LEDs, it was lit with a total of 382 1,000 W and 400 W metal halide fixtures, with gels (color filters) applied by maintenance crews to change the color effects. Conversion to a combination of LED flood lighting and strip lighting reduced energy, maintenance, and operating costs by over a quarter million dollars annually, and the building fa?ade can now be changed to a virtually limitless combination of colors and patterns with the “push of a button”. Miami Tower and the other landmarks reviewed in this article are illuminated using Philips Color Kinetics products, which currently have a bit of a monopoly in architectural installations. The control scheme uses a data enabler to combine power with a proprietary Ethernet DMX-based data signal called KiNET, prior to routing to luminaires, junction boxes, and/or strings of strip lights.Over 16 million color combinations can be achieved through the 8-bit channels of Red/Green/Blue/White or Red/Green/Blue/Amber luminaires. A number of different controllers can be used to program either static or dynamic displays. DSP techniques ensure that data corruption is negligible even in noisy, high-EMI environments, e.g., adjacent to powered radio antennas.  Second StationLet's travel across the country to the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge.  The Bay Lights of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, installed in 2013 in what was meant to be a two-year run to celebrate the bridge’s 75th anniversary, is currently the largest LED lighting sculpture in the world. With over 25,000 white LED nodes installed on the 1.8 mile western span, the bridge surpasses even the Eiffel Tower in number of LEDs.This lighting system uses light strands,each made up of 50 individually controllable nodes designed to operate in the demanding environment conditons of the bridge--rain,vibration,wind and even road debris. Control software scans the installation to ensure that all lighting is operational Bridge lighting projects are the most challenging to implement according to Philips, because the process can include not just lighting designers, architects, and contractors, but also transportation authorities and the Coast Guard, each with separate concerns and requirements. In addition, lighting installation usually requires workers to hang from suspended cables, and to work at night to minimize traffic impact. Doesn't that sound like fun?  Third StationThis is the season to be shopping,so let's envy the lucky folks in Philadelphia who get to spend time at the appropriately named Lit Brothers Building.  Listed on the National Registry of Historic Places in 1979, the Lit Brothers Building takes up a full city block with its mix of retail and office space. Unlike newer installations, preservation of the historic and structural aspects of the building were paramount in the lighting design, which includes both flood lights and light strips to illuminate the fa-ade and ornamental columns.As engineers, we’re interested in the technical and practical details of these LED projects, like lower operating costs and reduced maintenance requirements, but the non-energy benefits these projects bring can be even more significant. They play a tremendous role in creating a space that local residents and tourists look forward to visiting, enhancing the sense of fun and excitement in the community and the economic boost that often goes with it. Fina Station   The Bai Chay Bridge stands 50 m (164 ft) over Ha Long Bay, one of the most popular and beautiful tourist sites in Vietnam. In 2000, Ha Long Bay was nominated as one of the new seven natural wonders of the world, and in 2004, Ha Long Bay hosted almost 3 million tourists due to its geological value and natural beauty. Scattered across this bay are 1,969 islands, beautiful emerald waters, and with the Bai Chay Bridge, an edition in 2006, a new landmark in Vietnam.The Bai Chay Bridge has the widest width of any cable-stayed, single-plane concrete bridge in the world. The bridge was built to improve traffic conditions and adopt Japanese construction technologies. To make this landmark even more beautiful, the Bai Chay Bridge is now illuminated in colorful LED lights that reflect off the bay waters at night.LED lights were chosen due to their dynamic capabilities, long useful life and energy efficiency. In order to achieve all the goals the investor had set, Philips supplied an environmentally-friendly LED lighting solution for its high efficiency and dynamic and elegant lighting effects.The designers installed ColorReach Powercore gen2 and ColorReach Compact Powercore from Philips Color Kinetics to illuminate the cables and pillars that run high above the bridge, as well as to highlight the dramatic beauty of the bridge’s architecture. ColorGraze MX4 Powercore was used to illuminate the bottom of the bridge, and Archipoint iColor Powercore was used in a direct view application along the spans of the bridge. ConclusionSuch beautiful LED lighting architectures around the world create beauty, enhance entertainment and transform public spaces  for human being and nature. What's more,they witness the LED light's development and become an important milestone in the history of LED lighting. 

SummaryAccording to recent market research by Grand View Research,the global power electronics market will be valued at $39.2bn by 2025.To ensure electrical products and infrastructure are capable of supporting this 40% growth, REO UK is calling on laboratories and testing facilities to invest in stable DC power supplies for electrical testing. Electrical testing is a critical part of the design and development of power electronics and electrical components. Electricla Testing WorkElectrical testing involves running accurately monitored voltages through a component or product to ensure it is capable of withstanding and performing under specified currents. This ensures smooth performance and correct specification details once the tested equipment is on the market.  REO UK has worked extensively with test facilities and laboratories in the past and has identified a recurring problem of poor power quality affecting test accuracy. The company has previously launched ranges of electrical power supplies to provide stepless voltage adjustment to overcome this issue.  Steve Hughes,Managing Director of REO UK said: " Testing requires absolute accuracy to ensure  that products are reliable,safe and able to perform,if the market for power electronics is to reach its projected 40% growth in the coming decade, testing must be accurately controlled and reliable to ensure a consistently high standard of products."  Test Facilities disadvantage"Unfortunately,we often see that test facilities lack this control, either due to inaccurate electrical equipment or electromagnetic interference (EMI) making the current unreliable.” Up to now, the company has  stepped up its focus on test facilities with its new REOLAB 1000E electronic DC power supply for test equipment. The product is designed for use in testing the operating current of semiconductor diodes and rectifiers, as well as the maximum DC reverse voltage of a system up to 1,200V.  “Our new REOLAB 1000E helps to tackle the lack of electrical control with its stepless voltage adjustments and current tolerance of ±1%,” continued Hughes. “This tolerance level means that the supplied power is highly accurate and controllable.“In addition to this, the REOLAB range has a design that complies with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards to prevent creating power quality problems. This ensures test and laboratory facilities can test properly and effectively with minimal concerns over unstable loads.” 

SummaryThe world's first full-size interdigitated back contact (IBC) bifacial solar module has been developed and fabricated in Singapore by the Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS) at the National University of Singapore (NUS) in collaboration with the International Solar Energy Research Center Konstanz, Germany (ISC Konstanz). About IBC Solar Cell ModuleThe module technology's first prototype was produced using bifacial ZEBRA IBC solar cells from ISC Konstanz with efficiencies as high as 22%. The cells (battery) were fabricated using industrially proven process equipment and standard industrial 6-inch n-type Cz monocrystalline silicon wafers. The module's structural reliability is ensured by using a double-glass insulation technique perfected by SERIS since 2009. Encapsulated using the double-glass structure, IBC bifacial solar modules could offer a longer warranty period of 30 years or more. Furthermore, by utilising the bifacial nature of the solar cells, as much as 30% extra power is generated by the double-glass module due to reflection of sunlight from the ground ('albedo') towards the module's rear surface.  Dr Wang Yan, Director of SERIS' PV Module Cluster, is ecstatic about this new product. "With SERIS' new module design, panels with 350 Watts front-side power can be made with sixty 23% efficient screen-printed IBC cells. Considering an additional 20% of power via the panel's transparent rear surface, each 60-cell IBC bifacial module will produce a stunning 400 Watts of power in the real world." IBC Bifacial Module FeaturesAll back contact: This eliminates metal shading losses from the cells' front surface. As a result, the module can achieve higher current and efficiency outputs.Bifacial nature: The module is able to absorb light from both its front and rear surface, with a bifaciality of 75%. This enables the module to convert sunlight that enters via its rear surface, as a result of reflection from the ground and the surroundings.Double-glass structure: The cells are encapsulated between two glass panes using polyolefin elastomer (POE), which guarantees a long module lifetime in the field.Low-temperature interconnections: This prevents warping of the IBC cells due to heating.Specially designed & customized electrical junction box: This prevents shading of the rear surface of the bifacial IBC cells.Industrially feasible solar cell and module fabrication process and equipment: This enables the module to achieve high efficiency at lower cost and means that the technology is ready for industrial production Different view about IBC Bifacial ModuleDr Radovan Kopecek, founder of ISC Konstanz, Director of Advanced Solar Cells and Lead Scientist for ZEBRA development since 2009, has ambitious future plans for this technology: "Many people now might think that putting highly efficient IBC cells into bifacial modules does not make sense - but our consortium will prove them wrong. The ZEBRA process is extremely simple and cost-effective and so is the module manufacturing process. In large bifacial systems, this technology will lead to the lowest LCOEs ever. Bifaciality is quickly gaining popularity and, since a few weeks ago, one can also simulate the bifacial advantage using PVsyst - such developments will give many bifacial technologies the breakthrough in the PV systems arena".  Prof Armin Aberle, SERIS CEO, is also enthusiastic about the development. "IBC cells are famous for their efficiency, reliability and durability in the field. The newly developed IBC bifacial module is a testimony of SERIS' R&D capabilities in the PV module technology sector. The module technology offers world-class front side power while providing free extra power from the rear side. As a result, it has excellent LCOE potential" he explained. "The prototype module made at SERIS serves as a proof of concept for mass production. The next step will be to transfer the technology to industrial partners." He believes that such a high-power product could be available in the market within two years. The world's first full-size IBC bifacial module fabricated by SERIS displayed at the booths of SERIS' industry collaborators Centrotherm Photovoltaics AG (booth #360, E3) and SPIC Xi'an Solar Power (booth #330, W1) at the SNEC (2017) International Photovoltaic Power Generation Conference & Exhibition (SNEC PV POWER EXPO), Shanghai, China, from 19 to 21 April 2017. At the same time. Dr. Wang Yan reported on the IBC bifacial module design at the SNEC conference during his talk on 19th April at the Pudong Ballroom . Article provided by National University of SingaporeArticle edited by kynix