The Kynix Blog - Battery

Ⅰ IntroductionA computer  whether it is a laptop  or a desktop has a Motherboard where a small amount of memory known as  CMOS  (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) stores the BIOS  settings. Hardware settings, system time, and date are the parts of BIOS  settings. BIOS  protects the data each time the computer  turns off. If  CMOS loses its power the system clock resets.CatalogⅠ IntroductionⅡ CMOS Battery Related VideoⅢ Computer BIOS Ⅳ What is a CMOS Battery ?Ⅴ What is the Lifeline of CMOS Battery?Ⅵ How do I Know My CMOS Battery Failed? Ⅶ How to Replace A CMOS Battery?7.1 Step 1: Remove the Previous CMOS Battery7.2 Step 2：What To Do After Taking Out The Battery？Ⅷ FAQ Ⅱ CMOS Battery Related VideoHow to remove cmos battery in your pc? Cmos reset / hard reset on biosCMOS Battery Video Description:In this video I will teach you how to remove your cmos battery  in your pc whether be in  ATX  or  mATX  or mini ITX motherboard  . Removing the cmos battery  for 5 minutes will give a hard reset on your motherboard  and this will clear unnecessary issues like wrong overclock, no video signal and seeing the "reboot and select proper boot drive" in your display Ⅲ Computer BIOS To comprehend the significance of a CMOS battery  , you must first comprehend what your computer  's BIOS  is.BIOS is pre-programmed into the hardware of every computer,  It is not the same as an operating system. Operating systems  can be installed, uninstalled, and updated long after the computer  has been purchased. BIOS  is something that is built into the computer  during the manufacturing process.BIOS is an abbreviation for "Basic Input/Output System." What exactly does it accomplish? Essentially, it manages your computer  's essential functions.All computer  s operate based on inputs and outputs. Assume you're launching a software application:An input is when your CPU  sends an instruction to your hard disk to retrieve the software program from storage.Your hard disk retrieves the data from the software program and sends it back to your CPU  ; this is output.The program is executed by your CPU,  It sends instructions to your graphics processor, instructing it on what image to create; an input.Your graphics processor then sends instructions to your monitor on how to arrange the pixels on the screen to create the image; this is output.Everything your computer  does can be reduced to an input or an output. The BIOS  is in charge  of managing your computer's exchange of inputs and outputs, mostly when you boot it up. BIOS  instructs your computer on how to boot up the operating system and also controls peripherals (such as the mouse and keyboard). To turn on your laptop  , you press the power button, correct? So, how is your laptop  supposed to process the power button when it is off? That is what the BIOS operated. While your computer is still waking up, it performs basic functions for it. The basic input is to press the power button. The basic output is that your operating system boots up. Next We will look at CMOS battery,  Ⅳ What is a CMOS Battery ?On your motherboard.  the motherboard  battery, also known as the CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor), functions as an RTC (Real-Time-Clock). Inside your computer.  the CMOS acts as a battery-powered semiconductor chip that stores important data. This information includes the system time, date, and system hardware settings, which are required for your computer to boot and load properly. All of this data is kept safe by a near-quarter-sized lithium battery located directly on the computer's motherboard, Figure1:CMOS battery Ⅴ What is the Lifeline of CMOS Battery?CMOS is also referred to as CMOS RAM, Non-Volatile RAM (NVRAM), or a real-time clock (RTC). The lifespan of a CMOS battery  is nearly ten years. It will differ depending on the computer's usage and environment. CMOS is used in devices such as static RAM (SRAM), microcontrollers, digital logic circuits, and microprocessors.When the computer is unable to display the correct date and time, the CMOS battery  has failed. The original button does not appear on all motherboard  s. Some of the most basic types of customization features are expansion port speed configuration, boot device order, memory handling, and power control.As we all know from personal experience, batteries do not last forever. Batteries will cease to function after a certain time. This could happen anywhere between two and ten years after the device is manufactured. If your computer is turned on, its battery will last longer than if it is turned off. Unlike other types of batteries, these are not rechargeable, and doing so may result in an explosion. Ⅵ How do I Know My CMOS Battery Failed?The following are the symptoms of CMOS battery  failure:The laptop  is having trouble booting up.The motherboard  emits a constant beeping noise.The date and time have been reset.Peripherals are not responsive or respond incorrectlyHardware drivers have vanishedYou are unable to connect to the internet.When your CMOS battery  dies, your BIOS firmware will shut down and reset to factory setting. Problems with booting up and constant beepingAs previously stated, BIOS is primarily responsible for booting up your  computer ,  Your laptop  may have a difficult time booting up without the battery, or it may not boot up at all. You may also hear a constant beeping noise from the motherboard.  which is another sign of a battery failure.Date and time from a long, long time agoIf your laptop  boots, you may notice that the date and time have been reset. They've most likely reset to a date in the distant past. Even when your computer is turned off, BIOS keeps a real-time clock that keeps track of the date and time. That procedure is maintained by CMOS (which is sometimes referred to as a real-time clock in and of itself). If the date and time have mysteriously reset, it's a good indication that the CMOS battery  has died.Keyboard performance is erratic.It's possible that your peripherals aren't responding; for example, you can't move your cursor or click on any icons, and the laptop  isn't reading any of your keyboard inputs.Alternatively, your peripherals may be thrown out of whack; your cursor may be inaccurate, and your key inputs may result in strange responses from the operating system.Alternatively, your customized keyboard configuration has been reset to the default. Because BIOS is in charge  of managing peripherals at startup, these are all indications of CMOS failure.Drivers vanishIf you've installed any drivers on your computer.  such as those for your home printer, a CMOS failure may cause those drivers to vanish (you'll need to download and reinstall them).There is no internet connection.You may also be unable to connect to the internet if your battery dies. BIOS is in charge  of keeping hardware and network drivers up to date.One thing you should be relieved about is that CMOS failure usually does not result in the loss of any personal files. Nothing in storage has been harmed. Once you've replaced the battery, you'll still have access to all of your photos, videos, and documents. Failure of ttery  Ⅶ How to Replace A CMOS Battery?Ground yourself before you touch your patient. That means making sure that any static electricity (which can be generated in small charge  s between your body and clothing but is weak enough not to hurt you) does not pass through the delicate computer parts, which may seem insignificant but can seriously damage some of the more delicate components inside your case.Important points include placing your computer case on a non-conductive (non-metallic) table or surface before opening it for treatment and standing on bare feet in contact with the floor. 7.1 Step 1: Remove the Previous CMOS BatteryTo do so, open your computer's case and locate the CMOS battery on the  motherboard ,  If you're treating a laptop.  you'll need to open the laptop  's back panel. Because it resembles a large silver coin sitting on your motherboard  , the CMOS battery is easy to locate. Figure2:motherboard The battery in most systems and laptops is held in place by a small clip next to it. Simply slide the battery out from under the clip like a big round SIM card, and you'll have the troublesome little silver coin in your hand.Also, under no circumstances should the clip be bent.As a result, it will be unable to hold the new battery in place. You're treating your computer.  and as the saying goes, "first not harm."Figure3:new battery And there is one more thing;In some laptops, the CMOS battery may be covered with non-conductive protection and attached to two wires that are connected to the laptop's motherboard  via a connector similar to this:Figure4: laptop's motherboardAnd, you know, it's also possible that you can't find the CMOS battery on your laptop's back panel;Because some manufacturers do not allow battery replacements, and if you are still insistent on removing the battery;In any case, you can look online for a 'how to disassemble your laptop' tutorial video.Like on the YouTube;And this will help you understand how to disassemble your laptop because the CMOS battery may be attached to the other side of your laptop's motherboard, Here's a picture of the laptop without a CMOS battery in the back panel:Figure5: back panel So, whatever battery type your computer is using, simply disconnect or remove it.Even if the CMOS Battery is soldered to the motherboard  in the following manner:Figure6:Battery is soldered 7.2 Step 2：What To Do After Taking Out The Battery？You have to now purchase the same CMOS battery for your laptop or computer that you recently removed from your laptop or computer, So, you'll need to go to a computer store or order the battery online. Whatever you do, make certain that you purchase the same type of battery. Ⅷ FAQ1. How do I get the CMOS out of the motherboard without damaging it?Use a flat head screwdriver, push the metal tab back away from the battery.  It should not take much force, and the battery will just pop out.2. Is the CMOS battery the same battery found in Automotive Key Fobs?Excellent question, YES!  The CR2032 can be found in many devices from calculators, wrist watches, medical devices, toys, and many more.3. Can a motherboard run without a battery?Technically, YES.  Removing the CMOS battery will allow your computer to run however, you will lose the date and time settings, the computer will boot with default BIOS settings or you will have to choose the drive that the OS is installed every time you start your computer.4. Will removing the motherboard battery reset BIOS?This is an excellent question I get asked alot.  The short answer is YES.  If you remove the battery, wait approximately 5 minutes and then reconnect the battery.5. Can a CMOS battery cause a black screen?A faulty battery removes all of your boot settings.  It is very possible to see nothing but a black screen when booting up a computer with a dead CMOS.  For example if you have a secondary video adapter that your monitor is plugged into and your BIOS has reset to default settings, your onboard video would be the new display and not your primary video adapter.

IntroductionIn the era of smart phones, there are two ways to extend battery life, one is to directly use a large-capacity battery, and another is to use quick charge technology. Using large-capacity batteries is a easy way but with bulky piece of phones. Here let’s talk about the quick charge. How can you make the phone charge faster?How Does Fast Charging Work?CatalogIntroductionⅠ Quick Charge FactorsⅡ Battery Charging Basics2.1 Charging Heat2.2 Charging PowerⅢ Quick Charge Development3.1 USB Battery Charge 1.23.2 Qualcomm Quick Charge3.3 OPPO VOOC Charge3.4 Pump Express (PE)3.5 OnePlus Dash Charge3.6 Huawei SuperCharge3.7 Low Voltage Solution3.8 Quick Charge AgreementⅣ FAQ Ⅰ Quick Charge FactorsTo realize the quick charging function on the mobile phone, three elements need to be met: Charger, Battery, Charge IC. Adding a point, the charger needs to meet sufficient output current and voltage, because the wiring of the charger has a large parasitic resistance. If requiring a larger charging current, the on-load output voltage of the charger needs to be higher.Quick charge tech of smartphones is mainly divided into three categories: VOOC flash charge, Qualcomm Quick Charge 2.0, and MediaTek Pump Express Plus.At present, the mainstream modes of quick charge on the market include three modes: High voltage and constant currentLow voltage and high currentHigh voltage and high currentFigure 1. Fast ChargingⅡ Battery Charging Basics2.1 Charging HeatHow does the battery charge and solve the heat?Figure 2. Heating Up While ChargingThe basic condition for battery charging is that the charger voltage must be higher than the battery voltage to generate a charging current and complete the charge transfer process. At present, most of the batteries of mobile phones are composed of single lithium or multiple lithium. Generally, the working voltage of mobile phone batteries is about 3.3V~4.2V. During discharge, the voltage will drop, so the average voltage is about 3.7V-3.8V.When charging, the electric energy enters the mobile phone and is processed by the step-down circuit in the mobile phone, and then outputs a voltage of about 3.3~4.5V to charge the battery. And this voltage drop process is responsible for the charge management IC module in the mobile phone. It is responsible for converting the current output by the power supply into a current through the battery. In this process, there will be a certain loss, which will be transferred out of heat.2.2 Charging PowerIn the case of a certain battery level, power indicates the charging speed, the higher the power, the faster the charging speed.Power (P) = voltage (V) x current (I)In theory, increasing the current and voltage can higher the charging power of the battery, but lithium batteries are prone to battery damage or deflagration due to undervoltage or overvoltage. Thus mobile phones must be equipped with a complete power circuit. Among them, the charging control IC and the power control IC are the most important. Ⅲ Quick Charge DevelopmentAccording to theory, quick charge adjust the input value of the voltage and current, thereby shorten the charging time of the mobile phone. Next, let us take a look at the development history of it.The charging standard of mobile phones can be traced back to the era of feature phones, which can be started from the charging standard USB BC 1.2 (BC is the abbreviation of Battery Charge).3.1 USB Battery Charge 1.2The USB specification was first introduced in 1995. It was developed by USB Implement Forum (USB IF), including Intel, NEC Corporation, Compaq, DEC (American Digital Equipment Corporation), IBM (International Business Machines Corporation), Microsoft, and Northern Telecom.The USB BC1.2 standard was published by the USB IF in 2010. It refers to the ability to directly charge the battery of a portable device, and has become a key standard for establishing the correct way to charge the battery through the USB port. So BC1.2 is a set of official standards that can use USB interface to charge portable devices like mobile phones (including power-off charging). Here you may ask, what is the relationship between the USB specification protocol and fast charging?The emergence of USB BC 1.2 makes simultaneous charging and data transmission a reality. Although the USB interface was originally used by manufacturers to transfer data and connect devices such as keyboard or mouse instead of charging. Just think, wouldn't it be much more convenient if you can use the USB interface to charge these devices? So USB BC 1.2 came into being. Although the maximum voltage of the USB interface was still 5V at that time, and the maximum current of USB charging is 1.5A. Although it did not increase the voltage (mainly to adapt to other portable devices), but the USB interface can reach 7.5W with 1.5A current. At that time, the USB BC 1.2 is enough to cope with the charging of mobile phones.The emergence of USB BC 1.2 not only ended the chaotic scenes of USB charging specifications at that time, but it also has good support for hubs/distributors/HUB. So the USB interface data line has become the hot product of various manufacturers for a while. But there is also a data cable with a MicroUSB 2.0 interface (also known as the Android cable). It has only four wires inside, and its current carrying capacity is very limited (2A is the max).Although the USB BC 1.2 standard was able to meet the charging needs of mobile phones at the time, the development of mobile phones has not stopped. With the time goes by, mobile phones have more and more functions. In order to cope with daily use, the battery capacity has also become larger and larger, and the battery capacity has also exceeded 2000mAh, but with the extension of the charging time. When the cell phone battery capacity reaches 3000mAh or even 4000mAh, does it have to be charged overnight? So the charging speed again meets forward higher requirements.3.2 Qualcomm Quick ChargeIn 2013, it was the chip supplier Qualcomm who discovered this problem. Qualcomm first put forward the concept of "Fast Charge", and Quick Charge 1.0 was born. Improve the charging efficiency by increasing the input current, support 5V/2A, that is, the maximum charging power of 10W, breaking through the 1.5A current upper limit of the USB Battery Charge 1.2. In the same year, Huawei also introduced the "fast charge" concept to the first generation of Mate phones, which also supports 5V/2A input, and can fully charge a 4050mAh battery within 3.5 hours.In 2014, the situation was a little different. Qualcomm overturned the QC1.0 strategy and adopted a high-voltage quick charging solution.As mentioned above, P (power) = V (voltage) * I (current), because the data line of MicroUSB 2.0 can only support up to 2A current. Since it couldn’t to increase the current at that time, only adjust the voltage. For example, a fast charge with 18W power, if you want to use a 5V voltage, the current has exceeded 3A. A normal MicroUSB can never withstand such a high current. Using a voltage of 12V, the current only needs 1.5A, so the problems had be solved.The big advantage of this high-voltage fast charging tech is that the cost is relatively low (no need to buy different data cables), and the disadvantages are also obvious. The voltage of the charger is suddenly increased to twice as much, and the step-down heat is also extremely large for the mobile phone. So a major shortcoming of high-voltage quick charge is that the mobile phone generates serious heat during charging.This fast charging solution is the high-voltage QC2.0. It is the most popular and influential standard in the history of QC. For example, Samsung’s 2018 flagship Galaxy S9 still uses the QC2.0.Figure 3. Qualcomm Quick ChargeQC2.0 has improved the charging voltage from the conventional 5V that has been maintained for many years to 9V/12V/20V. It achieves 18W high-power power transmission at the same 2A current as QC1.0, and does not require special wires.QC2.0 has far-reaching influence because of its powerful compatibility. At that time, Micro USB was the standard configuration of smart phones, but it was restricted by the physical interface. Once the current exceeds 2A, it is prone to damage. The smart part of QC2.0 bypasses the restrictions of the Micro USB interface and the data cable, and only increases the charging speed by directly adjusting the input voltage. What’s more, QC2.0 quick charge tech has given peers a idea for reference.3.3 OPPO VOOC ChargeFor example, OPPO introduced VOOC (Voltage Open Loop Multi-step Constant-Current Charging). What OPPO uses here is another solution. There is a fact that normal MicroUSB data cable can't carry such a large current. Because the usual MicroUSB data cable has only five measuring points and four wires, so just increase their number. Therefore, the original VOOC charging head is extremely big because of integrates IC circuit.In addition, because the circuit is rebuilt, you can only use the official special data cable, and the ordinary MicroUSB data cable cannot achieve the fast charging effect. The shortcoming is obvious that the cost is high. But the biggest problem is that high-current charging has more damages. For example, it has been shortening the battery service life of many mobile phones because of VOOC quick charge a year later.Following the principle of "equivalent exchange", since such a heavy price has been paid, there will certainly be generous returns. The advantage of the first-generation VOOC fast charge is that with the 5V/5A 25W ultra-high power, OPPO mobile phones equipped with VOOC fast charge are extremely fast in charging speed. And it puts the heat source into the charger externally, and the heat generated by the mobile phone during charging is significantly less than that of the high-voltage fast charging solution. As a result, the high-voltage fast charging solution led by Qualcomm QC and the low-voltage and high-current fast charging solution led by OPPO VOOC have parted ways.VersionLaunch TimeVoltage/CurrentDescriptionVOOC 2.020155V/4ASame as the first versionVOOC 3.020195V/5ACharge the phone up to 55% in 30 minutesVOOC 4.0202010V/5A(50W)Charge the phone up to 67% in 30 minutesSuperVOOC20185V/6A (30W)Charge a two-cell battery in seriesSuperVOOC 2.0202010V/6.5A (65W)Successor of Super VOOC with GaN technologyThe key to fast charging of mobile phones is the small micro USB interface. At this time, USB type-C appears. Simply list its advantages, such as: support positive and negative plug compatibility, compatible with USB 3.1 standards, support 10Gbit/s transmission in maximum, support the USB Power Delivery charging protocol, support 5A current, the maximum can provide 100W of power. Therefore, the Type-C interface is inherently friendly to large currents.Qualcomm is a giant in mobile phone chips and communications patents, and by virtue of its dominant position, it can quickly popularize its fast charging standards to gain the standard license fee. However, various manufacturers have also begun to develop their own fast charging standards to share this big cake.3.4 Pump Express (PE)Also in 2014, MediaTek launched its own Pump Express (PE) quick charge tech, and Meizu's mCharge fast charging is based on this, and the later Pump Express Plus (PEP) fast charging. Huawei launched the Fast Charge Protocol (FSP) in the early days. As for Xiaomi and Nubia, many manufacturers that still use Qualcomm QC for their flagship mobile phones. They belong to high-voltage fast charging scheme.3.5 OnePlus Dash ChargeNext, let’s talk about OnePlus. Although OnePlus uses Qualcomm’s SoC, but chose a low-voltage and high-current charging solution, that is, Dash charge. It first debuted with the launch of OnePlus 3, where OnePlus promised 60% of full charge in just 30 minutes of charging.Seeing this, do you think that Qualcomm's high-voltage fast charging solution has won the victory, while the low-voltage solution can survive hardly?Of course not, the turning point is that more and more mobile phones are equipped with USB Type-C interface. By 2016, it has become popular. For example, Android flagship phones basically use this interface.3.6 Huawei SuperChargeIn the same year, Huawei improved its FastCharge (FCP) to SuperCharge (SCP). SCP can be said to be one of the fastest/good compatible fast charging representatives in the world, and is compatible with PD and Qualcomm QC protocols.3.7 Low Voltage SolutionMediaTek has also switched to a low-voltage solution. Pump Express technology has developed to 3.0. Pump Express 3.0 is the world's first fast charging solution that uses Type-C interface for direct charging. This solution can effectively prevent the phone from getting hot during charging. In a word, it is very safe.In 2017, Meizu released Super mCharge quick charge tech. It has a charging power of up to 55W at 11V/5A. Unfortunately, due to the inability to get mass production, this 55w super fast charge is still not applied to mobile phones, and replaced by MCharge4.0 fast charging technology. The earlier mCharge3.0 is a high-voltage fast charging solution (24W), and its charger output voltage can reach up to 12V; while mCharge4.0 (25W) belongs to low-voltage and high-current solution, with 5V output voltage and 5A current.Qualcomm began to discover the advantages of the low-voltage solution, so it uses the low voltage and high current solution in the QC4.0 fast charging protocol. Of course, it also supports high voltage fast charging at the same time.Although low-voltage and high-current solutions have basically ruled fast charging, the fast charging protocols of various companies are not compatible with each other. That is to say, although they all use Type-C, they must use the fast charging function of mobile phones corresponding to their own agreement. In other words, although they are all Type-C interfaces, the fast charge protocol is different.3.8 Quick Charge StandardFortunately, the USB IF has unified the fast charging standard. Mobile phones should employ fast charge according to the USB PD protocol. Adjust voltage and current. This standard is also supported by Google. However, various manufacturers make their own mobile phones, and use their own fast charging protocols. So the USB PD protocol has been put aside.The main reasons why mobile phone manufacturers have become more obsessed with constant voltage and high current over the years are: greater power and less charging heat. The USB PD3.0 has successfully incorporated Qualcomm's QC4 protocol. So far, USB PD3.0 has been the regular rule. In short, manufacturers who want to continue to develop their own charging technology, they only need to be based on the USB PD protocol. Moreover, the latest 100W fast charge has been successfully tested. Although large-scale commercial use is unlikely right now, the technical bottleneck will always be overcome.Every Fast Charging Standard Explained Ⅳ FAQ1. What is considered quick charge?For fast charging, you're looking at something that bumps the voltage up 5V, 9V, 12V, and beyond, or increases amperage to 3A and above. Keep in mind, your device will only take in as much power as its charging circuit is designed for.2. Does Quick Charge work with any cable?Do I need any specific equipment for fast charge? Fast charge requires 3 components – a compatible phone/tablet/laptop or other device, a charger that supports USB Fast charge, and a compatible cable. The cable will have USB-C at least on the charger end, and either USB-C or Apple Lightning on the device end.3. Is fast charging bad?The bottom line is, fast charging won't impact your battery life substantially. But the physics behind the technology means you shouldn't expect the battery to last longer than using a conventional “slow” charging brick.4. What phones use quick charge?Apple, Samsung, Google, OnePlus, LG, Sony, Motorola, Huawei, Xiaomi, OPPO, ViVo and Realme.5. What is the meaning of VOOC?The OPPO VOOC (Voltage Open Loop Multi-step Constant-Current Charging) Flash Charging system is a proprietary rapid-charge technology created by OPPO Electronics, which, at present, is able to charge certain OPPO devices from 0 to 75% in just 30 minutes.6. Which phones support VOOC?Realme Narzo 20 Pro (65W Dart Charging)Realme 7 (30W Dart Charging)Realme 7i (18W)Realme 6 (30W VOOC fast charging)Realme X2 (30W VOOC fast charging)7. What is difference between Dash and Warp Charge?The key difference in the two standards is the increase in wattage on the Warp Charge standard. ... In comparison, Dash Charge uses a 5V / 4A (20W) configuration, and both require dedicated Warp Charge / Dash Charge compatible cables to carry the energy.8. Can you use Dash charge with other phones?Dash charge won't harm the phone.. Yes it can. I don't think OnePlus' type C cables or charger are up to USB Type C specifications. I would advise to not do it and get the proper cables and charger for your other device.9. How fast is Huawei SuperCharge?46 mAh per minuteAn infographic put together by Hometop shows that Huawei Super Charge is the fastest at over 46 mAh per minute.10. What is MediaTek Pump Express?Pump Express 4.0 is the latest advance in MediaTek's family of charging innovations. This next-generation charging technology will change your (battery) life, cutting smartphone battery recharge times by over half, compared to a standard USB charger.11. What is MediaTek Pump Express 2.0?They use the MediaTek Pump Express 2.0 fast charging technology and reach a 35% (1,785mAh) in just 30 minutes giving several hours use. It can fully charge the huge battery via its USB-C connector from 0-100% to give 2 full days use in just 2.5 hrs.12. What is super flash charge?The company introduced its 65W SuperVOOC charging that can charge 4000mAh battery on the Reno Ace / Ace2 fully in about 30 minutes. ... The company's 125W fast charging is rumoured to charge the phone's battery from 0 to 100% in about 10 minutes.13. What is DART charge Realme?The Realme 30W Dart Charge Power Bank is an easy recommendation from our side for anyone who owns a compatible device. It comes with two-way fast charging and support for multiple quick charge protocol support. The power bank is also compatible with multiple smartphones apart from Realme.

Warm hints: The word in this article is about 2800 words and  reading time is about 15 minutes.     Lithium-ion batteries can be said to be the most mature and widely used new energy sources in the world at present, such as portable electronic products like mobile phones and computers, electric vehicles, electric tools, and energy storage projects. Especially the current Chinese government and other countries are investing to support the development of new energy vehicles and power battery industries. Looking ahead, the lithium industry has a long way to go, such as the development of high energy density systems. The problems of further reduction of cost, the resources recovery, and the utilization are in front of us.   This article will mainly explain what is a lithium battery, then introduce the current situation and future development of lithium-ion battery materials.       Catalog I. What is A Lithium Battery? II. How Does the Lithium Battery Work? III. Distinction Between Lithium-ion Battery & Polymer Lithium Battery IV. Types and Characteristics of Material Used in Lithium Batteries V. Application of Lithium Battery VI. Future Development of Lithium Battery FAQ I. What is A Lithium Battery?   "Lithium battery" is a kind of battery that takes lithium metal or lithium alloy as negative electrode material and using a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. In 1912, lithium-metal batteries were first proposed and studied by Gilbert N. Lewis. In the 1970s, M.S. Whittingham proposed and began to study lithium-ion batteries.   Because of the active chemical characteristics of lithium metal, the environmental requirements of the processing, preservation, and use of lithium metal are very high. Therefore, lithium batteries have not been applied for a long time. With the development of science and technology, lithium batteries have become the mainstream now.   Lithium batteries can be roughly divided into two categories: lithium metal batteries and lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-ion batteries do not contain metallic lithium and are rechargeable. The fifth generation of rechargeable lithium metal batteries was born in 1996. Its safety, specific capacity, self-discharge rate, and the ratio of performance to price are superior to those of lithium-ion batteries, which are now produced by a few companies in only a few countries due to their own high-tech constraints.   Li-ion batteries are secondary battery system in which two different kinds of lithium intercalated compounds that can be inserted and removed as positive and negative electrodes respectively. When charged, lithium-ions are removed from the lattice of cathode materials. After the electrolyte is inserted into the lattice of the anode material, the negative electrode is rich in lithium, and the positive electrode is poor in lithium.   When discharged, the lithium-ion is removed from the lattice of the anode material, and then inserted into the lattice of the positive electrode material after the electrolyte, so that the positive electrode material is extremely rich in lithium while the negative electrode is poor in lithium. In this way, the difference between the potential of the cathode material and the lithium-ion when inserted and removed from the lithium metal is the working voltage of the battery.   Li-ion battery is a new generation of green high-energy battery with excellent performance and has become one of the key points in the development of high-tech.   Li-ion battery has the following characteristics: high voltage, high capacity, low consumption, no memory effect, no pollution, small volume, small internal resistance, less self-discharge, and more cycle times.   Because of the above characteristics, the lithium-ion battery has been applied to many civil and military fields, such as mobile phones, notebooks computers, cameras, digital cameras, and so on.   II. How Does the Lithium Battery Work?   The charging and discharging process of lithium battery is realized by the removal and embedding of lithium-ion in the positive and negative electrode of the battery. The reaction equation of the lithium-ion battery with iron phosphate liquid as an example is as follows:   Charging: Discharging:   The electrode reaction of Li/PEO-LiClO4/Pan polymer lithium-ion battery is as follows:   Positive electrode reaction: Negative electrode reaction： The working schematic diagram of lithium battery: Schematic-of-the-lithium-ion-battery-working-principle   1. The positive electrode structure:  LiMn2O4( lithium manganate ) + Conductive agent (acetylene black) + adhesive(PVDF) + Collector negative ( aluminium foil )electrode   2. The negative electrode structure:  Graphite+ Conductive agent (acetylene black) + adhesive(PVDF) + Collector negative ( copper foil )electrode   3. Charging process: The battery is charged by the power supply, and the electron e on the positive electrode runs from the external circuit to the negative electrode. Positive lithium-ion Li+ "jumps" from the positive electrode to the electrolyte, "climb" through the winding hole in the diaphragm, then "swim" to the negative electrode and combine with the electron.    The reaction on the positive electrode is: LiMn2O4 ==Li1-xMn2O4+Xli++Xe (electron).  The reaction on the negative electrode is:  6C+XLi+Xe==LixC6   4. Discharging process When the battery discharges, the electron e on the negative electrode runs from the external circuit to the positive electrode. Positive lithium-ion Li+ "jumps" from the negative electrode to the electrolyte, "climb" through the winding hole in the diaphragm, then "swim" to the positive electrode and combine with the electron.    The reaction on the positive electrode is: Li1-xMn2O4+xli++xe (electron) ==LiMn2O4 The reaction on the negative electrode is: LixC6 == 6C+xLi+xe III. Distinction Between Lithium-ion Battery & Polymer Lithium Battery   As the following table: Electrolyte for Polymer Lithium Battery PolymerElectrolytePure solid polymer electrolyteGel polymer electrolytePAn, PPY, PA, PPPPEO, PPOPAN,PMMA,PVdF   As the following diagram: Different electrolytes are the main differences between lithium-ion batteries and polymer lithium batteries. Diagram IV. Types and Characteristics of Material Used in Lithium Batteries (This is a tutorial on the Lithium Battery Explorer provides an overview of Li-ion battery technology and the properties that are relevant to battery researchers.)   1.Lithium manganate (LMO) LMO, as a kind of lithium battery material with a long history, has high safety, especially strong resistance to overcharge, which is a prominent advantage.   Because of the good structural stability of lithium manganate, the amount of cathode material does not have to exceed the negative electrode in the design of the electric core.   In this way, the number of active lithium ions in the whole system is small, and after the negative electrode is filled, there will not be too many lithium ions in the positive electrode. Even if overcharge occurs, there will not be a large number of lithium ions deposited in the negative electrode to form crystallization. Therefore, the overcharge resistance of lithium manganate is the best in common materials.   In addition, its material price is low, and the production process requirements are relatively low. It is a relatively early widely used cathode material.   But it also has obvious defects. The elevated temperature property of spinel lithium manganese oxide is poor. The existence of oxygen defect makes the core prone to capacity decay at the high voltage stage, at the same time, the cycle use at high temperature would cause a similar capacity decay. The reason is that the trivalent manganese ion which causes the disproportionation effect. The main way to prevent high-temperature attenuation is to reduce the trivalent manganese.   Lithium manganese, limited by its high-temperature performance, is generally not used in high-power or high-temperature environments, such as high-speed passenger vehicles, plug-in cars, and so on. But for electric buses, local logistics vehicles, and so on, lithium manganese is completely competent.     2. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) The advantages of lithium iron phosphate are mainly reflected in its safety and cycle life. The main determinants are the olivine structure of lithium iron phosphate, which, on the one hand, leads to the lower ion diffusion capacity of lithium iron phosphate. On the other hand, it also has good high-temperature stability and good cycle performance.   The disadvantages of lithium iron phosphate are also obvious, such as low energy density, poor consistency, and poor low-temperature performance.     a) The low energy density is determined by the chemical properties of the material itself. A lithium iron phosphate macro-molecule can accommodate only one lithium-ion.   b)The consistency, especially poor batch stability, is related to not only the level of production management but also its own chemical properties. Lithium iron phosphate is one of the more difficult materials for the preparation of cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.   The difficulty of consistency and uniformity in this chemical reaction raises another problem at the same time: The impurity of iron and iron in the lithium iron phosphate material always exists, which brings hidden trouble to the battery.   Lithium iron phosphate battery, because of its high safety, although The energy density part affects its range of use., but it is still the main power lithium battery variety of electric vehicle in our country at present, especially buses involving the safety of a large number of people, the national police enforce the use of lithium iron phosphate batteries.     3.Ternary lithium The ternary lithium cathode material synthesizes the advantages of LiCoO2、LiNiO2 and LiMnO2 and forms a synergistic effect within the same core. It combines three requirements of stability and activity of material structure and lower cost, which is one of the three main cathode materials with the highest energy density. The low-temperature performance is also obviously better than the lithium iron phosphate battery.    The higher the content of Ni in the three elements, the higher the energy density of the core and the lower the safety of the core will be. In practical application, the proportion relation of three kinds of materials in the electric core has been changing with the passage of time. The pursuit of energy density is higher and higher, so the proportion of Ni is higher and higher.   The most mentioned disadvantage of ternary material is safety. During the process of thermal runaway, the side reaction product contains a lot of gas, which greatly improves the risk of accident and the ability to spread.   Secondly, the cycle life of ternary materials is also a bottleneck, which has not reached the level of lithium iron phosphate. Last but not least, due to the special microstructure of ternary materials, it is not suitable for high-pressure compaction operation, thus the popular way to increase the energy density is not applicable to it.   The market share of ternary materials is gradually expanding, mainly driven by the pursuit of vehicle range. To catch up with or even surpass that of fuel vehicles, electric vehicles must have as much power as possible in a limited space.   This makes energy density particularly important. The improvement of the safety performance of the battery itself and the improvement of system monitoring and handling accident capability will also promote the expansion of the lithium ternary battery market.   V. Application of Lithium Battery   1. Lithium Iron Phosphate is the most suitable cathode material for Power Battery   After introducing the Types and characteristics of Lithium batteries above, now we will discuss about the most suitable cathode material for power supply.    Since 1996, when the Japanese NTT first exposed lithium iron phosphate cathode materials of olivine structure, John.B.Goodenough professor at Texas University also reported the characteristics of reversible intercalation and removal of lithium from LiFePO4 in 1997.   Since then, lithium iron phosphate has gradually become one of the low-cost, multi-element, and environmentally friendly cathode materials. Compared with traditional cathode materials, spinel LiMn2O4 of spinel structure and layered LiCoO2, the LiMPO4 of olivine structure is extremely stable.   The bond with oxygen is very strong, it will not explode because of the short circuit, the capacity is up to 170 mAh / g, the raw material is more extensive and the price is lower. Because of the similar structure of LiFePO4 and FePO4, the crystal structure of LiFePO4 has almost no rearrangement after the release/embedding of lithium-ion.   Therefore, LiFePO4 has better cycling performance, lithium-ion can enter and exit freely and can charge and discharge more than 1,000 times. It is also reported that lithium iron phosphate can be modified more than 10,000 times.   According to the following picture: Performance comparison of Lithium batteries with different cathode Materials.   Performance comparison Lithium iron phosphate is the most ideal cathode material at present. In comparison, the biggest problem of LiCoO is that it is easy to explode at a low temperature of 150C, and its cost is high (cobalt price is about 500,000 yuan/ton, and the price of LiCoO containing 60% cobalt will be over 400,000 yuan/ton). Also, it has a short cycle life.   The safety of lithium manganese oxide is much better than that of lithium cobaltate, but the cycle life in a high-temperature environment is even worse than that in a high-temperature environment(500 times).   With the advantages of high discharge power, low cost (about 18.3 million yuan/ton), rapid charging and long cycle life of more than 1000 times, the high stability of high temperature and high heat environment, and the good safety performance, lithium iron phosphate is the most ideal lithium cathode material for power vehicles.   At present, though the lithium iron phosphate battery is developing rapidly in China, there are several problems, including patent hidden trouble, low conductivity, and low capacitance, poor low-temperature performance, and low yield. VI. Future Development of Lithium Battery   Polymer Lithium Battery: one of the Future Development directions In addition to pure solid or gel polymer electrolytes, the principle and charge-discharge process of polymer lithium-ion batteries are consistent with those of liquid lithium-ion batteries.   Polymer lithium battery features include plastic flexible, more stable, safer, and less flammable, longer cycle life, higher energy density, high volume utilization(10-20% higher than lithium-ion batteries), no need to use traditional diaphragm materials, and easier for large scale production.   Polymer electrolyte is a kind of functional polymer material with ionic conductivity in solid-state which is formed by complexation of strong polar polymer and metal salt through acid-base reaction. Pure solid-state electrolyte dissolves lithium salts such as LiPF6, LiClO4, and LiBF4 in polymer bulk such as PEO and PPO as solid solvents. Gel electrolytes are electrolytes in a gel state by mixing more liquid solvents with polymer bulk.   Because there is no liquid flowing in the electrolyte, there is no leakage of the battery, so the problems such as burning and explosives are avoided. In order to reduce the thickness of the battery, a polymer lithium battery is usually packaged with aluminum plastic film with a thickness of only 0.1 mm, so it has a higher specific capacity than the ordinary lithium-ion battery.   FAQ   1. What is the difference between a lithium battery and a lithium ion battery? Lithium batteries feature primary cell construction. This means that they are single-use—or non-rechargeable. Ion batteries, on the other hand, feature secondary cell construction. This means that they can be recharged and used over and over again.   2. What are the disadvantages of lithium ion batteries? Despite its overall advantages, lithium-ion has its drawbacks. It is fragile and requires a protection circuit to maintain safe operation. Built into each pack, the protection circuit limits the peak voltage of each cell during charge and prevents the cell voltage from dropping too low on discharge.   3. Why is lithium ion the best battery? Li-ion batteries are able to be recharged hundreds of times and are more stable. They tend to have a higher energy density, voltage capacity and lower self-discharge rate than other rechargeable batteries. This makes for better power efficiency as a single cell has longer charge retention than other battery types.   4. What is the life of lithium ion battery? about two to three years. The typical estimated life of a Lithium-Ion battery is about two to three years or 300 to 500 charge cycles, whichever occurs first. One charge cycle is a period of use from fully charged, to fully discharged, and fully recharged again.   5. Is it good to fully discharge a lithium ion battery? Lithium-ion batteries should not be frequently fully discharged and recharged ("deep-cycled"). You may need to discharge it fully occasionally to recalibrate the capacitiy measuring electronics in the accumulator. Every 30 cycles or so should be enough.   6. How do I know if my lithium ion battery is bad? If the battery is dead or at the end of life, then it won't take charge anymore. If the battery is dead or at the end of life, the battery will swell a bit. The battery starts to heat up very quickly is also one of the indication that your battery is at the end of life.   7. Is there an alternative to lithium-ion batteries? Zinc-ion: A competitive alternative to lithium-ion for stationary energy storage. Lithium-ion batteries are the leading battery technology for both electric vehicles (EVs) and the renewable energy industry.   8. Do lithium ion batteries go bad if not used? Lithium Ion batteries "go bad" when they are stored in discharged state. It is all about battery voltage. If voltage is too low - undesireable chemical reactions will happen and battery will degrade. If battery is not empty and not used for long time - it will be fine.   9. What temperature is bad for lithium batteries? At temperatures above +60°C the Li-ion battery loses capacity constantly and thus performance capability.   10. At what voltage is a lithium ion battery dead? 3.4V. The voltage starts at 4.2 maximum and quickly drops down to about 3.7V for the majority of the battery life. Once you hit 3.4V the battery is dead and at 3.0V the cutoff circuitry disconnects the battery (more on that later. You may also run across 4.1V/3.6V batteries.     You May Also Like: How to Learn Analog Circuit Design Topological Materials are a Promising Material For Boosting Thermoelectric Generation Efficiency Use Polymer Films Material to Make Solar Cell Learn Some Basic Knowledge about Capacitor Voltage Transformer The First Full-Size IBC Bifacial Solar Module in the World

SummaryThe world's first full-size interdigitated back contact (IBC) bifacial solar module has been developed and fabricated in Singapore by the Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS) at the National University of Singapore (NUS) in collaboration with the International Solar Energy Research Center Konstanz, Germany (ISC Konstanz). About IBC Solar Cell ModuleThe module technology's first prototype was produced using bifacial ZEBRA IBC solar cells from ISC Konstanz with efficiencies as high as 22%. The cells (battery) were fabricated using industrially proven process equipment and standard industrial 6-inch n-type Cz monocrystalline silicon wafers. The module's structural reliability is ensured by using a double-glass insulation technique perfected by SERIS since 2009. Encapsulated using the double-glass structure, IBC bifacial solar modules could offer a longer warranty period of 30 years or more. Furthermore, by utilising the bifacial nature of the solar cells, as much as 30% extra power is generated by the double-glass module due to reflection of sunlight from the ground ('albedo') towards the module's rear surface.  Dr Wang Yan, Director of SERIS' PV Module Cluster, is ecstatic about this new product. "With SERIS' new module design, panels with 350 Watts front-side power can be made with sixty 23% efficient screen-printed IBC cells. Considering an additional 20% of power via the panel's transparent rear surface, each 60-cell IBC bifacial module will produce a stunning 400 Watts of power in the real world." IBC Bifacial Module FeaturesAll back contact: This eliminates metal shading losses from the cells' front surface. As a result, the module can achieve higher current and efficiency outputs.Bifacial nature: The module is able to absorb light from both its front and rear surface, with a bifaciality of 75%. This enables the module to convert sunlight that enters via its rear surface, as a result of reflection from the ground and the surroundings.Double-glass structure: The cells are encapsulated between two glass panes using polyolefin elastomer (POE), which guarantees a long module lifetime in the field.Low-temperature interconnections: This prevents warping of the IBC cells due to heating.Specially designed & customized electrical junction box: This prevents shading of the rear surface of the bifacial IBC cells.Industrially feasible solar cell and module fabrication process and equipment: This enables the module to achieve high efficiency at lower cost and means that the technology is ready for industrial production Different view about IBC Bifacial ModuleDr Radovan Kopecek, founder of ISC Konstanz, Director of Advanced Solar Cells and Lead Scientist for ZEBRA development since 2009, has ambitious future plans for this technology: "Many people now might think that putting highly efficient IBC cells into bifacial modules does not make sense - but our consortium will prove them wrong. The ZEBRA process is extremely simple and cost-effective and so is the module manufacturing process. In large bifacial systems, this technology will lead to the lowest LCOEs ever. Bifaciality is quickly gaining popularity and, since a few weeks ago, one can also simulate the bifacial advantage using PVsyst - such developments will give many bifacial technologies the breakthrough in the PV systems arena".  Prof Armin Aberle, SERIS CEO, is also enthusiastic about the development. "IBC cells are famous for their efficiency, reliability and durability in the field. The newly developed IBC bifacial module is a testimony of SERIS' R&D capabilities in the PV module technology sector. The module technology offers world-class front side power while providing free extra power from the rear side. As a result, it has excellent LCOE potential" he explained. "The prototype module made at SERIS serves as a proof of concept for mass production. The next step will be to transfer the technology to industrial partners." He believes that such a high-power product could be available in the market within two years. The world's first full-size IBC bifacial module fabricated by SERIS displayed at the booths of SERIS' industry collaborators Centrotherm Photovoltaics AG (booth #360, E3) and SPIC Xi'an Solar Power (booth #330, W1) at the SNEC (2017) International Photovoltaic Power Generation Conference & Exhibition (SNEC PV POWER EXPO), Shanghai, China, from 19 to 21 April 2017. At the same time. Dr. Wang Yan reported on the IBC bifacial module design at the SNEC conference during his talk on 19th April at the Pudong Ballroom . Article provided by National University of SingaporeArticle edited by kynix 

SummaryThe process that makes gold-plated jewelry or chrome car accents is now making powerful lithium-ion batteries. It's reported in the Joural Science Advances that research at the University of Illinois, Xerion Advanced Battery Corporation and Nanjing University in China developed a method for electroplating lithium-ion battery cathodes, yielding high-quality, high-performance battery materials that could also open the door to flexible and solid-state batteries in May,2017. Paul V. Braun, a professor of materials science and engineering and director of the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Lab at Illinois said that it's an entirely new approach to manufacturing battery cathodes, which resulted in batteries with previously unobtainable forms and functionalities. Traditional Lithium-ion BatteryTraditional lithium-ion battery cathodes use lithium-containing powders formed at high temperatures. The powder is mixed with gluelike binders and other additives into a slurry, which is spread on a thin sheet of aluminum foil and dried. The slurry layer needs to be thin, so the batteries are limited in how much energy they can store. The glue also limits performance. "The glue is not active. It doesn't contribute anything to the battery, and it gets in the way of electricity flowing in the battery," said co-author Hailong Ning, the director of research and development at Xerion Advanced Battery Corporation in Champaign, a startup company co-founded by Braun. The researchers bypassed the powder and glue process altogether by directly electroplating the lithium materials onto the aluminum foil claimed "You have all this inactive material taking up space inside the battery, while the whole world is trying to get more energy and power from the battery". The Electroplated CathodeSince the electroplated cathode doesn't have any glue taking up space, it packs in 30% more energy than a conventional cathode, according to the paper. It can charge and discharge faster as well, since the current can pass directly through it and not have to navigate around the inactive glue or through the slurry's porous structure. It also has the advantage of being more stable. What's more, the electroplating process creates pure cathode materials, even from impure starting ingredients. This means that manufacturers can use materials lower in cost and quality and the end product will still be high in performance, eliminating the need to start with expensive materials already brought up to battery grade, Braun said.  "This method opens the door to flexible and three-dimensional battery cathodes, since electroplating involves dipping the substrate in a liquid bath to coat it," said co-author Huigang Zhang, a former senior scientist at Xerion who is now a professor at Nanjing University. The researchers demonstrated the technique on carbon foam, a lightweight, inexpensive material, making cathodes that were much thicker than conventional slurries. They also demonstrated it on foils and surfaces with different textures, shapes and flexibility.These designs are impossible to achieve by conventional processes,however,what's really important is that it's a high-performance material and that it's nearly solid. By using a solid electrode rather than a porous one, more energy can be stored in a given volume. One of the day, people want batteries to store a lot of energy and peple will make this thought come true. 

SummaryIn the development of advanced lithium-ion battery,improving one property without sacrificing others is challenging due to the trade-off nature among the key parameters. In a recent paper in Nature Communications, a research team from the Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology reported a chemical vapor deposition process to grow a graphene-silica 3D assembly, called a graphene-ball to provide both fast charging and high volumetric energy densities in Li-ion batteries.  About GrapheneIts hierarchical 3D structure with the SiOx nanoparticle center allows even 1 wt％ graphene-ball to be uniformly coated onto a nickel-rich layered cathode (LiNi0.6Co0.1Mn0.3O2) via mild Nobilta milling. The graphene-ball coating improves cycle life and fast charging capability by protecting the electrode surface from detrimental side reactions and providing efficient conductive pathways. The graphene-ball itself also serves as an anode material with high specific capacity of 716.2 mAh g-1. A full-cell incorporating graphene-balls increases the volumetric energy density by 27.6％ compared to a control cell without graphene-balls, showing the possibility of achieving 800 Wh L-1 in a commercial cell setting, along with a high cyclability of 78.6％ retention of the initial capacity after 500 cycles at 5C and 60 degrees C. Graphene growth from SiO2 nanoparticles. a-c TEM characterization a before CVD growth, b after 5 min growth, and c after 30 min growth (scale bars, 50 nm). d-f Their respective magnified images (scale bars, 10 nm). g Higher magnification image of graphene after 30 min growth and its atom-level view from the white box (inset) (scale bar, 2 nm). h Graphical illustration of popcorn-like graphene growth from SiO2 nanoparticles. A Boom in the Creation of New DevicesRecent innovations in materials science such as the development of graphene balls for Li-ion batteries have led to a boom in the creation of new devices, allowing for a rapid shift from analog to digital in a relatively short amount of time.In the past, materials were researched, developed and perfected long before they were applied to devices. Take liquid crystals, for example. They were first discovered in the late 1800s, and for decades were studied and defined in the academic realm. It wasn't until the 1960s―almost a century later―that they were utilized in commercial products. Similarly, it took 30 years after its invention for lithium metal oxide to even be tested in batteries, and another decade before it made its official commercial market introduction. Once materials such as these were introduced, however, they allowed for a steady and fairly rapid increase in device performance. In the display industry specifically, there has been enormous growth in the market because of such advancements up until now.However, as the market becomes increasingly saturated, electronic materials innovations are beginning to fall behind the device revolution. This is mostly due to the fact that the device product life cycle is becoming much faster than that of the material. Now, the device itself is facing the limitations of this revolution in terms of product performance and functionality without the aid of novel materials. Research on Materials and DevicesIt's reported at the  the plenary session led by Dr. Hyuk Chang, Executive Vice President , Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), at the 9th International Conference on Quantum Dots held that to ensure consistent advancements and optimum functionality, both materials and devices have to be synchronized throughout the development process from the earliest stages of research so that performance requirements can be properly understood. The following picture is about the speeds of material and device innovation have changed over time. SAIT now aims to synchronize the two. Chang noted that the synchronization of materials research and device development can accelerate the enhancement of both the devices and the materials that they are made of, thus revitalizing the market."After all, innovation comes in many forms, and source technology is a foundational one," Chang said. At Samsung, there are numerous organizations that carry out research and development. These include SAIT, where the company pioneers long-term, radical researches with five to ten year or more horizons; the R&D centers that explore next-generation products and platform technologies one to three years in advance; and business unit development teams that focus on commercialization, applying these latest technologies in product development.Samsung is increasingly synchronizing its R&D efforts to bring core technologies like new materials to products more quickly.Take an example,the quantum dot technology.Confident that this specific technology could ultimately drive the future of display, among other areas, Samsung has researched the material and its advantages in earnest. In fact, researchers at SAIT started focusing on quantum dot technology over a decade ago, and have since registered numerous patents on the subject. The following picture is about a synchronized research roadmap Through constant testing, evaluating and verifying the material from the earliest stages of device design, Samsung was able to incorporate quantum dots to create a revolutionary line-up of products―its 2015 SUHD TVs. n doing so, the technology allowed for highly accurate color expression and better, brighter picture quality while improving overall energy efficiency at a lower cost―all with cadmium-free quantum dots. Considering that this was the first commercial application of the material, it created quite a buzz among academics in the field who had been eagerly anticipating such a milestone. Despite these accomplishments, Samsung wanted to improve upon this technology and did so with its 2016 SUHD TVs, making them even more energy-efficient, and allowing them to display the picture quality more accurately. "As a materials scientist, my previous work was in small-scale labs," Chang explained. "It was overwhelming to see this technology make its way to mass production and even hit center stage at the industry's top events like CES in just a decade. That's the speed and scale of Samsung."As Samsung continues to research and refine the technology, the company predicts that quantum dots will further enhance display devices.Chang noted that quantum dots could be applied in other ways, too, such as to improve the accuracy of image sensors, which could significantly advance autonomous cars. Experts note that the technology also has great potential in the areas of chemo- and bio-sensing. In fact, researchers at SAIT have already begun to utilize quantum dot technology in these areas, and are eager to continue to progress these developments. "Just as Samsung's SUHD TVs were realized by evolutionary quantum dot materials and boundless research for discovering novel physical phenomena, functional materials, value-added materials and next-generation devices must be closely interconnected," Chang stated. This, he believes, will accelerate materials innovations, leading to new functionalities in devices and the creation of novel devices. The synchronization of materials research and device development will also help to breathe new life into the massive global materials marketplace. By consistently providing added value with new materials, Samsung hopes to continue to revitalize the electronic devices industry. Article resources:Samsung Advanced Institute of TechnologyArticle edited: kynix