The Kynix Components

Product OverviewThe Atmel®ATmega128A is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR® enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega128A achieves throughputs close to 1MIPS per MHz. This empowers system designer to optimize the device for power consumption versus processing speed. This blog will introduce ATMEGA128A-AU systematically from its features, pinout to its specifications, applications, also including ATMEGA128A-AU datasheet and so much more. CatalogProduct OverviewRelated Video IntroductionATMEGA128A-AU FeaturesATMEGA128A-AU PinoutATMEGA128A-AU CAD ModelsATMEGA128A-AU Block DiagramSystem Clock and Clock OptionsATMEGA128A-AU PackageATMEGA128A-AU SpecificationATMEGA128A-AU ManufacturerATMEGA128A-AU DatasheetUsing WarningsATMEGA128A-AU FAQ Related Video Introduction Video: Arduino ATMega128 ATMEGA128A-AU FeaturesHigh-performance, Low-power Atmel AVR 8-bit MicrocontrollerAdvanced RISC Architecture– 133 Powerful Instructions - Most Single-clock Cycle Execution – 32 × 8 General Purpose Working Registers + Peripheral ControlRegisters– Fully Static Operation– Up to 16MIPS Throughput at 16MHz– On-chip 2-cycle MultiplierHigh Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments– 128Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory– 4Kbytes EEPROM – 4Kbytes Internal SRAM– Write/Erase cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM – Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock BitsIn-System Programming by On-chip Boot ProgramTrue Read-While-Write Operation– Up to 64 Kbytes Optional External Memory Space– Programming Lock for Software Security– SPI Interface for In-System Programming JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface– Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard– Extensive On-chip Debug Support– Programming of Flash, EEPROM. Fuses and Lock Bits through the JTAG InterfaceAtmel QTouch® library support– Capacitive touch buttons, sliders and wheels– Atmel QTouch and QMatrix acquisition– Up to 64 sense channelsPeripheral Features– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes– Two Expanded 16-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode and CaptureMode– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator– Two 8-bit PWM Channels– 6 PWM Channels with Programmable Resolution from 2 to 16 Bits– Output Compare Modulator– 8-channel, 10-bit ADC8 Single-ended Channels7 Differential Channels2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x– Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface– Dual Programmable Serial USARTs– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface– Programmable Watchdog Timer with On-chip Oscillator– On-chip Analog ComparatorSpecial Microcontroller Features– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection– Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator– External and Internal Interrupt Sources– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby, and Extended Standby– Software Selectable Clock Frequency– ATmega103 Compatibility Mode Selected by a Fuse– Global Pull-up DisableI/O and Packages– 53 Programmable I/O Lines– 64-lead TQFP and 64-pad QFN/MLFOperating Voltages– 2.7 - 5.5VSpeed Grades– 0 - 16MHz ATMEGA128A-AU PinoutThe following figure is the diagram of ATMEGA128A-AU pinout. ATMEGA128A-AU Pinout Note:  The Pinout figure applies to both TQFP and MLF packages. The bottom pad under the QFN/MLF package should be soldered to ground. ATMEGA128A-AU CAD ModelsThe following are ATMEGA128A-AU Symbol, Footprint, and 3D Model. ATMEGA128A-AU Symbol ATMEGA128A-AU Footprint 图片ATMEGA128A-AU 3D Model ATMEGA128A-AU Block DiagramThe following figure shows the block diagram of ATMEGA128A-AU. ATMEGA128A-AU Block Diagram System Clock and Clock OptionsThe following figures show system clock and clock options of ATMEGA128A-AU. Clock Distribution Crystal Oscillator Connections External RC Configuration External Clock Drive Configuration ATMEGA128A-AU PackageThe following diagram shows the ATMEGA128A-AU package. ATMEGA128A-AU Package Notes: 1.This package conforms to JEDEC reference MS-026, Variation AEB.Dimensions D1 and E1 do not include mold protrusion. Allowableprotrusion is 0.25mm per side. Dimensions D1 and E1 are maximumplastic body size dimensions including mold mismatch.Lead coplanarity is 0.10mm maximum ATMEGA128A-AU SpecificationProduct AttributeAttribute ValueManufacturer:MicrochipProduct Category:8-bit Microcontrollers - MCUSeries:ATmega128AMounting Style:SMD/SMTPackage / Case:TQFP-64Core:AVRProgram Memory Size:128 kBData Bus Width:8 bitADC Resolution:10 bitMaximum Clock Frequency:16 MHzNumber of I/Os:53 I/OData RAM Size:4 kBOperating Supply Voltage:2.7 V to 5.5 VMinimum Operating Temperature:- 40 CMaximum Operating Temperature:+ 105 CPackaging:TrayBrand:Microchip Technology / AtmelData RAM Type:SRAMData ROM Size:4 kBData ROM Type:EEPROMHeight:1 mmInterface Type:JTAGLength:14 mmMoisture Sensitive:YesNumber of ADC Channels:8 ChannelNumber of Timers/Counters:4 TimerProcessor Series:megaAVR ATMEGA128A-AU ManufacturerAtmel Corporation is a global leader in designing, manufacturing and marketing advanced semiconductors including microcontroller (MCU), programmable logic, and nonvolatile memory. By combining these core technologies, Atmel meets the evolving and growing needs of today's electronic system design engineer through the production of general purpose and application specific system level integrated chips. Atmel's world class expertise and wealth of experience in system-level integration enable all of Atmel's products to be developed from their constituent blocks with minimum delay and risk. ATMEGA128A-AU DatasheetYou can download ATMEGA128A-AU datasheet from the link given below:ATMEGA128A-AU Datasheet Using WarningsNote: Please check their parameters and pin configuration before replacing them in your circuit. ATMEGA128A-AU FAQWhat is the Atmel® ATmega128A based on? AVR® enhanced RISC architecture. How many times does the ATmega128A achieve throughputs? 1MIPS per MHz. What is the advantage of the ATmega128A?Power consumption versus processing speed. What is microcontroller and how it works?Microcontrollers are embedded inside devices to control the actions and features of a product. Hence, they can also be referred to as embedded controllers. They run one specific program and are dedicated to a single task. They are low power devices with dedicated input devices and small LED or LCD display outputs. What are microcontrollers used for?Microcontroller is a compressed micro computer manufactured to control the functions of embedded systems in office machines, robots, home appliances, motor vehicles, and a number of other gadgets. A microcontroller is comprises components like - memory, peripherals and most importantly a processor.

CatalogFeaturesProduct SummaryMaximum ratingsThermal characteristicsElectrical characteristicsDynamic characteristicsGate Charge CharacteristicsReverse DiodeIPB120P04P4-04 DatasheetIPB120P04P4-04 FAQ FeaturesP-channel - Normal Level - Enhancementmode AECqualified MSL1 up to 260°C peakreflow 175°C operatingtemperature Green package (RoHScompliant) 100% Avalanchetested Product SummaryVDS-40VRDS(on) (SMD Version)3.5mID-120A TypePackageMarkingIPB120P04P4-04PG-TO263-3-24PP0404IPI120P04P4-04PG-TO262-3-14PP0404IPP120P04P4-04PG-TO220-3-14PP0404 Maximum ratingsat T j=25 °C, unless otherwise specifiedParameterSymbolConditionsValueUnit Continuous drain current1) I DT C=25°C,V GS=-10V -120 AT C=100°C,V GS=-10V2) -110Pulsed drain current2)I D,pulseT C=25°C-480Avalanche energy, single pulseE ASI D=-60A78mJAvalanche current, single pulseI AS--120AGate source voltageV GS-±20VPower dissipationP totT C=25 °C136WOperating and storage temperatureT j, T stg--55 ... +175°CIEC climatic category; DIN IEC 68-1--55/175/56  Thermal characteristicsThermal resistance, junction - caseR thJC---1.1K/WThermal resistance, junction - ambient, leaded R thJA - - - 62SMD version, device on PCBR thJAminimal footprint--626 cm2 cooling area3)--40 Electrical characteristicsat T j=25 °C, unless otherwise specifiedStatic characteristicsDrain-source breakdown voltageV (BR)DSSV GS=0V, I D= -1mA-40--VGate threshold voltageV GS(th)V DS=V GS, I D=-340µA-2.0-3.0-4.0 Zero gate voltage drain current I DSSV DS=-32V, V GS=0V,T j=25°C - -0.05 -1 µAV DS=-32V, V GS=0V,T j=125°C2) - -20 -200Gate-source leakage currentI GSSV GS=-20V, V DS=0V---100nADrain-source on-state resistanceR DS(on)V GS=-10V, I D=-100A-2.93.8mWV GS=-10V, I D=-100A,SMD version - 2.6 3.5 ParameterSymbolConditionsValuesUnitmin.typ.max. Dynamic characteristicsInput capacitanceC iss V GS=0V, V DS=-25V,f =1MHz-1138014790pFOutput capacitanceC oss-34104430Reverse transfer capacitanceCrss-90180Turn-on delay timet d(on) V DD=-20V,V GS=-10V, I D=-120A,R G=3.5W-30-nsRise timet r-20-Turn-off delay timet d(off)-49-Fall timet f-52- Gate Charge CharacteristicsGate to source chargeQ gs V DD=-32V,I D=-120A,V GS=0 to -10V-6280nCGate to drain chargeQ gd-3060Gate charge totalQ g-158205Gate plateau voltageV plateau--5.3-V Reverse DiodeDiode continous forward current2)I S ---120ADiode pulse current2)I S,pulseT C=25°C---480  V GS=0V, I F=-100A,    Diode forward voltageV SDT j=25°C--1-1.3VReverse recovery time2)t rrV R=-20V, I F=-50A,-69-nsReverse recovery charge2)Q rrdi F/dt =-100A/µs-95-nC1) Current is limited by bondwire; with an R thJC = 1.1K/W the chip is able to carry -155A at 25°C.2) Defined by design. Not subject to production test.3) Device on 40 mm x 40 mm x 1.5 mm epoxy PCB FR4 with 6 cm2 (one layer, 70 µm thick) copper area for drain connection. PCB is vertical in still air. 1 Power dissipation                                                              2 Drain currentP tot = f(T C); V GS ≤ -6V                                                       I D = f(T C); V GS ≤ -6V; SMD  3 Safe operating area                                                   4 Max. transient thermal impedanceI D = f(V DS); T C = 25 °C; D = 0; SMD                           Z thJC = f(t p)parameter: t p                                                                 parameter: D =t p/T  5 Typ. output characteristics                                      6 Typ. drain-source on-state resistanceI D = f(V DS); T j = 25 °C; SMD                                   R DS(on) = (I D); T j = 25 °C; SMDparameter: V GS                                                         parameter: V GS  7 Typ. transfer characteristics                                   8 Typ. drain-source on-state resistanceI D = f(V GS); V DS = -6V                                         R DS(on) = f(T j ); I D = -100 A; V GS = -10 V; SMDparameter: T j  9 Typ. gate threshold voltage                                         10 Typ. capacitances V GS(th) = f(T j ); V GS = V DS                                        C = f(V DS); V GS = 0 V; f = 1 MHzparameter: I D  11 Typical forward diode characteristicis                      12 Drain-source breakdown voltage IF = f(VSD)                                                                      VBR(DSS) = f(T j ); I D = -1 mAparameter: T j  13 Typ. gate charge                                                    14 Gate charge waveforms V GS = f(Q gate); I D = -120 A pulsedparameter: V DD IPB120P04P4-04 DatasheetYou can download the datasheet from the link given below.IPB120P04P4-04-Datasheet IPB120P04P4-04 FAQWhat is the difference between transistor and power transistor?A power transistor is larger than a normal transistor and is capable of carrying more current without melting or burning the transistor. Usually, a power transistor has a heat sink attached to it to remove the heat from the device and keep it cool. How do you use a power transistor?Attach high-current load (i.e. the motor or light) to its power source, and then to the collector of the transistor. Then connect the emitter of the transistor to ground. Then to control the motor, you apply voltage to the transistor's base. What do power transistors do?A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power. ... Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits. 

IntroductionMicrocontroller unit, also known as a single-chip microcomputer, is a small computer on an integrated circuit (IC) chip, which appropriately reduce the frequency and specifications of the CPU, and integrates memory, timer, USB, A/D conversion,  UART,  PLC,  DMA, and even LCD driver circuits on a single chip. The MCU  of the embedded control system usually needs a stable working voltage.However, designers are used to using linear voltage regulators (such as 78xx series three-terminal voltage regulator) to convert high DC voltage into working voltage required by MCU. The linear adjustment mode of the linear regulated power supply will cause large "heat loss", and its working efficiency is only 30% - 50%.The switching power supply regulator works in a completely on or off mode. Therefore, either the high current flows through the switch with low conduction voltage, or it is completely cut off without current flow. Therefore, the power consumption of the switching power supply is very low, and its average working efficiency can reach 70% - 90%. Under the same voltage drop, the switching power supply regulator has much less "heat loss" than the linear regulator. Therefore, the switching power supply can greatly reduce the size of the heat sink and the area of the PCB board. Even in most cases, there is no need to install a heat sink. It is helpful to reduce the harmful impact on the MCU  working environment.This article introduces the design scheme of using the LM2576 series switching power supply to replace the linear power supply as MCU power supply. It has two advantages. One is the high-frequency on-off characteristics of switch tubes. Another advantage is the use of a series filter inductor. They have a strong suppression effect on the high-frequency interference from the power supply. In addition, due to the reduction of the "heat loss" of the switching regulated power supply,  it is helpful to the ability of the AC voltage to resist drop interference if increased the input voltage of the regulated power supply.LM2576 series switching regulator integrated circuits have reliable working performance, high working efficiency, and strong output current driving ability, which provides a strong guarantee for the stable and reliable operation of MCU.CatalogIntroductionCatalogI Application DesignII Working ModeFAQOrdering & QuantityI Application DesignThe basic voltage stabilizing circuit composed of LM2576 only needs four peripheral devices, and its circuit is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1. voltage stabilizing circuitThe selection of inductance L1 depends on the output voltage, maximum input voltage, and maximum load current of  LM2576.  First, the electric voltage·microsecond constant (E·T) can be calculated according to the following formula:E·T=(Vin - Vout)×Vout/ Vin×1000/f (1)Vin is the maximum input voltage of LM2576, Vout is the output voltage of LM2576.  and f is the operating oscillation frequency value of LM2576  (52kHz).Generally, the input capacitance Cin in the circuit should be greater than or equal to 100 μF. when installing, it is required to be close to the input pin of lm2576  as far as possible, and its withstand voltage value should match the maximum input voltage value.The value of the output capacitor Cout (unit μF) should be calculated according to the following formula:C≥13300 Vin/ Vout×L (2)Vin is the maximum input voltage of LM2576; Vout is the output voltage of LM2576; L (unit μH) is the value of inductance L1. The withstand voltage value of capacitor C should be 1.5 ~ 2 times of rated output voltage. For 5V voltage output, it is recommended to use a capacitor with a voltage withstand value of 16V.The rated current of diode D1 should be 1.2 times the maximum load current. Considering the state of the short circuit and load, the rated current of the diode should be greater than the maximum current limit of LM2576. The reverse voltage of the diode should be greater than 1.25 times the maximum input voltage.The selection of Vin should consider the input voltage value of LM2576 corresponding to the lowest AC voltage drop (Vac-min) and the minimum input allowable voltage value Vmin of LM2576.  Therefore, Vin can be calculated according to the following formula:Vin≥(220Vmin/Vac-min)If the minimum allowable AC voltage drop is 30% (Vac-min=154V) and the voltage output of the LM2576  is 5V (Vmin=8V), when Vac=220V, the input DC voltage of the LM2576  should be greater than 11.5V, usually 12V.II Working ModeThe pin 5 input level of LM2576 can be used to control the working state of LM2576.   The pin 5 input level is compatible with the TTL level. When the input is low level,  LM2576  works normally; when the input is high level,  LM2576 stops output and enters a low power consumption state.Figure 2. Schematic diagram of controllable circuitIn Figure 2, The pull-down resistor can ensure the normal operation of LM2576 when the control terminal of mcu-con is low. The control end signal of shutdown input comes from MCU.  When the terminal of shutdown input is at a low level, LM2576 stops output, and the system enters into a low-power consumption state. When the terminal is high level, the transistor will make LM2576 work again. When the control terminal of MCU  -CON is high level and the triode is on, the resistance R will not damage the output control terminal of MCU due to over-current.FAQWhat type of voltage regulator is used to convert high DC voltage into working voltage required by MCU?78xx series three terminal voltage regulatorWhat is the working efficiency of the linear regulated power supply?30% - 50%What is one advantage of using LM2576 series switching power supply?High-frequency on-off characteristics of switch tubesWhere is LM2576 used?LM2576 is usually used as a voltage stabilizing device when the input and output voltage difference is large and the output current is also large. Because it is a switching regulator, it has a higher conversion efficiency and low heat generation than a linear regulator.What’s the difference between LM2576T-ADJ and LM2576S-ADJ?LM2576T-ADJ is the package of TO-220, LM2576S-ADJ is the package of TO-263-5, there is no difference in their functions.What is the difference between LM2940 and LM2576? Which circuit are they applicable to?LM2940 is a low-dropout linear stabilized integrated circuit. The linear stabilized power supply is characterized by a relatively simple circuit, high precision, and small ripple coefficient. It is suitable for precision power supplies with high voltage requirements. The disadvantage is that the efficiency is very low and the output The current is relatively small (relative to the switching power supply)LM2576 is a switching power supply integrated circuit. Switching power supply, the circuit is more complicated, but the output current is large, the efficiency is high, the disadvantage is that the accuracy is lower and the ripple coefficient is larger.Why do switching power supply chips LM2576 and LM2596 have diodes, inductors and capacitors behind the output pins?The function of the diode and the inductance is that the output current can be continuous when the LM25XX is in the off state, and the function of the capacitor is to prevent the output voltage from sudden changes when the LM25XX is turned on and off. In fact, it is filtering.Why the higher the switching frequency of LM2576 and LM2596, the smaller the output inductance and capacitance value?Quite simply, the capacitive reactance of a capacitor decreases as the frequency increases, and the inductance of an inductor increases as the frequency increases. That is to say, the effect of using an inductance of 33uH in the case of 150Khz is basically the same as the effect of using an inductance of 100uH in the case of 52khz, and the principle of capacitance is the same. LM2596 is an upgraded version of LM2576. But LM2576 also has the advantage of less switching loss and less interference.

Product OverviewThe Kintex® UltraScale™ FPGA KCU105 Evaluation Kit is the perfect development environment for evaluating the cutting edge Kintex UltraScale FPGAs. The Kintex UltraScale family delivers ASIC-class system-level performance, clock management, and power management for next generation systems at the right balance of price, performance and power. CatalogProduct OverviewKCU105 PCLe ExampleKey Features & BenefitsBoard FeaturesKCU105 Board System ClockDual Quad-SPI Flash MemoryMicro-SD Card InterfaceKCU105 ApplicationsKCU105 SpecificationKCU105 SchematicsKCU105 DatasheetManufacturerUsing WarningsFAQ KCU105 PCLe Example Create a Tandem PCIe Design for the KCU105  Key Features & BenefitsOptimized for quickly prototyping applications using Kintex UltraScale FPGAs with access to the following features64-bit DDR4 Component MemoryDual SFP+ cages for EthernetPCIe Gen3 x82x FPGA Mezzanine Card (FMC) interface for I/O expansion Board Features Board Features ConfigurationOnboard JTAG configuration circuitry to enable configuration over USBJTAG header provided for use with Xilinx download cables such as the Platform Cable USB IIQuad SPI Flash with 2 x 256 Mb of non-volatile storage Memory2GB DDR4 component memory (four [256 Mb x 16] devices) at 1200MHz / 2400Mbpsps64MB (512Mb) Quad SPI Flash8Kb IIC EEPROMMicro SD Card Slot Communication & NetworkingGigabit Ethernet GMII, RGMII and SGMII2x SFP / SFP+ cageGTX port (TX, RX) with four SMA connectorsUART To USB BridgePCI Express x8 edge connector Expansion ConnectorsFMC-HPC (Partial Population) connector (8 GTX Transceiver, 114 single-ended or 57 differential (34 LA & 24 HA) user defined signals)FMC-LPC connector (1 GTX Transceiver, 68 single-ended or 34 differential user defined signals)2x PMOD headersIICDisplayHDMI Video outputExternal Phy/codec device driving an HDMI Connector8x  GPIO user LEDs Clocking8x programmable clocksSystem clocks, EMC clock, user clocks, Jitter attenuated clocks2x SMA input clocks Control & I/O5X Directional Push Buttons4X DIP Switches1x Rotary switchDiff Pair I/O (1 SMA pair) Power12V wall adapter or ATX KCU105 Board System Clock KCU105 Board System Clock Dual Quad-SPI Flash MemoryThe Figure shows the connections of the linear Quad-SPI flash memory on the KCU105 evaluation board. For more details, see the Micron N25Q256A11ESF40F data sheet at the Micron website [Ref 5]. Dual Quad-SPI 256 Mb Flash Memory  Micro-SD Card Interface The Figure shows the connections of the SD card interface on the KCU105 board.SD Connector Circuit Topology KCU105 ApplicationsEmbedded Design & Development KCU105 Specification Product AttributeAttribute ValueManufacturer:XilinxProduct Category:Programmable Logic IC Development ToolsProduct:Evaluation KitsType:FPGATool Is For Evaluation Of:XCKU040-2FFVA1156EBrand:XilinxProduct Type:Programmable Logic IC Development ToolsSubcategory:Development ToolsUnit Weight:6 lbs KCU105 SchematicsKCU105 Schematics KCU105 Datasheet KCU105 Eval Kit Quick Start Guide KCU105 Board Guide KCU105 PCI Express Control Plane TRD User Guide ManufacturerXilinx is the inventor of the FPGA, programmable SoCs, and now, the ACAP. Our highly-flexible programmable silicon, enabled by a suite of advanced software and tools, drives rapid innovation across a wide span of industries and technologies - from consumer to cars to the cloud. Xilinx delivers the most dynamic processing technology in the industry, enabling rapid innovation with its adaptable, intelligent computing. Using WarningsNote: Please check their parameters and pin configuration before replacing them in your circuit. FAQWhat do KCU105 evaluation board provide?The KCU105 evaluation board provides features common to many evaluation systems, including a DDR4 component memory, a high definition multimedia interface (HDMI™), two small form-factor pluggable (SFP+) connectors, an eight-lane PCI Express® interface, an Ethernet PHY, general purpose I/O and two UART interfaces. What are the applications of KCU105?Embedded Design & Development

DescriptionThe weather in the past two days has suddenly cooled down, and I forgot to install a switch on the bedside, and I don’t want to get out of bed to turn off the light because of the cold. At this time, it would be nice to have an intelligent control switch.This blog introduces a smart switch controller based on  ATMEGA328P-PU. The controller, without changing the existing switches and circuits, can automatically turn off the lights after a power failure. At the same time, the wireless control light switch function can also be realized through the Bluetooth module, and the light can be turned on and off while lying down, and there is no need to get out of bed. ATMEGA328P-PUCatalogDescriptionI IntroductionII ATmega328P-PU Based System PricipleIII ATmega328P-PU Based System Hardware Design3.1 Central control module3.2 Light detection circuit3.3 Bluetooth moduleIV ATmega328P-PU Based Structure DesignV ATmega328P-PU Based System Software DesignVI ConclusionComponent DatasheetFAQOrdering & QuantityI IntroductionThe smart switch light controller based on ATmega328P-PU introduced in this blog consists of the following modules:Light Detection Module: Perceive the change of indoor light intensity;Bluetooth Module: control and realize automatic light switch;Steering Gear and Mechanical Linkage Mechanism: It can also automatically turn off the lights.The controller uses the organic combination of mechatronics, which is reliable and easy to control.II ATmega328P-PU Based System PricipleThe intelligent switch light controller system is mainly composed of light detection module, Bluetooth module, steering gear, and  Arduino control system. The system control process is as follows:The light detection module perceives the environment from bright to dark;The light detection module sends the sensed information to the Arduino;Arduino turns off the lighting equipment by controlling the steering gear according to this information;Or, to complete the operation of turning off the lights, you can also directly control it through the mobile phone APP Bluetooth.The system principle diagram of the intelligent switch light controller is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. System schematic diagramIII ATmega328P-PU Based System Hardware Design3.1 Central control moduleThe most widely used microcontrollers for the central control module are  AVR  and 51 microcontrollers. From the perspective of function and upgrade potential, the AVR 8-bit microcontroller ATMEGA328P-PU was selected as the central control module.So, what are the advantages of the ATMEGA328P-PU control module? Why choose it?ATMEGA328P-PU, as a central control module, has flexible I/O port resources and powerful functions. It not only has low power consumption but is reliable, and can meet the needs of subsequent equipment updates.Figure 2 shows the minimum system diagram of ATMEGA328P. Figure 2. ATMEGA328P minimum system3.2 Light detection circuitHere, the light detection circuit is a four-wire system. The AO port is an analog signal output port, which converts the external light intensity into a continuous output voltage value.When the brightness of the light changes, how does the DO port act as a digital signal output port?When the ambient light brightness does not reach the set threshold, the DO terminal outputs a high level;When the brightness of the ambient light exceeds the set threshold, the DO terminal outputs a low level.Because the signal output by the circuit is stable and reliable, the controller selects the digital signal output by the DO port as the input signal of the control module. In this way, the sensitivity and reliability of the system can be improved.Illumination detection circuit diagram is shown in Figure 3. Figure 3. Illumination detection circuit diagram3.3 Bluetooth moduleThis blog uses the HC-05 master-slave integrated Bluetooth module. Its circuit diagram is shown as in Fig. 4.Figure 4. Bluetooth detection circuitThe module adopts CSR mainstream Bluetooth chip, Bluetooth V2.0 protocol standard, and can work with 3.3V low voltage. It is cheap, small in size, stable in signal, low in power, and can be used in conjunction with mobile APP to realize wireless control of the system.In this design, Bluetooth only acts as a slave, receiving instructions from the mobile phone.IV ATmega328P-PU Based Structure DesignTake the dormitory as an example to design the controller for the switch (as shown in Figure 5). Figure 5. Power switchAfter measurement, when the switch is in the equilibrium position, that is, between the closed and open positions, if the light-off position is pressed more than 2mm, the button will turn off the power. When the light-on position is pressed down more than 2mm, the button will turn on the power.We can design a link mechanism connected with the steering gear to make:When the steering gear rotates to 180°, the connecting rod position is the highest;When the steering gear rotates to 0°, the connecting rod position is lowest.Then, set the initial position of the steering gear to 90°, so that the button is at the value of the balance position.At this time, coincide the middle position of the "T"-shaped fixing bracket with the middle position of the button. In addition, in order to facilitate the realization of functions, the central position can be set as a chute.Figure 6 shows the design and installation.Figure 7 shows that the controller is designed as a rectangular box.Figure 8 shows the layout of each module.Figure 9 shows the physical object and installation diagram of the smart switch controller. Figure 6. Design and installation drawing of connecting rod part  Figure 7. Overall view of the controller  Figure 8. Schematic diagram of each module installation  Figure 9. Physical image of smart switch controller V ATmega328P-PU Based System Software DesignThe software part completes the processing of the signals received by the light detection module and the Bluetooth module and then controls the mechanical structure to switch the lights.Figure 10 shows the system software flow chart.The light detection module (the schematic diagram of the light detection module is shown in Figure 11) is used to detect changes in the brightness and darkness of the surrounding environment.When the surrounding environment is always in a light state, the light detection circuit  will continuously send a low-level signal "0" to the central control module;When the surrounding environment has been in a dark state, the light detection circuit will continuously send a high-level signal "1" to the central control module.When the surrounding environment changes from no light to light (judging the daybreak), in this case, the system does not act.When the surrounding environment changes from light to no light (judged as a moment of power failure), the light detection circuit will start to send a high-level signal "1" to the central control module.At the moment of transition, the central control module will control the system to execute a work cycle. After turning off the light, the system will automatically reset and wait for the next change from light to no light.Because the port memory of the central control module is limited, the light detection circuit continuously transmits data to the port. This will cause the central control module to restart in a short time due to exhaustion of memory, making the system unstable and unreliable.Therefore, a port clearing function is specially written when compiling the system to ensure that the expired data sent by the light detection circuit is cleared in time. Thereby improving the stability and reliability of the system. Figure 10. System software flow chart After talking about the light detection module, how does the Bluetooth module process the received signal to control the switch? We can use mobile phone APP and Bluetooth module to control the system to turn on and off the lights through wireless transmission.When the mobile phone sends the command character "A" to the central control module through the Bluetooth module, the system will execute a cycle of turning off the lights, and then automatically reset;In the same way, when the mobile phone sends the command character "B" to the central control module through the Bluetooth module, the system executes a light-on command for a working cycle, and then automatically resets. Figure 11. Schematic diagram of the light module VI ConclusionThe smart switch light controller discussed in this blog has significant advantages:* Do not change the circuit of the original push-type power switch. Therefore, it is not only safe, but also easy to disassemble and assemble;* Turn on and off the lights via Bluetooth wireless control. Therefore, it has strong operability;* After completing the switch lamp work cycle, realize automatic reset. In addition, while realizing automation, we can also move our fingers to easily switch lights on the bed;* ATmega328P-PU has great development potential. The reason for using it is to meet the needs of expanding functions in the future. such as:Cooperate with WIFI module: can realize ultra-remote control;Cooperate with timer: it can realize the function of turning on the lights at a time.In summary, the intelligent switch light controller based on ATmega328P-PU we introduced is simple and reasonable in structure, easy to install, safe, convenient and efficient to operate.With the smart switch light controller of ATmega328P-PU, when we lazily lie on the bed and play with the mobile phone, we use the mobile phone to control the light switch. At night, we are afraid that we forget to turn off the lights when we fall asleep, and we don’t need to get out of bed. It can also automatically turn off the lights when it gets dark.Component DatasheetATMEGA328P DatasheetFAQWhat is meant by ATMEGA328P?ATMEGA328P is high performance, low power controller from Microchip. ATMEGA328P is an 8-bit microcontroller based on AVR RISC architecture. It is the most popular of all AVR controllers as it is used in ARDUINO boards.What is the difference between ATMEGA328 and ATMEGA328P?ATMEGA328P and ATMEGA328 are the same every sense architecturally.ATMEGA328P just consumes lower power than ATMEGA328, which means that the 328P is manufactured in a finer process than the 328.Why ATMEGA328 is used in Arduino?The ATMEGA328/P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR® enhanced RISC (reduced instruction set computer) architecture. In Order to maximize performance and parallelism, the AVR uses Harvard architecture – with separate memories and buses for program and data.How do you code ATMEGA328P?Is ATMEGA328P a microcontroller?The ATMEGA328 is a single-chip microcontroller created by Atmel in the megaAVR family (later Microchip Technology acquired Atmel in 2016). It has a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC processor core.Can the ATMEGA328P microcontroller be used without the Arduino board?Yes. You can use ATMega328P without arduino board. ... You can use arduino board with the IC. Program the IC and then take it out and use it in your circuit. You will have to use 16MHZ Oscillator with capacitors.How do I program Atmega328P without bootloader?Programming AVR With Arduino As ISP Without Bootloader and External CrystalStep 1: Things You Need. ...Step 2: Upload ArduinoISP Code on Arduino Board. ...Step 3: Open Command Prompt (in Windows OS) ...Step 4: Required Downloads.. ...Step 5: Installation of WinAVR (only Help for Windows OS Is Covered for Now)

I. IntroductionFor large systems such as missile weapons and equipment, their performance is often affected by the external environment and their own operating conditions. Among them, the influence of temperature often plays a very important role. Therefore, temperature detection and control have always been the focus of many researchers. However, some temperature measurement and control devices have low accuracy and inaccurate temperature control, and some new instruments are expensive and difficult to promote. It should be particularly pointed out that the temperature measurement and control system developed in the past is usually an independent system, one thing for one use, it is difficult to be adopted by other systems, and there are problems such as maintenance difficulties and inconvenience. To this end, the author developed a high-precision temperature measurement and control device suitable for research and development under laboratory conditions based on the currently popular modular design principle. The device uses a new integrated temperature sensor AD590  as the temperature measurement element and provides two control units for experimental comparison. By measuring and controlling the temperature in the thermostat, satisfactory results have been obtained.CatalogI. IntroductionII.Working PrincipleIII. Integrated Temperature Sensor AD590IV. Temperature Measuring BridgeV. PID RegulatorVI. Program DesignVII. Experimental Analysis and ConclusionFAQOrdering & QuantityII. Working PrincipleFigure 1 is the electrical schematic diagram of the WCZ-98 temperature measurement and control device. Its working principle is: the temperature signal taken by the temperature measuring bridge with AD590 as a bridge arm is differentially amplified and buffered and then sent all the way to the digital display for digital temperature display, and the other is compared with the set value. The compared difference is controlled by switch K and can choose to send to a two-way adjustment controller. One route is composed of a comparison amplifier and a relay, which can be used as an adjustment controller to form an independent temperature measurement and control equipment without connecting to a computer; the other route is a PID  regulator (composed of A/D, D/A, and Computer composition of PID adjustment software) and SCR composition. The signal from the regulating controller realizes temperature control through the temperature control actuator.Figure 1 Electrical schematic diagram of temperature measurement and control device III. Integrated Temperature Sensor AD590 AD590 is a dedicated integrated temperature sensor produced by an American AD company, which belongs to the current output type. Figure 2 shows the current-voltage characteristic curve of AD590 at three different temperatures. In a certain temperature range, it is equivalent to a high resistance current source, and its current temperature sensitivity is lμA/K. It is not susceptible to interference from contact resistance, lead resistance, voltage noise, etc. In addition, it also has the characteristics of small size, high-temperature measurement accuracy, good linearity, and strong interchangeability. It is very suitable for long-distance measurement and control. It is also suitable for the characteristics of modular and split structures required by this article. The main technical indicators are: Temperature measurement range:hCurrent output (calibration factor): lμA/K;Power supply voltage: DC 4-30V;Linearity: less than ±0.5℃ in the full scale range;Repeatability: ±0.1℃;Output impedance: about 10MQLong-term drift: ±0.1℃/monthFigure 2 I-V curve of AD590The current Ir flowing through the AD590  is a single-valued function of the absolute temperature of its environment, and the microampere of Ir is equal to the absolute temperature T, namely: Ir=T×10-6A=TμA (1) IV. Temperature Measuring BridgeFigure 3 is the schematic diagram of the temperature measurement bridge. The voltage formed on the current IiR2 and Rw2 flowing through the AD590 is: Ul=Ii×(R2+Rw2) (2)Figure 3 Schematic diagram of temperature measuring bridgeBy adjusting Rw2 to make (R2+Rw2) equal to 10K, substituting formula (1) into formula (2), we can get: 　　U1=Ii×(R2+Rw2)=T×10-2V (3) 　　U2=2.732V by adjusting Rwl. Then the output of the bridge is: 　　UAB=U1﹣U2=T×10-2﹣2.732=(T﹣273.2)×10-2V (4) Because T is the absolute ambient temperature measured by AD590, after subtracting 273.2 from it, the Celsius temperature t can be obtained, namely: 　　UAB=t×10-2V (5) At this point, the temperature measuring bridge converts the ambient temperature into a voltage value that is proportional to the temperature in Celsius. V. PID Regulator One of the adjustment controllers of the temperature measurement and control device uses a PID  regulator (proportional integral derivative regulator), which can determine the size of the control quantity according to the proportional value, integral value, and derivative value of the difference between the temperature set value and the actual value. The temperature measurement and control device adopts the output feedback type control. Extracting this part from the general principle diagram, you can get the PID  control principle diagram as shown in Figure 4. In the figure, Ud and U are the set value and actual value of the thermostat respectively, the error e=Ud﹣KT, K is the magnification of the measuring transducer, and Y is the adjustment value of the PID output.Figure 4 PID control principle diagramThe simulation expression of PID algorithm is:In the formula, Y(t): regulator output value;E(t): input deviation;KP: regulator proportional coefficient;Tl, TD: verse unit integral, derivative timeAfter discretizing equation (6), the PID incremental control equation is obtained:In the formula, the integral coefficient Kl=KPT/T1, the differential coefficient KD=KPTD/r, and T is the sampling period.then apply (7) to Z-transform, and get:In the experiment, the author used a step signal to roughly measure the response in the open-loop state. From the step response curve, it is known that the thermostat is a first-order inertia link plus a pure time delay link, namely:The lag time r of the system is determined to be approximately 20 seconds, and the target time constant TP is approximately 50 seconds. Select the control degree to be 1.5, according to the step response curve tuning parameter method (refer to literature [1]), obtain: T=0.34z=6.8sKr=0.85Tr, /r=2.125T1=1.62r=32.4sTD=0.65r=13s Substituting the above value for equation (9), we can obtain: Q0=6.41Q1=-5.96Q2=4.06 The equation of PID regulator is: VI. Program Design The PID control program flow of the WCZ-98 temperature measurement and control device is shown in Figure 5. The basic idea is the same as the general PID control flow. It’s no need to repeat here.Figure 5 PID control program flow chart VII. Experimental Analysis and Conclusion Put the temperature measurement and control device into a thermostat with an external dimension of 248×208×262 (mm). The thermostat uses 50mm thick polystyrene as the heat insulation material and water as the medium. The heating device is composed of 2 SRS3-220/0.5 heating tubes and auxiliary parts to prevent leakage. The temperature can be preset outside the thermostat and there is a switch to select the type of controller. Through experiments, comparing the control effects of the two adjustment control methods, we found that the temperature of the adjustment controller composed of a comparison amplifier and a relay is not stable during the temperature control process and always fluctuates within a certain error range. The temperature control performance of the regulating controller composed of PID regulator and thyristor is very good. Taking temperature control of 60°C as an example, the temperature change curve obtained by the experiment is shown in Figure 6.Figure 6 PID temperature control experiment result curveIt can be seen that the use of analog circuits for adjustment and control is beneficial to make the measurement and control device an independent instrument (no need to connect to a computer), and its temperature measurement and control accuracy can meet the general requirements; and through PID control, its precision of temperature measurement and control is very high. It is used in conjunction with the thermostat and the self-developed SYZJX-2 experimental adapter box. The analog input board PCL-818L and the analog output board PCL-726 are connected to the computer to achieve high-precision temperature control.FAQWhat is AD590?AD590 is a temperature sensor, the current output sensitivity is 1μA/℃, the standard output value is 298.2μA at 25℃, and the working voltage range is 4~30V.What are the characteristics of AD590 temperature sensor?Single function (only temperature measurement), small temperature measurement error, low price, fast response speed, long transmission distance, small size, micro power consumption, etc. It is suitable for remote temperature measurement and temperature control without non-linear calibration. The peripheral circuit is simple.How to detect the quality of AD590?AD590 has a current of 273 mA at 0°. Because 2113 is a Wen sensitive resistor 5261, it means that it is greatly affected by the surrounding temperature 4102. It is very difficult to measure without relying on 1653 other tools. Give you some suggestions.When the ambient temperature rises by one degree, the current of AD590 increases by 1uA. What you have to do is to work with AD590 simultaneously with the help of a high-precision temperature test instrument. After AD590 series 10K resistance, measure its voltage, that is to say, it should be 2.73V at 0°, and 2.98V at room temperature 25°.For higher accuracy, it is recommended that you use the electronic building block software Ardunio for measurement, and put the corresponding data into MATLAB for linear regression. The better the linearity, the more stable the measurement.AD590 is not a high-precision temperature testing device. If high-precision testing is required, other components are recommended.What is the difference between AD590 and PT100?AD590 is a current-type temperature sensor. It converts temperature changes into current conversion. The simplest processing is to pass a resistor (10K) after the output to convert the current into a voltage, and then through the detection voltage, the current at this time can be deduced. Use the relationship between current and temperature in the sensor data to calculate the current temperature.PT100 is a resistance type temperature sensor, which converts temperature changes into resistance changes. The simplest process is to place Pt100 in a bridge, use the voltage difference at the midpoint of the bridge arm, and use a differential amplifier circuit (instrument amplifier circuit) Amplify the voltage, use the amplifier gain and bridge structure data, and use the detected voltage to inversely calculate the current resistance value, and use the relationship between resistance and temperature in the PT100 data sheet to calculate the current temperature.Is AD590 a thermocouple or a thermal resistance?It is neither a thermocouple nor a thermal resistance. The main principle is to detect the temperature according to the temperature change, the output current change, and the current size.