The Kynix Blog

Hirose has developed a hybrid power and signal board-to-board connector that features high-speed transmission capability up to 8 Gbps and a highly reliable floating contact mechanism that simplifies assembly. The FX23 Series is designed for a wide range of high-speed applications including medical devices, office imaging equipment, measurement equipment, industrial computer systems, automotive navigation and audio systems, broadcast equipment, base station transceivers, industrial machinery and more.A member of Hirose's FunctionMAX family of high-speed board-to-board connectors, the 0.5mm pitch FX23 Series connector supports high-speed applications with a specialized contact structure that utilizes a ground contact between adjacent differential pairs to reduce crosstalk. In addition, this contact structure provides superior impedance matching, even with short rise times.The connector's floating design offers a degree of play between the contacts during mating, allowing the board-to-board connector to absorb alignment errors up to ± 0.6mm in X and Y axis directions. By self-centering in both the X and Y directions, the floating structure eliminates mechanical stress at the SMT leads. This unique floating contact structure is particularly convenient when mating multiple connectors on the same printed circuit board, saving significant assembly time and costs.The hybrid power and signal connector has two built-in power contacts located on each side of the FX23 Series connector housing that provide a power rating of 3 Amps per pin. The hybrid structure also reduces the number of pins required, saving space. Available in right angle and parallel versions, the FX23 Series is offered in 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 positions. Source from Power Electronics

Overview: If you are looking to choose between the contemporary DDR5 and the classic DDR4 but are overwhelmed with the technical intricacies of both, then don’t worry anymore. Whether you are a tech enthusiast or someone simply curious about the DDR4 vs DDR5 debate, this article will unravel a lot for you. Let's hope this is your last read before you finally put an end to the DDR4 vs DDR5 debate.   The memory of a computer is a powerhouse that dictates the efficiency of the system and data processing. Of the two main types of computer memory, Random Access Memory (RAM) is a critical component of a computer’s architecture. It provides fast and temporary storage for actively used data. The capacity and speed of RAM notably influence a system’s performance, especially in computers where multiple applications are being used at a time.   For the past ten years, DDR4 RAM has been the only available on most PCs. It has a 128 GB memory and speeds up to 5000 MHz. However, the year 2021 marked a revolution for RAM, and the introduction of DDR5 not only revolutionized computing but also initiated a constructive dialogue around the comparison of the two. Technical Comparison Technical comparison of DDR4 and DDR5 gives interesting insights into the speed, bandwidth, latency and power efficiency of the two. Clock speed (the number of times the RAM modules can access its memory per second) is one of the first parameters that comes to mind when comparing DDR4 and DDR5. The clock speed for DDR4 is 2133 MHz (the default rate), while it is 4800 MHz for DDR5. It is a considerable difference and makes DDR5 a clear winner in speed. Speaking of the bandwidth or the data transfer rate, DDR4 will run at a speed of up to 3200 MT/s (for Intel 12th Generation Processors). On the same processor, DDR5 runs up to 4800 MT/s. This comparison gives us the exact stats on the data transfer rate, which comes out to be 25.6 GB/s for DDR4 and 38.4 GB/s for DDR5, giving DDR5 a clear win over the competitor. However, the comparison of latency seems to break the winning streak of DDR5. The CAS (Column Address Signal) latency is 20 for a DDR4-3200 CL20 module, while most of the DDR5 modules have CL40 CAS latency. As a result, DDR-3200 CL20 RAM has a quick operation as compared to the DDR-4800 CL40 module. However, the future of the latency of DDR5 seems brighter as the G.Skill Trident Z5 sticks have a CAS latency of 28. Factoring in its speed yields a latency of 10 nanoseconds, which is competent with DDR4. In conclusion of the technical comparison, it would be right to state that DDR5 is the definitive winner. Compatibility Analysis Speaking of the most recent stats, DDR5 has limited compatibility. Intel’s 12th-gen “Alder Lake” and 13th-gen “Raptor Lake” processors and AMD’s 6000-series mobile and 7000-series desktop processors support DDR5 modules. Almost all of the processors manufactured in the last ten years support DDR4 RAM. It includes Intel’s 12th-generation processors as well. However, the 13th-generation desktop processors by Intel are compatible with both DDR4 and DDR5.   Performance Evaluation Before comparing the most critical aspect, i.e., the performance, DDR5 seems to be doing quite well so far. However, it does come down to performance evaluation because specs are of little to no use without efficient performance. DDR5 RAM gives a swift performance as compared to DDR4 RAM while rendering a 3D graphics scene using Blender. The time difference is calculated to be almost two minutes between the two competing RAMs. Similarly, DDR5 is about one minute quicker than DDR4 when encoding a video file using Handbrake. Other tasks, such as the gaming ones show no considerable performance difference between DDR4 and DDR5. A worth-noting here is that with Nvidia-based graphics benchmark, DDR4 performed well by a 20-fps margin for some games. In short, it is difficult to rule out one RAM while evaluating performance.   Price and Availability When DDR5 was introduced in 2021, it was high-priced. In 2021, 16 GB of DDR5 RAM was worth $1000. Now, it is cut down to $3 per GB, which means you can get the same 16 GB for less than $50 now. For greater speed and improved timings, the price increases. For instance, a 32 GB dual-channel DDR5 RAM at 5600MHz will cost up to $120, while a 16 GB kit in the 5600 MHz range will cost up to $50.   Speaking of availability, DDR5 comes with Intel’s Alder Lake 12th generation (standard), Raptor Lake 13th generation (standard), and AMD’s Ryzen 7000 Zen 4 CPU (exclusive). However, if you are opting for a custom PC, you can acquire DDR5 RAM from various retailers, such as Best Buy, Newegg or your preferred electronic store.   Upgrade Recommendations Finally, it comes down to whether one should upgrade to DDR5 or stick with DDR4. As a gamer, upgrading to DDR5 is the right decision for improving the experience. A high-rated bandwidth and a high-frequency option, such as DDR5, in your gaming PC can improve frame rates as well. However, there won't be any other significant differences from DDR4 for gamers.   DDR5 upgrade is more fruitful for professional designers due to higher data transfer rates. Overall, improved system responsiveness and quick data processing make DDR5 a good pick for video editing and other graphic design jobs.   Future Trends In the future, DDR5 will become a necessary upgrade due to compatibility and support issues and will completely replace DDR4. Considering the key factors such as the bandwidth, performance gains and the price gap seem to favor DDR5. The availability of DDR5 with Intel’s 12th and 13th-generation processors gives off a dynamic power display, unlike the ones seen before. Plus, the pairing of DDR5 with the new AMD Ryzen 7000-series processors will give rise to new horizons of power and efficiency. One point is clear: DDR5 might take a couple of years to replace DDR4, but it is here to stay for longer.

SummaryIn the development of advanced lithium-ion battery,improving one property without sacrificing others is challenging due to the trade-off nature among the key parameters. In a recent paper in Nature Communications, a research team from the Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology reported a chemical vapor deposition process to grow a graphene-silica 3D assembly, called a graphene-ball to provide both fast charging and high volumetric energy densities in Li-ion batteries.  About GrapheneIts hierarchical 3D structure with the SiOx nanoparticle center allows even 1 wt％ graphene-ball to be uniformly coated onto a nickel-rich layered cathode (LiNi0.6Co0.1Mn0.3O2) via mild Nobilta milling. The graphene-ball coating improves cycle life and fast charging capability by protecting the electrode surface from detrimental side reactions and providing efficient conductive pathways. The graphene-ball itself also serves as an anode material with high specific capacity of 716.2 mAh g-1. A full-cell incorporating graphene-balls increases the volumetric energy density by 27.6％ compared to a control cell without graphene-balls, showing the possibility of achieving 800 Wh L-1 in a commercial cell setting, along with a high cyclability of 78.6％ retention of the initial capacity after 500 cycles at 5C and 60 degrees C. Graphene growth from SiO2 nanoparticles. a-c TEM characterization a before CVD growth, b after 5 min growth, and c after 30 min growth (scale bars, 50 nm). d-f Their respective magnified images (scale bars, 10 nm). g Higher magnification image of graphene after 30 min growth and its atom-level view from the white box (inset) (scale bar, 2 nm). h Graphical illustration of popcorn-like graphene growth from SiO2 nanoparticles. A Boom in the Creation of New DevicesRecent innovations in materials science such as the development of graphene balls for Li-ion batteries have led to a boom in the creation of new devices, allowing for a rapid shift from analog to digital in a relatively short amount of time.In the past, materials were researched, developed and perfected long before they were applied to devices. Take liquid crystals, for example. They were first discovered in the late 1800s, and for decades were studied and defined in the academic realm. It wasn't until the 1960s―almost a century later―that they were utilized in commercial products. Similarly, it took 30 years after its invention for lithium metal oxide to even be tested in batteries, and another decade before it made its official commercial market introduction. Once materials such as these were introduced, however, they allowed for a steady and fairly rapid increase in device performance. In the display industry specifically, there has been enormous growth in the market because of such advancements up until now.However, as the market becomes increasingly saturated, electronic materials innovations are beginning to fall behind the device revolution. This is mostly due to the fact that the device product life cycle is becoming much faster than that of the material. Now, the device itself is facing the limitations of this revolution in terms of product performance and functionality without the aid of novel materials. Research on Materials and DevicesIt's reported at the  the plenary session led by Dr. Hyuk Chang, Executive Vice President , Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), at the 9th International Conference on Quantum Dots held that to ensure consistent advancements and optimum functionality, both materials and devices have to be synchronized throughout the development process from the earliest stages of research so that performance requirements can be properly understood. The following picture is about the speeds of material and device innovation have changed over time. SAIT now aims to synchronize the two. Chang noted that the synchronization of materials research and device development can accelerate the enhancement of both the devices and the materials that they are made of, thus revitalizing the market."After all, innovation comes in many forms, and source technology is a foundational one," Chang said. At Samsung, there are numerous organizations that carry out research and development. These include SAIT, where the company pioneers long-term, radical researches with five to ten year or more horizons; the R&D centers that explore next-generation products and platform technologies one to three years in advance; and business unit development teams that focus on commercialization, applying these latest technologies in product development.Samsung is increasingly synchronizing its R&D efforts to bring core technologies like new materials to products more quickly.Take an example,the quantum dot technology.Confident that this specific technology could ultimately drive the future of display, among other areas, Samsung has researched the material and its advantages in earnest. In fact, researchers at SAIT started focusing on quantum dot technology over a decade ago, and have since registered numerous patents on the subject. The following picture is about a synchronized research roadmap Through constant testing, evaluating and verifying the material from the earliest stages of device design, Samsung was able to incorporate quantum dots to create a revolutionary line-up of products―its 2015 SUHD TVs. n doing so, the technology allowed for highly accurate color expression and better, brighter picture quality while improving overall energy efficiency at a lower cost―all with cadmium-free quantum dots. Considering that this was the first commercial application of the material, it created quite a buzz among academics in the field who had been eagerly anticipating such a milestone. Despite these accomplishments, Samsung wanted to improve upon this technology and did so with its 2016 SUHD TVs, making them even more energy-efficient, and allowing them to display the picture quality more accurately. "As a materials scientist, my previous work was in small-scale labs," Chang explained. "It was overwhelming to see this technology make its way to mass production and even hit center stage at the industry's top events like CES in just a decade. That's the speed and scale of Samsung."As Samsung continues to research and refine the technology, the company predicts that quantum dots will further enhance display devices.Chang noted that quantum dots could be applied in other ways, too, such as to improve the accuracy of image sensors, which could significantly advance autonomous cars. Experts note that the technology also has great potential in the areas of chemo- and bio-sensing. In fact, researchers at SAIT have already begun to utilize quantum dot technology in these areas, and are eager to continue to progress these developments. "Just as Samsung's SUHD TVs were realized by evolutionary quantum dot materials and boundless research for discovering novel physical phenomena, functional materials, value-added materials and next-generation devices must be closely interconnected," Chang stated. This, he believes, will accelerate materials innovations, leading to new functionalities in devices and the creation of novel devices. The synchronization of materials research and device development will also help to breathe new life into the massive global materials marketplace. By consistently providing added value with new materials, Samsung hopes to continue to revitalize the electronic devices industry. Article resources:Samsung Advanced Institute of TechnologyArticle edited: kynix 

  Background Nowadays,more and more people need wifi and they can not leave it.More and more family has connected with wifi even in undeveloping country or area.Today,let's make a wifi based home automation project to realize that controlling home devices by using wifi as wireless communication. In this project,we will using esp8266 wifi module and Arduino Uno R3,We have also posted a similar project using pic microcontroller based home automation over wifi. you may also like to check it.    components we needESP8266 Wifi Module: ESP8266 is a wifi chip that provides Transfer Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). There are different ESP8266modules available in the market. In this project we are using the first model. It has 6 pins and operates on 3.3v. ESP8266 was initialized via the following commands:ATAT+CWMODE = 3AT+CIFSRAT+CIPMUX = 1ESP8266 was then connected to the mobile hotspot by the following commands:AT+CWLAP (returns the list of the available Wi-Fi networks available)AT+CWJAP = “SSID”, “password”  Example: AT+CWJAP = “PTCL-BB”, “12345467”Arduino Uno: Arduino is development boards build around ATmega 328P. Arduino is perfect for this project as it provides much pins to interface relay module,16×2 LCD and ESP8266 wifi module4 channel Relay Module: Relay is used to switch on and off higher voltages devices by using low dc voltages such as signal from Arduino digital pin. In this project we used 4 channel relay module it is easy to interface with Arduino instead of connecting each relay separately. It can bears up to 250VAC and 10 amps of current.16X2 LCD: 16×2 LCD is used to display 16 characters in two lines. It is easy to interface with Arduino due to its available library. In this project this LCD is used to display the status of the appliances whether it is on or off. Project Circuit Diagram  Connections 16×2 LCD:VSS to ground.VDD to supply voltage.VO to adjust pin of 10k potentiometer.RS to Pin A0.RW to ground.Enable to Pin A1.LCD D4 to Pin A2.LCD D5 to Pin A3.LCD D6 to Pin A4.LCD D7 to Pin A5.Ground one end of potentiometer.5v to other end of potentiometer. 4 Channel Relay modules:External 5 volt to JD VCC.Ground to ground.Ini1 to Pin 3.Ini2 to Pin 4.Ini3 to Pin5.Vcc to Arduino 5v.Connect one terminal of all bulbs to normally open terminal of relays. One end of 220VAC to all common terminals of relay and other end with other terminal of bulbs. ESP8266 wifi module to Arduino:Module Vcc to 3.3v.Module CH_PD to 3.3v.Module Ground to Arduino ground.Module Tx to Arduino Rx.Module Rx to Arduino Tx. Working Download the S Remote application from Google Play Store. Open the application, go to Setting>>Advance>>Layout and select the Button according to your desire. Then select IP and enter the IP address which is get when we initialize ESP8266 wifi module using this command “AT+CIFSR”. IP address is written in third line such as “192.168.10.4”. Then write the port which is “80” in port option. Go to Setting>>Keys and then select key1 and write the label to display on button and then the data which you want to send to Arduino. Click the TCP button. Similarly write the label and data in others keys. If you connect everything correctly then power up the circuit and open serial monitor, it takes few seconds to initialize wifi module. Press the button on application, the data is send by application to Arduino through Wifi and then Arduino performs operations according to instructions and the status on devices are display on LCD.  

Today,let's talk something about MSP430 interrupts and times.   About "Interrupt"   Do you know what is an "interrupt"? Interrupt is a signal that informs our MCU that a certain event has happened,causing the interruption of the normal flow of the main program and the execution of an "interrupt routine",that handles the event and takes a specified action. Interrupts are essential to avoid wasting the processor's valuable time in polling loops, waiting for external events (in fact they are used in Real-Time Operating Systems, RTOS).   In the MSP430 architecture, there are several types of interrupts: timer interrupts, port interrupts, ADC interrupts and so on. Each one of them needs to be enabled and configured to work, and there is a separate "service routine" for every interrupt.   About code  Now let's see how to use timer and port interrupts to flash some LEDs,we will keep the ADC interrupt for the next turorial. So,let's write some code!   #include "msp430g2231.h" void main(void){  WDTCTL = WDTPW + WDTHOLD;                 // Stop WDT   You should recognize those lines,we used them in the last tutorial to add the definition file for our MCU, declare the main function and stop the watchdog timer.  CCTL0 = CCIE;                             // CCR0 interrupt enabled  TACTL = TASSEL_2 + MC_1 + ID_3;           // SMCLK/8, upmode    CCR0 =  10000;                           // 12.5 Hz   Here's some interesting stuff. These lines configure the timer interrupt. We first enable it by setting the CCIE bit in the CCTL0 register. Then we set the clock for the timer module in the TimerA control register. If you have a look at the msp430g2231.h file, you can see that: TASSEL_2 selects the SMCLK (supplied by an internal DCO which runs at about 1 MHz); MC_1 selects the "UP mode", the timer counts up to the number stored in the CCR0 register; ID_3 selects an internal 8x divider for the supplied clock (in our case we have SMCLK/8).   Finally, we set the CCR0 register. We configured the TimerA module to count up to the number stored in this register before overflowing and triggering the interrupt. By setting it at 10000, we get an overflow-frequency of 12,5 Hz. In fact we have (SMCLK/8)/10000 = 12,5 . You may obtain several frequencies by changing this number (remember that the MSP430 has a 16-bit timer, so the value stored in the CCR0 register must not be higher than 65535), changing the dividers or adding an if-else block with a counter in the interrupt routine. Let's go ahead.    P1OUT &= 0x00;               // Shut down everything  P1DIR &= 0x00;                P1DIR |= BIT0 + BIT6;       // P1.0 and P1.6 pins output the rest are input  P1REN |= BIT3;                 // Enable internal pull-up/down resistors  P1OUT |= BIT3;                 //Select pull-up mode for P1.3     These lines should be familiar too, but there are some additions: firstly, we clear the PORT1 output and direction registers. Then we set the P1.0 and P1.6 pins as outputs and the rest as inputs. The last two lines enable the pull-up resistor on the switch (BIT3) so that the normal state (button not pressed) will be "1".  P1IE |= BIT3;                    // P1.3 interrupt enabled  P1IES |= BIT3;                  // P1.3 Hi/lo edge  P1IFG &= ~BIT3;               // P1.3 IFG cleared With these lines of code, we first tell the MCU to listen to the P1.3 pin for logic-state changes (effectively enabling the interrupt on that particular pin). Then we select the edge when the interrupt is raised (from High to Low or Low to High); remember that the button on the LaunchPad connects the input pin to GND when pushed and to VCC when not. For this reason we seletct Hi/Lo edge. Finally we clear the interrupt flag for that pin. The interrput flag register P1IFG reports when an interrupt is raised, and it should be cleared at the end of the interrupt service routine.  _BIS_SR(CPUOFF + GIE);        // Enter LPM0 w/ interrupt    while(1)                      //Loop forever, we do  everything with interrupts!  {}} With this line, as you can remember, we shut down the CPU to spare some power while keeping the interrupts enabled. Then we enter a loop to be sure the MCU does nothing else, as we do our job with interrupts. // Timer A0 interrupt service routine#pragma vector=TIMERA0_VECTOR__interrupt void Timer_A (void){  P1OUT ^= BIT0;                            // Toggle P1.0} This is the TimerA interrupt service routine. Every time the TimerA overflows, the code inserted in this routine (note the special declaration) is executed. As you can see we only toggle the P1.0 pin (red led on LaunchPad), then we return to normal execution. // Port 1 interrupt service routine#pragma vector=PORT1_VECTOR__interrupt void Port_1(void){       P1OUT ^= BIT6;                        // Toggle P1.6     P1IFG &=~BIT3;                        // P1.3 IFG cleared    } This is the Port1 interrupt service routine. Every time the we push the P1.3 button, the code inserted in this routine (note the special declaration) is executed. We toggle the P1.6 pin (greenled on LaunchPad), clear the P1.3 interrupt flag (very important) and then we return to normal execution. Compile and program the LaunchPad, you should see the red led blink, and the green led toggle when you press the P1.3 button. Here's the full code, enjoy! #include "msp430g2231.h"    void main(void){  WDTCTL = WDTPW + WDTHOLD;     // Stop WDT    CCTL0 = CCIE;                             // CCR0 interrupt enabled  TACTL = TASSEL_2 + MC_1 + ID_3;           // SMCLK/8, upmode  CCR0 =  10000;                     // 12.5 Hz    P1OUT &= 0x00;               // Shut down everything  P1DIR &= 0x00;                P1DIR |= BIT0 + BIT6;            // P1.0 and P1.6 pins output the rest are input  P1REN |= BIT3;                   // Enable internal pull-up/down resistors  P1OUT |= BIT3;                   //Select pull-up mode for P1.3  P1IE |= BIT3;                       // P1.3 interrupt enabled  P1IES |= BIT3;                     // P1.3 Hi/lo edge  P1IFG &= ~BIT3;                  // P1.3 IFG cleared  _BIS_SR(CPUOFF + GIE);          // Enter LPM0 w/ interrupt  while(1)                          //Loop forever, we work with interrupts!  {}}  // Timer A0 interrupt service routine #pragma vector=TIMERA0_VECTOR __interrupt void Timer_A (void) {     P1OUT ^= BIT0;                          // Toggle P1.0 } // Port 1 interrupt service routine#pragma vector=PORT1_VECTOR__interrupt void Port_1(void){       P1OUT ^= BIT6;                      // Toggle P1.6   P1IFG &= ~BIT3;                     // P1.3 IFG cleared }  

SummarySingaporean researchers,led by by professor Hirotaka Sato,describe their work about designing robots--It's possible to use a living insect as a platform to develop a living insect-machine hybrid robot.Such a hybrid retains the complex structure of the insect's rigid exokeleton,complaint joints,and soft actuators, as well as the insect’s locomotion capability, and it does so while enabling high controllability and low power consumption. Such an insect-machine hybrid robot is made of a living insect platform with a miniaturized electronic device attached on it to control it.   By using the insect itself as the robot, researchers bypass the complex processes of designing and fabricating the robot body, using the insect’s muscular system as the soft actuators and flexible joints and its nervous system as part of the control system. About BeetleThis kind of particular beetle is a a darkling beetle. It’s small (2 to 2.5 centimeters), lightweight (about 0.5 gram), and lives for three months or so, which is a long time for a little bug. A backpack of electronics interfaces with the beetle’s antennae, and when the antennae are stimulated with an electric pulse, it activates the beetle’s built-in escape mechanism, fooling it into thinking it’s running into something and causing it to turn. The picture is from Nanyang Technological University AdvantageThe advantage of doing things this way (as opposed to direct nerve or muscle stimulation, something that the researchers also experimented with) is that the beetle’s brain is still in charge of controlling its limbs such that it’ll respond to high-level controls with adaptive gaits and such, making locomotion a much simpler problem to solve. With just two coin cell batteries, the cybeetle can be controlled for 8 hours, which is long enough for it to travel over a kilometer at an average speed of 4 cm/s. The following picture is from  Cyborg Insect: Ultralightweight Living Legged Robot The key to effectively controlling an insect using these methods is that the response to the antenna stimulation can’t be binary, since you’d end up with a level of control that would often be too coarse to be useful. By changing the frequency of the stimulation, the researchers were able to modulate how sharp of a turn the insect took: Increasing the stimulation frequency also increased the insect’s turning rate, with a success rate of over 85 percent. Stimulating both antennae at once causes the insect to back up, and it moves forward by default, giving you just about as much control as you can hope for. Living Robots' DifferencesElectrical stimulation is commonly used for neuromuscular stimulation in cyborg insects such as cockroaches, giant beetles, and moths. There are other groups working on antenna stimulation but they were not able to grade the response of the insect, which is very important for developing a precise closed-loop control system to make the cyborg insect work autonomously. The giant cyborg beetle mainly relies on neuromuscular stimulation of direct flight muscles for flight control and leg muscles of the fore legs for walking control. Ideally, stimulating the muscle would be more precise as we can perfectly control the individual legs, but it costs more in implantation and computing to plan and stimulate all the individual muscles for walking. Antenna stimulation is simpler and easier than stimulating all the individual muscles thus it helps us to simplify the hardware and control system a lot. Hopefully, in the near future, we can control the cyborg beetle as precisely as any other artificial motor. The zophobas beetle were used to develop this cyborg insect because its small size (2-2.5 cm) would help it to access the small rubbles system easily at disaster sites, where the cockroach and giant beetle can not get in. Moreover, a swarming of flying and walking cyborg insects of various sizes would increase the coverage and reduce the searching time, thus enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of search and rescue operations. Control IssueFor walking cyborg insects, researchers are able to integrate external sensors into the backpack as the insect is able to carry loads up to double its weight. We are developing a new backpack with integrated sensors for human detection and navigation. It would help us to detect victims when using cyborg insects at disaster sites, and enable the cyborg insects to work autonomously. On the other hand,research could release hundreds of flying and crawling cyborg insects to the sites as the price for one cyborg insect would be negligible once mass produced for a disaster scenario.The insects can move freely themselves into the collapsed structures and send back maps of their positions and environmental conditions so that the rescue team can plan for their action efficiently on how and where they should access. Once an insect detects a victim, it will send an alarm to the rescue team and switch to autonomous control mode to move around the victim for confirmation and build a clearer map of surrounding environment. At the end of the rescue operation, all the insects will autonomously return to the control base. I know that it sounds like science fiction, but we are in fact working to realize it. Researcher's GoalNow,researchers are working on a feedback control system to precisely control the insect locomotion with high reliability. We are also developing a new backpack with a navigation system and environmental sensors designed to promote fully autonomous and practical cyborg insects. For real applications, we need to maintain the power supply for the cyborg insect (mainly for the electronics backpack), which is currently a huge challenge if we just rely on the battery. So we are developing a biofuel cell, which is able to convert biofuel inside the insect to electric current for running the control backpack. It will help to maintain the backpack power for long-term use. Article resources: journal Soft RoboticsAtticle edited by kynix