The Kynix Blog

CatalogⅠ IntroductionⅡ What is a Battery Terminal?Ⅲ Types of Battery Terminals3.1 Auto Post3.2 Pencil Post3.3 Stud Battery Terminals3.4 Dual Post (A.K.A. Marine) Battery Terminals3.5 Button Battery TerminalsⅣ Features of Battery Terminal4.1 Conductivity4.2 Secure Connections4.3 FitⅤ Symptoms of Failing Battery Terminals5.1 Difficulty in Starting the Vehicle5.2 Corrosion5.3 Loss of Electric PowerⅥ How to Replace Battery Terminals6.1 What you need to replace Battery Terminals6.2 Steps to Replace Battery Terminals6.3 Which car battery terminal to connect first?6.4 What are the Precautions?Ⅶ What is Battery Terminal Corrosion?7.1 What Causes Battery Terminal Corrosion?7.2 How to Clean Battery Terminal Corrosion7.3 Battery Terminal Corrosion PreventionⅧ Tips for Battery TerminalⅨ Frequently Asked Questions About Battery TerminalⅠ IntroductionIs your car's battery failing? If starting your vehicle is difficult or you notice a loss in electrical power, it's time to replace the battery terminal. Battery terminals are an undeniably important component of any vehicle. It acts as a link between the battery and its charger. Unfortunately, battery terminals deteriorate over time, which is a major issue for automobile owners. But don't worry! This article will go over the methods to change battery terminals without a hitch. So, continue reading as we answer all of your questions and provide you with pertinent information. Ⅱ What is a Battery Terminal?A battery terminal is an electronic connection that connects the charger to a battery, which can be a single cell or a group of cells. These terminals are available in a variety of sizes and configurations. Anyone who has replaced a car battery is aware that the most frequent battery terminal type is the Auto Post Terminal.  Ⅲ Types of Battery Terminals3.1 Auto PostThese are the most common form of battery terminals, and you will recognize them if you have ever replaced a truck or automobile battery. The positive battery terminal post on auto post terminals is larger than the negative battery terminal post. This is to prevent reverse polarity if you connect to the wrong battery terminal post by accident. 3.2 Pencil Post  These have the same appearance as auto post battery terminals, except they have a smaller radius. Pencil post battery terminals are smaller because they are designed to fit on smaller-sized batteries that are designed to fit in smaller locations. These battery connections are typically found on Japanese automobiles and trucks. 3.3 Stud Battery TerminalsThese stainless steel 3/8th-inch threaded battery terminals can be found on the batteries of the majority of heavy- and medium-duty Class-8 trucks on the road. This design firmly fastens and secures the connection to the lug onto the lead base of the battery terminal. It appears to be a straight stud or bolt. 3.4 Dual Post  (A.K.A. Marine) Battery TerminalsA 3/8"-16 automotive post and a 5/16"-16 stud are used to make dual post battery terminals. The automobile post is used to connect to the positive battery terminal post, whereas the 5/16" post is used to connect to the negative battery terminal post. You connect to the battery terminal posts using a ring and wing-nut arrangement connector or a standard pressure contact. These battery connections can be found on marine battery applications as well as electrical equipment such as floor scrubbers and off-the-grid, solar-application battery sets. 3.5 Button Battery TerminalsThese are utilized on absorbed glass mat (AGM) batteries in uninterruptible power systems and emergency backup applications. They are also known as insert battery terminals. They are available in M5 to M8 sizes (metric measurements). This means that if your battery has an 8mm terminal, you must use a bolt with an 8mm thread. Ⅳ Features of Battery Terminal 4.1 ConductivityWhen selecting battery connections, the capacity to properly carry electricity from your alternator to your automobile battery is critical. The battery connectors must be composed of a metal that conducts electricity, such as lead, zinc, brass, copper, steel, or a mixture of these metals, and they must conduct electricity well so that your car performs optimally. 4.2 Secure Connections  Battery terminals are attached to the battery and battery cables using a variety of techniques such as bolts, screws, or wing nuts. The fasteners should provide for secure attachment to the battery posts, but where and how they are placed on the terminals are important factors to consider. The placement of the battery terminals should make it relatively easy to deal with them, i.e., there should be enough room to work when removing, cleaning, or installing them. 4.3 FitSelect the battery terminals that are appropriate for your application. Your battery connections must be compatible with your battery and appropriate for your vehicle, whether it's a truck, car, or SUV. The battery connections must also be compatible with your battery cables. Researching battery terminals before purchasing can greatly assist you in making your decision. Ⅴ Symptoms of Failing Battery Terminals Battery terminals perform a crucial function and are typically made of lead and other highly conductive metals that are heavy duty but have low electric resistance. Because battery terminals are the first point of contact between the car's electrical system and the batteries, any problem with the battery terminal might have major consequences for the vehicle. When battery terminals cease to function properly, you will notice the following symptoms. 5.1 Difficulty in Starting the Vehicle  The inability to start the vehicle is the first sign of a problem with the battery terminals. Any corrosion that forms on the battery terminal will disrupt the connection, causing the car to fail to start. 5.2 Corrosion Corrosion on a battery is another common indicator of a battery terminal problem. Because the battery terminals are in close touch with the battery, they are subjected to acidic gases, which causes corrosion. Unfortunately, corrosion can seriously impair the ability of the battery terminal to conduct power. Make sure to properly inspect the terminal and cable for any signs of powdery blue or white corrosion.5.3 Loss of Electric Power A faulty battery terminal might also result in a loss of power. This issue arises when a terminal is severely corroded or broken. Because a corroded or damaged terminal cannot make adequate electric contact, it may result in a complete loss of power. This circumstance necessitates the replacement of the battery terminal. Although battery terminals are a simple and inexpensive component, they play an important part in a vehicle's overall performance. If you suspect any of the above-mentioned problems, consider changing the battery terminal as soon as possible. Ⅵ How to Replace Battery TerminalsThe flaky residue that accumulates on car battery connections has become all-too-common over the years. Because of the corrosion, the battery may not be working at its best. It's time to think of a replacement plan. However, you do not have to completely remove the batteries and wiring. Replacing only the battery terminals is a viable alternative that significantly improves the battery's longevity.6.1 What you need to replace Battery TerminalsTo change a battery terminal, you'll need a few tools. It consists of - HacksawSocketPliersWire BrushWrench SetRag or towel 6.2 Steps   to Replace Battery Terminals1. Pull the Wires FirstBegin this operation by removing the battery's wires. According to Firestone Complete Auto Care, always begin with the negative terminals. You avoid surprises by beginning with the negative. After that, disconnect the positive wire from the battery. Place them apart from each other so that electrical shorts do not occur. 2. Examine the Terminal StyleA basic clamp design is included with battery wires. Examine the terminal type you have carefully. You want new clamps with the following features: Tinned copper materialComplete, 360-degree compression around the terminal According to Reader's Digest Canada, these professional clamps provide a strong connection between the battery terminal and the power supply. Poor connectivity will not be an issue. 3. Clean the Battery’s TerminalsBattery terminals will not work properly with the new clamps unless every connection point is free of corrosion. Clean the terminals of the battery using a solution of one cup water and one tablespoon baking soda. Wear gloves and eye protection at all times. Apply the mixture to the battery terminals using a toothbrush. Scrub them thoroughly. If the battery is exceedingly old and does not react to rigorous cleaning, recycling it may be the best option. 4. Cut and Strip the WiresRefocus your efforts on the wiring and new terminals now that the battery is clean. Using a suitable tool, remove the old terminals from the wires, such as: Wire cuttersHacksaws These attachments necessitate a secure connection between your vehicle's wiring and the new terminals. Pull roughly a half-inch of insulation from each wire with a wire stripping tool. 5. Be Diligent With CleaningBy removing some of the wire's insulation, you may expose additional corrosion damage. Make a point of cleaning any obvious corrosion from the exposed wire. With rust interfering with the circuit, the battery terminal will not properly connect. To remove the corrosion, use the baking soda mixture, a toothbrush, and a rag carefully. Make certain that the corrosion does not spread to any exposed metal on the battery or wiring. 6. Add Heat-Shrink TubingHeat-shrink tubing is an ingenious solution to secure the terminal and wire connection. Connect some tubing to the wire. With the tube slipped along the wire, carefully connect the wire to the terminal. The tube cannot be stretched over the termination if it is neglected before the connection. Make sure the wires are connected to the terminal in the same order as the original parts. Misaligned wiring will not cause quality batteries to respond. In fact, wiring errors can result in exhausted batteries or no electricity at all. 7. Connect and Shrink the AssemblySlide the tubing over this connection after connecting the terminals and wire. Check that there is no obvious exposed wire. A lengthier piece of tube is required if there is any exposed wire. When there is no insulation on the wiring, arcing electricity occurs easily. When the tubing is appropriately positioned, use a heat gun to shrink it against the connection. 8. Reattach and Test the BatteryRe-secure the clamps to the battery. Turn on the automobile to test the battery. A successful project yields an engine that starts without hesitation. If there are any problems, turn off the automobile and double-check your connections, paying close attention to the terminals. 6.3 Which car battery terminal to connect first?Positives come first, followed by negatives. When removing the cords from the old battery, detach the negative first, followed by the positive. Connect the new battery in the other direction  , positive first, then negative. It is not always easy to recall the order in which you separate and rejoin the terminals when replacing a car battery. Nonetheless, it is critical to connect them in the correct order. (1) Removing the old batteryRemember to disconnect the wires from the negative terminal, which is generally black and has a minus (-) symbol, before disconnecting the cables from the positive terminal, which is usually red and has a plus (+) sign. Always use caution while touching a metal object to both terminals of the battery at the same time. After disconnecting the terminals, unhatch the clamps that are holding the battery in place and carefully take it out of the battery tray. (2) Installing the new batteryBefore installing the new battery, make sure that both terminals and wires are rust-free. You can clean them with water, baking soda, and a wire brush if they are rusted. Lower the battery onto the battery tray, making that the terminals are in the correct position, and clamp it in place. Connect the new battery in reverse order, starting with the positive terminal and working your way down. Check that the battery is securely fastened! 6.4 What are the Precautions?When working with battery connections, it's critical to remember that you're dealing with electricity. As a result, some measures must be taken. To ensure complete safety, turn off the vehicle and take the keys from the ignition before beginning the process. After you've finished all of the instructions, see if the battery terminal pulls out easily. Remember that only a tightened nut ensures a secure connection.Ⅶ What is  Battery Terminal Corrosion?A working battery is required for a vehicle to operate. The battery supplies the electricity required to start a car as well as to power other electrical components such as the windows and audio. It is critical to keep your battery in good working order. Performing regular checks will assist you in detecting problems early and resolving them as soon as feasible. Battery terminal corrosion is one issue to keep an eye out for, as it can lead to the deterioration of the battery terminal materials as well as other sections of the starting system. It's rather obvious – it's usually a white, blue, or green-tinged layer on the battery terminal, wires, or posts. Corrosion on or near the surfaces of your battery might cause higher resistance within the circuit, disrupting the electrical current. 7.1 What Causes Battery Terminal Corrosion?Corrosion can form on your battery for a variety of reasons. When your battery is turned on, hydrogen gas is emitted and combined with other components, which can lead to corrosion. Some of the primary causes are as follows: Overfull BatterySome batteries are refillable and rely on water to function. Overfilling, on the other hand, can cause excess water to escape through the vents. Corrosion can occur when water comes into contact with the battery connections. Leaking Battery FluidDamage to the battery might result in the form ation of fractures or holes, which can lead to battery fluid leakage. Electrolytes from the battery can then accumulate on the terminals, causing corrosion. OverchargingWhen a battery is charged for an extended period of time, its temperature rises, causing electrolytes to expand. During this process, pressure is created that must be released. Electrolytes can leak via vents and create corrosion on the terminals. Chemical Reaction with Copper ClampsCopper clamps are commonly used to connect your battery to its cables. If a battery is leaking sulfuric gases, they can react with the current flowing through the clamps, resulting in a chemical reaction. As a result, copper sulfate is formed, which can cause corrosion. AgeWhen it comes to corrosion buildup, sometimes the culprit is as simple as age. Because most automotive batteries are meant to last five years, deterioration around this time is not uncommon. 7.2 How to Clean Battery Terminal Corrosion  If your vehicle's battery terminals are corroded, you must take care of them so that your battery can function properly. Cleaning battery corrosion is a straightforward operation that may require some scrubbing depending on how much has accumulated. It is critical to unplug the battery wires first to avoid electric shock. After detaching the cables, closely inspect them for any peeling insulation or excessive wear. Frayed or otherwise damaged cables can create battery problems, therefore replacing them is critical. After you've disconnected and inspected the cables, clean the cable contacts and terminals with a stainless steel wire brush until the corrosion is gone. Typically, a mixture of baking soda and water can be used to eliminate the buildup. 7.3 Battery Terminal Corrosion PreventionThere are precautions you may take to avoid battery terminal corrosion. These are some examples: Invest in an anti-corrosive spray: A variety of preventative sprays and brush-on chemicals are available for use on battery connections and posts. Before you begin, remember to detach the battery wires. Coat with petroleum jelly or dielectric grease: These work similarly to anti-corrosive sprays but are less expensive. Remember to unplug the battery wires before connecting them as well. Avoid overcharging or undercharging: If your battery is overcharging, you should take your vehicle to an automotive expert who can check for electrical issues. Undercharging can occur if the battery does not receive enough power to recharge to full capacity. Check your battery on a regular basis: Your battery, like other key car parts, should be examined on a regular basis. Taking the time to evaluate the state of the battery and other parts will help you detect corrosion early on before it becomes severe. Ⅷ Tips for Battery Terminal (1)Rubbing petroleum jelly on the positive and negative terminals is a cheap way to protect the battery terminals against corrosion. To have easier access to the terminals, remove the cables from the post with a wrench. (2)On a regular basis, check the condition of your battery terminals. Open the hood and unhook each terminal to check for rust, wear, or corrosion. If necessary, clean them. (3)A mixture of baking soda and white vinegar (or water) is an effective cleaning solution for battery terminals. Wipe away any grease residue with a clean rag first. Then, soak them for a few minutes in the mixture to remove the difficult corrosion or grease stains. Ⅸ Frequently Asked Questions About Battery Terminal1. What is a terminal in a battery?The electrical connectors used to connect a load or charger to a single cell or multiple-cell battery are known as battery terminals. These terminals come in a wide range of designs, sizes, and features, many of which are not well documented. 2. What are car battery terminals called?Auto Post Terminal (SAE terminal) Auto Post Terminal is the most common sort of battery terminal, and anyone who has replaced a car battery would recognize it. 3. Why do batteries have 2 terminals?Every battery has two terminals: When an electron is linked to a gadget, electrons flow toward the positive terminal. The symbol '+' and/or the color red are usually used to indicate this. When an electron is linked to a gadget, electrons flow from the negative terminal. 4. What's Battery Post called?A cathode, which connects to the positive terminal, and an anode, which links to the negative terminal, are housed within this container. These components, more often known as electrodes, take up the majority of the area in a battery and are where the chemical processes take place. 5. Which battery terminal do I connect first?PositiveWhen removing the cords from the old battery, detach the negative first, followed by the positive. Connect the new battery in the other direction, positive first, then negative. It is not always easy to recall the order in which you separate and rejoin the terminals when replacing a car battery. 6. What happens if car battery terminal loose?The flow of electricity is hampered by a loose battery connector. Because there is less power coming to the electrical systems, the vehicle will not start or may start slowly. A loose battery terminal also causes the automobile's electrical components, such as GPS, car lights, and audio, to dim or fail completely. 

Ⅰ IntroductionBNC connectors have a bayonet-style coupling mechanism that allows for quick connection and disconnects while also providing positive locking. Mating takes only a quarter-turn of the coupling nut. BNC RF connectors have a classic, dependable design that allows them to accommodate a wide range of RG and industry-standard coaxial cables in a variety of termination styles.catalogⅠ IntroductionⅡ What is a BNC Connector?Ⅲ BNC Connector Related Video:Ⅳ BNC Connector Features and BenefitsⅤ BNC Connector ApplicationsⅥ Related ProductsⅦ 75 ohm vs 50 ohm7.1 Applications7.2 50 Ohm and 75 Ohm Cables: Differences / Distinctions7.3 Why 50 Ohm and 75 Ohm?7.4 SpecificationsⅧ Other Types of BNC ConnectorⅪ SDI vs BNC9.1 Definition: SDI vs. BNC Cables9.2 BNC Connectors on SDIⅩ FAQ Ⅱ What is a BNC Connector?Paul Neill of Bell Labs and Carl Concelman of Amphenol created The Bayonet Neill Concelman (BNC) connector. The original purpose of the BNC connector was for military applications, but it is now primarily used in the broadcast market. This connector has evolved to keep up with the changing industry landscape, and it now provides the 12G SDI performance required in 4K and Ultra-HD applications. BNC connector types for coaxial cable have been widely adopted and continue to be a popular choice for current and next-generation video technology. Ⅲ BNC Connector Related Video: BNC Connector Video Descirption: This short video demonstrates how to connect a crimp style BNC connector to RG-58 50-ohm coax. Other crimp-style coaxial connectors will be installed in a similar manner. It should be noted that the connectors are specific to the type of coax being used, and having the proper crimping tool is necessary. Optionally (carefully) solder the center pin, and finish with heat shrink tubing for a clean professional look. Ⅳ BNC Connector Features and BenefitsCustomers can match impedance to system requirements using the bayonet coupling mechanism, which provides positive, quick mating and un-mating. 50 and 75 ohm impedance designs are available.Military, industrial, and commercial connectors are available.Many common BNC coaxial cable designs are available.Female and male BNC configurations Ⅴ BNC Connector ApplicationsAntennasBroadcast (75 Ω)TelecommunicationsAutomotiveComputers/LANsMedical EquipmentSatcomBase StationsCable ModemsInstrumentationMilitary/Aerospace Ⅵ Related Products                                                                       BNC Adapters                                                         BNC Accessories                                 BNC Cable Assemblies Ⅶ 75 ohm vs 50 ohmBNC connectors are typically available in 50 ohms and 75-ohm versions, which are matched for use with cables of the same characteristic impedance. The 75-ohm connector is slightly different in dimensions from the 50-ohm variant, but the two can be made to mate.BNC cables and connectors are available in 50 Ohm and 75 Ohm specifications.ohm cables/connectors are designed for high-quality digital video (CCTV) and can scale their output based on the input.75-ohm cables can also be used effectively on older analog video formats, making them more versatile and flexible in any situation.When low signal loss is critical, 75 Ohm BNC cables/connectors are used.50-ohm cables and connectors are compatible with older analog video formats. If you are looking for high-quality video output, 50 Ohm will not provide it.Connecting the two types of connectors is possible, but it is not recommended: mixing will not result in the best output.With 50 Ohm cables, 50 Ohm BNC connectors are used. With 75 Ohm cables, 75 Ohm connectors are used. 7.1 Applications75 Ohm BNC applications include satellite, high-definition televisions, and cable TV receiver boxes.Receivers for AM/FM radio.Police scanners. RG-179 coaxial cable has a 75 Ohm BNC connector and is used in high-temperature environments.Applications of 75 Ohm BNC Cables using RG-179A 75 Ohm BNC connector is used on the RG-179 coaxial cable.Is designed specifically for high-temperature environments: Finished with a TFE taped outer jacket. It can withstand temperatures of up to 200 degrees Celsius.RG-179 is commonly used in high-temperature applications such as:Hospital and clinic medical equipmentVideo surveillance cameras are applied for safety purposes.Audio surveillance systems.  7.2 50 Ohm and 75 Ohm Cables: Differences / DistinctionsThe impedance of 50 Ohm and 75 Ohm coaxial cables is measured in Ohms, the unit that measures electrical resistance. The radio frequency signals sent down these cables are alternating current (AC) rather than direct current (DC) (DC). The magnitude and phase of the transmitted signal are countered and contained by the cable as it flows down its length with AC signals. As a result, the impedance rating for coaxial cable is as follows:Resistance: the amount of resistance to current flow.The amount of voltage generated by the magnetic field of an electrical current is referred to as inductance.Capacitance is the amount of charge contained or retained within a cable while current flows.Coaxial cable is designed specifically for signal transmission and is structured to balance resistance, capacitance, and inductance for consistent performance in radio frequency circuits. The impedance of a specific coaxial cable is determined by its composition, which includes the dielectric constant of the insulating layer and the radii of the outer and inner conductors. 7.3 Why 50 Ohm and 75 Ohm?For most radio frequency applications, the use of 50 and 75 Ohms as standard characteristic impedances for coaxial cable is essentially a compromise between optimal power handling and the lowest possible signal loss. These critical impedances were discovered through extensive testing in the early twentieth century. These experiments discovered that, while 30 Ohm cable provided excellent voltage and power handling, 77 Ohm coax provided the lowest attenuation.As a result, 50 Ohm coaxial cable would have a good power handling profile as well as low attenuation. Over the following decades, 50 Ohm coax emerged as the primary solution for cable with good power handling, particularly for 100 watts or more. It is frequently used for antenna cables in amateur and broadcast radio, cellular and wireless networking applications involving transmitters and transceivers.For applications requiring low signal loss, capacitance, and signal distortion, 75 Ohm cable was preferred. It is the coaxial cable of choice for applications requiring efficient signal transfer with low loss. These cables are frequently used in applications that require a connection to a receiver, primarily video applications that are low power and do not require the power handling of a 50 Ohm cable. Cable television, HDTV, and CCTV are examples of important applications. 75 Ohm coax can also be used for coaxial digital audio, allowing it to transfer audio, for example, in a home theater system. 7.4 SpecificationsElectrical50 Ohm75 OhmImpedance50 Ohm75 OhmFrequency RangeDC - 4 GHz (DC -12 GHz on Extended Range Designs)DC- 4 GHz (DC - 12 GHz on Extended Range Designs)Voltage Rating500 Volts RMS Max Continuous500 Volts RMS Max ContinuousDielectric Withstanding Voltage1500 VRMS Max1500 VRMS MaxVSWR (Return Loss)       DC - 4 GHz1.3 (-18 dB) Max1.5 (-14 dB) Max     12G Products: DC - 6 GHz 1.22 (-20 dB) Max     12G Products: 6 - 12 GHz 1.43 (-15 dB) MaxInsulation Resistance 5000 MΩ Min5000 MΩ MinCenter Contact Resistance1.5 mΩ Min1.5 mΩ MinOuter Contact Resistance0.2 mΩ Min0.2 mΩ MinRF Leakage55 dB Max @ 3 GHz55 dB Max @ 3 GHzInsertion Loss0.2 dB Max @ 3 GHz0.2 dB Max @ 3 GHzPower Handling316 W Max @ 1 GHz @ 25 ºC316 W Max @ 1 GHz @ 25ºCEvironmental  Temperature Range−65°C to +165°C−65°C to +165°CThermal ShockMIL-STD-202, Method 107 (Test Condition G), except high temp test @ +200⁰CMIL-STD-202, Method 107 (Test Condition G), except high temp test @ +200⁰CCorrosionMIL-STD-202, Method 101 (Test Condition B) - 5% Salt SolutionMIL-STD-202, Method 101 (Test Condition B) - 5% Salt SolutionVibrationMIL-STD-202, Method 204 (Test Condition D)MIL-STD-202, Method 204 (Test Condition D)Mechanical ShockMIL-STD-202, Method 213 (Test Condition G) - No Discontinuity PermittedMIL-STD-202, Method 213 (Test Condition G) - No Discontinuity PermittedMoisture ResistanceMIL-STD-202, Method 106MIL-STD-202, Method 106AltitudeMIL-STD-202 Method 105 (Test Condition C)MIL-STD-202 Method 105 (Test Condition C)Mechanical  Mating Cycles500 Min500 MinCoupling MechanismBayonetBayonetInterface SpecificationMIL-STD-348MIL-STD-348    Ⅷ Other Types of BNC ConnectorThere is also a threaded version of the BNC connector known as the TNC connector (Threaded Neil-councilman). The connector has a 50 impedance and works best in the frequency range of 0–11 GHz. When it comes to microwave frequencies, it outperforms the BNC connector. 50-OHM Twin BNC or twinaxTwin BNC (also known as Twinax) connectors have the same bayonet latching shell as regular BNC connectors but have two independent contact points (one male and one female), allowing the connection of a 78 ohm or 95 ohms shielded differential pair such as RG-108A.They have a maximum frequency of 100 MHz and a voltage of 100 volts. They are incompatible with standard BNC connectors. Twinax connectors are ideal for computer network applications because they feature keyway polarization, which ensures system integrity and prevents signals from being mixed.Twin BNC TriaxialTriaxial (or Triax) connectors are a type of BNC connector that carries a signal, a guard, and a ground conductor. Triax connectors are used in applications that require maximum RF shielding and minimal noise radiation. These are used in sensitive electronic measurement systems such as Keithley Instruments. Early triaxial connectors had only an extra inner conductor, but later triaxial connectors have a three-lug arrangement to prevent accidental forced mating with a BNC connector. Adaptors are available to allow some interconnection between triaxial and BNC connectors.Triaxial  Miniature connectorsMini BNC and High-Density BNC are smaller versions of the BNC connector (HD BNC). While retaining the original electrical specifications, they have smaller footprints, allowing for greater packing density on circuit boards and equipment backplanes. Because of their true 75 ohm impedance, these connectors are suitable for HD video applications. These BNC connectors are widely used in electronics, but in some applications, they are being replaced by LEMO-00 miniature connectors, which allow for much higher densities. For higher density products in the video broadcast industry, the DIN 1.0/2.3 and HD-BNC connectors are used. Miniature connectorsⅪ SDI vs BNC9.1 Definition: SDI vs. BNC CablesBayonet or BNC? Neil Concelman connectors are commonly found on coaxial cables. Male-type connectors are attached to the ends of basic BNC cables. It has a pin that connects to the cable conductor in the center.The rotating ring on the outside of the BNC cable tube is capable of locking to female connectors. This type of connector is commonly found on monitors. It aims to improve the accuracy of signals, particularly those sent by the video adapter.Two HD SDI-video cablesSDI, or Serial Digital Interface, on the other hand, is commonly used to transmit uncompressed and unencrypted video signals. This interface type is also used for broadcasting standard and high definition signals. These can be accompanied by audio and video signals.This interface type is primarily used by broadcasting facilities. It also includes closed captions, test signals, and content identification. 9.2 BNC Connectors on SDISDI is a signal transport format, whereas BNC is a connector format. SDI employs coaxial cables, which are typically terminated with a BNC plug.SDI transports 16 channels of pulse-code modulation (PCM) audio and uncompressed digital video. It transmits over a 75 Ohm coaxial cable with a BNC connector.SDI cables can no longer handle signals with bandwidths in the gigahertz range. To handle this digital signal, it must use a proper BNC connector. BNC connectors, on the other hand, can come in a variety of sizes. As a result, we recommend that you locate a BNC connector that is compatible with SDI.Despite its utility, the main disadvantage of using SDI is that it is not supported by a large number of consumer and prosumer devices. Despite this, some manufacturers use converter boxes to convert SDI signals. SDI has a limited number of resolutions that it can support.In general, a supporting BNC connector on your SDI cable is required to allow for greater signal bandwidth. Furthermore, the majority of users connect these two connectors by soldering or securing the locks.In summary, various types of equipment, such as radios and televisions, use BNC coaxial cable connectors. The connector has a single pin in the center. Furthermore, SDI makes use of this cable to accommodate signals that require a large amount of bandwidth. This interface is used by a variety of devices to transmit uncompressed or unencrypted digital signals.SDI alone is not recommended because signals with high bandwidth require a BC connector. As a result, because there are different dimensions for this type, it is critical to find a proper fit of the BNC connector to SDI.Ⅹ FAQ1. What does BNC stand for in connectors?Bayonet Neill–ConcelmanThe BNC (Bayonet Neill–Concelman) connector is a miniature quick connect / disconnect radio frequency connector used for coaxial cable. It features two bayonet lugs on the female connector; mating is fully achieved with a quarter turn of the coupling nut.2. What is the difference between BNC and F connector?BNC connectors are bayonet type connectors, commonly used in CCTV systems. They are the most suitable connector for use with RG59/U cable. ... F-Type connectors are used for CATV, SATV and Digital TV in conjunction with either RG6 or RG11 cables.3. What is BNC?(Bayonet Nut Coupling) A commonly used plug and socket for audio, video and networking applications that provides a tight connection. Using a mount somewhat similar to the way a bayonet (knife) is mounted onto the end of a rifle, BNCs are used to connect a variety of different coaxial cable types.4. Is BNC a media connector?BNC connectors are associated with coaxial media and 10Base2 networks. BNC connectors are not as common as they once were, but still are used on some networks, older network cards, and older hubs. Common BNC connectors include a barrel connector, T-connector, and terminators.5. Are BNC connectors still used?You might remember the BNC connector that was used for component connections in the 2000s and before. It has been used for SD video and HD video, but it's rarely seen in consumer electronics today. ... While N-connectors are still around, the C connector is no longer used.BNC connectors—or Bayonet Neill-Concelman—are a common type of RF connector that utilizes BNC cables. ... A BNC connector connects the analog video components from the camera to a TV monitor or DVR. It snaps firmly into place, providing for a quality and secure connection.

CatalogⅠ IntroductionⅡ The Layout of the Car MarketⅢ The Layout in the Industrial FieldⅣ The Layout on the Internet of ThingsⅤ ConclusionⅠ IntroductionON Semiconductor: In 2021, it will focus on the automotive, industrial and cloud power, and the Internet of Things marketThe end of the year and the beginning of the year is often a time for companies to make summaries and outlook, and the semiconductor industry is no exception. Not long ago, ON Semiconductor also made a year-end review of 2020 and revealed to the media what ON Semiconductor plans to do in 2021. "The year 2020 is a year of surprises for everyone. People around the world are experiencing the worst epidemic in a century. The good news is that the epidemic has eased in some parts of the world. Looking forward to 2021, we hope to get out of the epidemic as soon as possible and have a more favorable business environment." DavidSomo, senior vice president of strategy, marketing and solution engineering at ON Semiconductor, said in his opening remarks at the press conference.Due to the epidemic, the global economic situation in 2020 is not optimistic. According to Bloomberg data, GDP growth in 2020 is expected to drop from 2.8 percent in 2019 to minus 3.7 percent. China will be the only major economy in the world with positive growth by 2020, while all other economies are expected to suffer single-digit declines. Fortunately, in the second half of 2020, the global economy began to recover. As indicated by the PMI (Purchasing Managers' Index), manufacturing activity in all major economies resumed growth in the second half of the year, with the only exception being Japan, which also showed a positive trend. DavidSomo expressed an optimistic outlook for the global economy in 2021. "We expect that the economic outlook for next year will be positive, significantly better than this year, and there is a consensus for overall GDP growth of around 5% in 2021," he said. He also stressed that, for its part, ON Semiconductor wants to be a reliable supplier of power, analog, sensor and connection solutions, enabling innovation in energy-efficient electronics. It will focus on providing comprehensive solutions to global customers in the automotive, industrial and cloud power markets, as well as the Internet of Things market. Ⅱ The Layout of the Car MarketIn the automotive sector, ON Semiconductor implements a comprehensive sensor product and solution layout, including image sensors, radar, lidar, ultrasonic sensors and other products and solutions. In additon to sensors, R&D resources continue to be invested in silicon and silicon carbide power semiconductors, as well as LED lighting and automotive power management products. Those investments have also paid off handsomely, accounting for 33% of ON Semiconductor's $5.5 billion in 2019 revenue. DavidSomo pointed out that in the future, ON Semiconductor will continue to develop new products in the automotive market and increase investment in research and development. "On the automotive side, we will push forward research and development around sensors, autonomous driving-related applications, new energy vehicles, and the electrification of vehicles." He revealed. ON Semiconductor is one of the top 10 semiconductor suppliers in the automotive industry. DavidSomo proudly states, "Since entering the automotive market in 2010, ON Semiconductor has shipped 130 billion chips to automotive customers by 2019. In 2019, there were more than 230 ON Semiconductor devices used in every vehicle produced worldwide."The company has set the industry standard for automotive image sensors, with more than 120 million of them shipped to Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) applications. Over the past 13 years, more than 400 million ON Semiconductor automotive image sensors have been used in vehicles on the road. ON Semiconductor has developed a complete portfolio of product solutions and sensor modes to support L4 and L5 autonomous vehicles, including ultrasonic sensor interfaces, image sensors, solid-state LIDAR and millimeter-wave radar technologies. DavidSomo said that ON Semiconductor's MMW technology, acquired from IBM Research Group in Sea Law (IBM), has been used in communications and fiber optics, and plans to use the technology in the automotive sector. It is currently being tested with customers for prototypes but has not yet been used in commercial automotive production. In the case of LiDAR, the technology came from the acquisition of sensL to acquire technology on solid-state LiDAR. According to DavidSomo, sensL was originally designed for use in the medical market but is now being developed for use in the automotive market. "Multiple customers have incorporated our Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) and Single-Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) technologies into solid-state lidar systems, enabling commercial lidar applications in the automotive industry for L2+ and L3 level autonomous driving safety applications." He went on to point it out. On the cost side, DavidSomo says that because ON Semiconductor's lidar solution is a solid-state solution, it has been able to bring the cost of lidar down from more than $1,000 for mechanical rotation in the past to the current $500 range for solid-state solutions. In terms of image sensors, over the years, ON Semiconductor has made three acquisitions, including Aptina, Cypress's image sensor technology and TrueSense, to enrich its image sensor portfolio.Ⅲ The Layout in the Industrial FieldDavidSomo said that ON Semiconductor offers a wide range of power and automation solutions in the industrial and cloud power markets that support different application scenarios. In terms of power semiconductors, in 2018, ON Semiconductor ranked second behind Infineon with a market share of about 9 percent, according to IHS. As an example, he pointed out that powering the cloud requires several processes, including generation, power supply and power demand management. "In these processes, we have a complete silicon and silicon carbide technology portfolio that supports power generation, transmission and distribution, as well as power and demand management for data centers and 5G base stations." He points it out. In terms of energy efficiency improvement, the use of ON Semiconductor's cloud power solution increased energy efficiency by about 0.5%. In a typical VL data center, the savings over the life of the system are estimated at approximately $38 million. The energy efficiency improvement is only 0.5%, which may not sound like much, but when measured at the system-wide level of deployment, the savings over the lifetime of the system are significant. The development of energy infrastructure is also unstoppable, as a society and the government further promote the development of new energy sources and shift more from coal-fired power generation to renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power. In order to save energy and reduce emissions, reduce air pollution, from fuel vehicles to new energy vehicles, which has generated the demand for electric vehicle charging pile, and ON Semiconductor silicon and silicon carbide power discrete devices and modules, can support the construction of electric vehicle charging pile. Similarly, its power technologies, such as solar inverters used in solar panels, enable clean energy generation, and "ON Semiconductor is fortunate to partner with customers in China to develop applications in these areas." DavidSomo said. Manufacturing is also one of the biggest users of energy. In the United States, our power solutions are used in plant motor drive systems, resulting in savings of more than $350 million per year. If applied globally, the potential savings could reach approximately $5.8 billion per year, resulting in energy efficiency improvements in manufacturing motor drive systems.Ⅳ The Layout on the Internet of ThingsIn the Internet of Things (IoT) area, ON Semiconductor has a complete set of key components and modules that enable devices to be connected, intelligent, aware and actuated in their operating environment."Of course, we recognize that our semiconductor components are not sufficient to build the end-to-end connected Internet of Things (IoT) systems that our customers need, so we are investing more to accelerate development and provide our customers with a number of development tools to enable faster application development and market deployment." DavidSomo admits. While ON Semiconductor can provide many of the key building blocks, DavidSomo believes it is important to work with partners in the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem to build IoT solutions for secure end-to-end connectivity. As shown in the figure below, ON Semiconductor works with a number of technology partners to enhance the performance of IoT devices developed by clients, as well as with infrastructure providers such as cloud service providers to enable edge devices to connect securely and stably to the cloud. He also revealed that the company is focusing on three vertical areas in the Internet of Things, namely asset tracking and monitoring, connected lighting, and smart homes and building automation.Ⅴ ConclusionIn conclusion, DavidSomo said that in the process of semiconductor device manufacturing, ON Semiconductor also recognizes the growing need to provide its customers with complete system solutions that add value. As a result, ON Semiconductor offers modular products for power components and built-in controls, as well as reference design kits to speed up customer product development. ON Semiconductor also provides software and design tools to help customers complete designs faster and get their equipment to market faster. He also stressed that ON Semiconductor will focus on research and development, and is committed to developing innovative products and solutions including power, simulation, sensors and connectivity solutions. "Through both endogenous growth and exogenous acquistions, we are further enhancing our capabilities to support the applications our customers are developing, while also building our professional application capabilities to help them develop products better and faster to market."

Schematic Diagrams CLC П-Filter 1. Working Principle a. When the positive pulse is input, C1 is charged first, the charging current is ic1, and meanwhile, reaching the peak voltage of pulse. The inductor L also has a linearly increasing current, and the magnetic energy is stored in L. With the increase of the current, more and more magnetic energy is stored, and the capacitor C2 is charged with voltage through inductor L (the charge current is ic2), the voltage of C2 is basically equal to the voltage on C1, in addition, the current IRL in load RL is also supplied by input pulse. b. When the input positive pulse disappearing, the current of the load RL is supplied by two channels: one is -ic2 provided by the C2 discharge, the other is converted from the magnetic energy stored by the inductor L, in other words, L connects with C1 to provide current -ic1. The current in the loaded RL is equal to the sum of the discharge currents of the two capacitors, that is IL=-(ic2+ ic1). c. For DC, C1 and C2 in CLC filter are equivalent to open circuit, and the inductance of inductor L to DC component is zero, which is equivalent to short circuit, so DC component can pass through inductor L1 smoothly. d. For AC: capacitors have a large capacity equivalent to short circuit, while inductors are sensitive to various sinusoidal waves, so AC components can not be removed or fewer passed. 2. Advantages High output DC voltage, sometimes the highest peak voltage can reach the rectangular wave. It is suitable for large load current, the output voltage pulsation is small. 3. Disadvantages It is used in the power supply without voltage regulator, and its load capacity is poor. 4. Application CLC filter is usually used in switching power supply of pulse-amplitude modulation. The larger the capacitance and inductance, the better the filtering. DLC Filiter 1. Working Principle a. When the secondary winding of the transformer is up positive and down negative, because the output voltage of the secondary winding of the transformer is positive and negative alternating rectangular wave, so the negative half cycle is removed from the D1 rectifier, the positive half cycle passes through the D1 rectifier, the magnetic energy is stored when current flowing through the inductance L. This current is partly charged for C1, and another is for load RL, at the same time, D2 off. b. When the inputting positive pulse disappears, the self-inductance voltage generated by the secondary winding of the transformer is up negative and down positive, so the rectifier D1 cut off. The filter has no input voltage, and the current supply of the load RL consists of two parts. One is the magnetic energy stored in the inductor converted to electric energy, the current direction is the same as the original current, and forms the circuit current iL through the fly-wheel diode D2; the other is -ic1 provides by the provided by C1 discharge. 2. The output DC voltage of the DLC filter is the average of the input rectangular wave value. 3. DLC filter is usually used in the pulse-width switching power supply. The output of the DLC needs a parallel resistor to the ground, commonly called "release resistor", in general, 30-50mA current is enough. CRC П-Filiter 1. Working Principle a. The output voltage of the rectifier is filtered by C1 capacitor at first, filtering out most of the AC components. And the voltage after C1 is added to the RC filter circuit composed of RL and C2, then the AC component is further filtered by capacitor C2. b. There is almost no inductance in the small capacitor C1, also its capacitive reactance is very small, so the high frequency interference component is easily filtered to the ground, that is to say, the filter effect of high frequency AC interference is better. c. The capacitance capacity is large (C2>C1), the low-frequency AC component flows through C2, so the effect of low-frequency AC interference filtering is better. d. The resistor has voltage drop and power loss effect on AC and DC, so CRC is only used for low load current. Product Recommendation KY53-ZJYS51R5-4PT-01 KY53-CM3032V201R-00 KY53-B39871B3762Z810

Ⅰ IntroductionFuse boxes are metal containers used to house fuses, which are safety devices that shut off power when the fuse's design is exceeded. Fuses function by passing an electrical current via a metal strip. If the electrical current exceeds the limits of the metal strip, the strip melts and the power is cut off. Before the 1960s, fuse boxes were routinely installed in residences. The majority of them have now been replaced with electrical panels. Fuse boxes are likely unmaintained and contain several electrical wiring difficulties, such as cloth wiring or knob & tube, due to their antiquity. Furthermore, because fuses must be replaced every time one blows, many electricians upgraded/recommended that homeowners build electrical panels. Finally, fuses quickly earned a bad reputation among insurance companies because to homeowners replacing fuses with sticks of copper or larger-than-necessary fuses in order to stop blowing fuses. If the overloaded current continues to flow rather than being switched off, replacing fuses with bigger fuses or bits of copper can quickly grow hot and ignite a fire. It is now difficult to obtain insurance for fuse boxes. CatalogⅠ IntroductionⅡ What Is a Fuse Box?Ⅲ Fuse Box VS Circuit BreakerⅣ Fuse Box VS Electrical PanelⅤ Things to Consider When Choosing a Fuse Box 5.1 Type of Accessories 5.2 Convenience 5.3 Ease of Installation 5.4 Type of Use/Application 5.5 Type of material used 5.6 Price Ⅵ Frequently Asked Questions About Fuse Box Ⅱ What Is a Fuse Box?A fuse is an overcurrent protection device found in the service distribution panel. It's just a piece of metal that melts when it gets too hot. Fuses are created in a variety of ways, but the most typical is using a thin wire filament wrapped in glass or ceramic and housed within a metal shell. The fuse is connected to a central fuse box, which houses the wiring for the entire home's energy. Under normal conditions, the fuse permits electricity to easily travel across circuits through the filament. In the event of an electrical overload, the filament will melt, shutting off the electrical current and stopping the flow of electricity before the excess current may harm your home's wiring or create a fire hazard. A fuse that has been blown cannot be reused. It must be replaced with a new fuse of the same kind and amperage rating. Fuses are available in a variety of amperage ratings to handle varying electrical current capacity. Fuse ratings should always be slightly higher than the average operating current of the circuit they protect for practical reasons. Never replace a fuse with a higher rated fuse than the manufacturer intended for the circuit for safety reasons. This would allow excessive current to pass through, causing overheating in the cables and maybe resulting in an electrical fire. Ⅲ Fuse Box VS Circuit BreakerA circuit breaker is another type of safety device that contains an internal switch mechanism that can be tripped in the event of an electrical surge. An electromagnet or a bimetallic strip coupled to a simple switch is used in the basic household circuit breaker. When the switch is turned ON, electrical current can flow from a lower terminal to an upper terminal. Unsafe quantities of electrical current in an electromagnet generate a magnetic force strong enough to turn a metal lever in the switch to OFF, terminating the current. Bimetallic strips are made up of two strips of two different metals; high current causes the thinner of the two strips to bend, causing the switch to be thrown to the off position and the connection to be broken. Circuit breakers, unlike fuses, can be reused. To re-establish the flow of electricity to the residence, just flip the circuit breakers back to the ON position. This simple switch operation makes it straightforward to manually turn off electricity to individual circuits when working on wiring in specific regions of the home. Fuses are often less expensive and can be obtained at any hardware store, however circuit breakers have additional applications that protect against more than just overheating, such as electric shock. Check out the table below for the main differences and applications based on practical variables like operating time and functionality. CharacteristicsFuseCircuit BreakerFunctionDetection & interruptionInterruption OnlyOperation PrincipleBased on a conducting material’s heating propertyBased on a electromechanical principle – a switching mechanismOperation ModeCompletely automaticNeeds comprehensive equipment (relays) for automatic operationNeeds manual replacement after operationResets quickly after operationResponse Time~ 0.002 seconds0.1-0.2 secondsBreaking CapacitySmallLargeProtectionProtects against overloadProtects against overload & short-circuitsApplicationLow current electronic equipment Large current power equipment Ⅳ Fuse Box VS Electrical PanelMany people mistakenly use the terms fuse box and electrical panel interchangeably. While they are both meant to cut power and protect your home, they are not the same. Let's look at the distinctions between fuse boxes and electrical panels. Then, discuss which type of electrical shutdown system you should have. Electrical panels are metal boxes that house circuit breakers and feature a panel cover. Circuit breakers are mechanical switches that detect excessive current. When a circuit breaker trips due to a current overload, it is not necessary to replace it. Instead, the switch can simply be reset. Circuit breakers, like fuses, have specified sizes for individual circuits and can grow excessive. These flaws are frequently discovered during a home inspection or four-point examination. Electrical panels, on the other hand, are not without flaws. Some electrical panels have been recalled, or there is a recognized danger that some insurance companies will not cover your home if you have these panels. Fuse boxes aren't necessarily dangerous. Fuse boxes that are not properly maintained, on the other hand, can be. Most homeowners lack the time and expertise required to properly manage their fuse box. Electrical panels with circuit breakers are today's industry standard, but that doesn't imply they're without flaws. Before replacing or improving their current system, homeowners should check with a certified electrician. If you are buying a house, your home inspector should be able to provide a report on the electrical system as well as recommendations. The decision to upgrade or replace your current system is influenced by a variety of factors, including the location and size of your property. However, homeowners may expect to pay roughly $1,500 on average. Ⅴ Things to Consider When Choosing a Fuse BoxChoosing a fuse box is similar to selecting a panel board. But, just to be clear, consider the following points before investing in a new one. 5.1 Type of AccessoriesEach circuit occupied by your accessories should be able to receive electricity from your fuse block. As a result, you must select one that will offer appropriate voltage to each operational branch, or you will be unable to maximize whatever you have in your car. 5.2 ConvenienceThis element can take numerous forms, including labels, free blade fuses, manuals, and much more. You should keep in mind that not all boxes have a variety of attachments or freebies. Choose one that will not cause you any problems once it is up and running. 5.3 Ease of InstallationThe installation method should not take up too much of your time or efforts. With so many people having problems at this stage, it's best to choose a fuse box that doesn't require extra wiring or one that comes with pre-drilled holes. 5.4 Type of Use/ApplicationThe type of application you want should be compatible with your fuse box. Not all boxes are suitable for off-road car components or are waterproof. Always double-check the information on the packaging. 5.5 Type of material usedNobody wants to have to buy a new device every time their old one breaks. Durability is always a factor in situations like this. As a result, always inspect the materials used to construct these products to see if they are resistant to the elements. 5.6 PriceAlways consider the long-term return on your investment. Just because you locate a fuse box for a low price doesn't imply it's what you need or that it'll last a long time. Choose the ones that are appropriate for your needs, then select from the pool you have created. Ⅵ Frequently Asked Questions About Fuse Box1.What is the difference between a fuse box and a breaker box?Because the circuit breaker panel contains small switches, it is easy to distinguish between the two. Typically, they are labeled to indicate which circuit belongs to particular switch. Instead of switches, a fuse box contains small circular fuses, one for each circuit in the home. 2.Are fuse boxes still legal?Electrical codes are updated every three years in order to continuously improve the safety of installed electrical systems. As a result, no fuse panel now in use in any home in the United States would meet today's basic code standards. 3.Are old fuse boxes illegal?No, it is not prohibited to use outdated fuse boxes. However, if you have an ancient fuse box on your home, always keep health and safety in mind. It may not be in compliance with current standards and may lack the most up-to-date RCD protection, which could save your life. Consider updating to a more recent model. 4.Is a breaker box safer than a fuse box?Fuse boxes are more susceptible to electrical overloads than circuit breakers. This implies they can safeguard your home from a fire more effectively. 5.Why has my fuse box tripped?A tripping fuse is usually triggered by a malfunctioning electrical component or an overloaded circuit. Finding the source of the problem is mostly a process of elimination that you may perform on your own. 6.Can you sell a house with an old fuse box?Yes, an old fuse box can be used to sell a house. You can sell a house with an old fuse box and save yourself the time, effort, and price of replacing it with a new breaker box by just listing it for less or looking for a cash buyer. 7.Do fuse boxes need to be replaced?If you have a fuse panel, it has most likely been managing your electricity for more than 50 years, which indicates it is time to replace it. The electrical connections in your panel deteriorate when your electricity heats and cools, resulting in faulty connections, lost energy, and an increased danger of electrical fires. 8.How long does it take to change a fuse box?It takes about 4 hours to convert a basic old school fuse box to a new, safer option. If your home is more than 25 years old, you may need to upgrade your mains power. 9.Is it safe to reset a tripped breaker?If all that needs to be done is a simple reset, it is safe for someone to reset a home's circuit breaker. When a circuit breaker is overloaded, it will occasionally trip or turn off automatically. In these circumstances, resetting the breaker is frequently all that is required to restore electricity. 10.Do tenants need access to fuse box?Most states only require landlords to offer tenants with access to the fuse box if the building has four or more rentable units. If a landlord is not obligated by law to offer access to the fuse box, he is usually not needed to keep someone on the premises who has access to the box. 

Introduction Latching relay is a new type of relay and also an automatic switch. Like other electromagnetic relays, it turns on and off the circuit automatically. The difference is that the normally closed or normally open state of it is completely dependent on the action of permanent magnets, and the switching state of it is triggered by a pulse electric signal of a certain width. It has the characteristics of power saving, stable performance, small size, large carrying capacity, and superior performance than general relays. Latching Relay Basics in 2 Minutes Catalog Introduction Ⅰ Working Principle 1.1 Action Principle 1.2 Action Process Ⅱ Main Functions and Advantages 2.1 Average View 2.2 Function Lists 2.3 Application Area Lists 2.4 Latching Relay Advantages Ⅲ Tech Parameters Ⅳ Latching Relay Test 4.1 Measuring Contact Resistance 4.2 Measuring Coil Resistance 4.3 Set Voltage and Current 4.4 Reset Voltage and Current Ⅴ Relay Selection 5.1 The Necessary Conditions 5.2 Relevant Information Search 5.3 Installation Layout Consideration Ⅵ FAQ Ⅰ Working Principle 1.1 Action Principle The on and off state of the latching relay is usually held by the magnetic force generated by the permanent magnet. When the contacts of the relay need to be opened or closed, only the positive (reverse) DC pulse voltage is needed to excite the coil, and the relay completes the state transition between opening and closing in an instant. Usually when the contact is in the holding state, the coil does not need to continue to be energized, and the state of the relay can be maintained unchanged only by the permanent magnet force.   1.2 Action Process When the contacts of the relay need to be set, it is only necessary to excite the coil J2 with a positive DC pulse voltage. The magnetic poles generated by the coil J2 after excitation interact with the magnetic poles of the permanent magnet. As we all known, the same polarities repel each other, but the opposite polarities attract each other. The state transition from reset to set is completed in an instant. The following schematic diagrams demonstrates the specific state transition process. The process of the latching relay changing from the set state to the reset state, which are the same. Figure 1. Reset Latching Relay Figure 2. Constant-Current Pulse Monment Figure 3. Constant-Current Pulse Monment Figure 4. Latching Relay Reset   Ⅱ Main Functions and Advantages 2.1 Average View Latching relay is an automatic switching element with isolation function. It is widely used in remote control, telemetry, communication, automatic control, mechatronics and power electronic equipment. It is one of the most important control elements in electricity.Magnetic latching relays generally have an induction mechanism (input part) that can reflect certain input variables (such as current, voltage, power, impedance, frequency, temperature, pressure, speed, light, etc.). It has the ability to turn on/off the controlled circuit. In addition, between the input part and output part of the relay, there is an intermediate mechanism (drive part) for coupling and isolating the input, functional processing and driving the output part. 2.2 Function Lists The latching relay has the following functions:1) ExpansionFor example, when the control signal of a multi-contact relay reaches a certain value, multiple circuits can be switched, disconnected, and connected at the same time according to different forms of contact groups.2) AmplificationFor example, magnetic latching relays can control a large-power circuit with a very small control quantity.3) IntegrationFor example, when a plurality of control signals are input to a multi-winding relay in a prescribed form, they will be compared and integrated to achieve a predetermined control effect.4) Automation, remote control and monitoringFor example, on the automatic device and other electrical appliances, magnetic latching relays can form a program control circuit to realize automatic operation. 2.3 Application Area Lists 1) Smart meters: IC card meters, prepaid meters, single-phase meters, three-phase meters.2) Reactive power compensation: synchronous switch, composite switch, smart capacitor.3) Intelligent control: smart home, solar street light control, automation equipment, etc. 2.4 Latching Relay Advantages 1) They only need pulse excitation, and can work with single and double coils.2) Small size, easy installation.3) Low power consumption and strong load capacity.4) Safe and reliable, long service life. Figure 5. General Relay Structure Ⅲ Tech Parameters 1) Rated VoltageIt refers to the voltage required by the coil when the relay is working normally. Depending on the model of the relay, it can be AC voltage or DC voltage.2) DC ResistanceIt refers to the DC resistance of the relay coil, which can be measured by a multimeter.3) Pull-in CurrentIt refers to the minimum current that the relay can produce the pull-in action. In normal use, the given current must be slightly larger than the pull-in current, so that the relay can work stably. As for the working voltage applied to the coil, generally do not exceed 1.5 times the rated working voltage, otherwise it will generate a larger current and burn the coil.4) Release CurrentIt refers to the maximum current that the relay generates to release the action. When the current in the pull-in state of the relay is reduced to a certain level, it will return to the unpowered release state. The current at this time is much smaller than the pull-in current.5) Switch Voltage and CurrentThis refers to the voltage and current that the relay allows to load. It determines the magnitude of the voltage and current that the relay can control, and you cannot be exceeded this value during use, otherwise it is easy to damage the contacts of the relay.6) Coil Resistance RThe resistance produced by winding a T circle with an enameled wire with a diameter of Φ: R=￡*(T/Φ).7) TemperatureThe higher the temperature, the greater the resistance, and the lower the resistance, the smaller the resistance. Generally speaking, the coil resistance refers to the coil resistance at 20°C. When the temperature is higher or lower than 20℃, there is a calculation formula: Rt=R20[1+(T℃-20℃)×0.004].8) Contact Resistance CRIt is the resistance between the contacts of the relay. And it is the sum of the shrinkage resistance Re and the surface film resistance Rf: Rk=Re+Rf.Note:🔺The factors that form shrinkage resistance Re:♦️The size of the contact pressure determines the size of the shrink resistance. The relationship between the two is inversely proportional, the greater the contact pressure, the smaller the shrinkage resistance.🔺The factors that form the surface film resistance Rf:♦️Dust in the air.♦️Harmful gases in the air: H2S, SO2, etc.♦️Organic vapor in the air: plastic, glue and rosin.♦️Oil stains on the contact surface during the production process.9) Pull-in VoltageThe minimum voltage required to close the relay contacts.10) Release voltageThe minimum voltage required to open the relay contacts.11) Insulation ResistanceThe resistance value that appears when measured with a specified DC voltage between conductive parts that are insulated from each other.12) Medium Withstand VoltageAlso known as dielectric degree, it refers to the maximum voltage that can withstand between two conductive parts without breakdown.13) Reversing RetentionThe minimum force applied on the armature assembly handle to open or close the contacts.14) Contact PressureThe interaction force generated between the moving and static contacts is equal to the contact pressure equal to the reaction force generated by the over-travel of the reed head. Figure 6. Latching Relay Product Ⅳ Latching Relay Test 4.1 Measuring Contact Resistance Use the resistance profile of the universal meter to measure the resistance of the normally closed contact and the moving point, which should be 0. The contact resistance can be measured in a more accurate way within 100 milliohms, while the resistances of the normally-open contact and the moving point should infinite. From this, it can be distinguished which is a normally-closed contact or a normally-open contact.   4.2 Measuring Coil Resistance The resistance value of the relay coil can be measured with the universal meter R×10Ω, so as to judge whether there is an open circuit phenomenon in the coil.   4.3 Set Voltage and Current Get an adjustable regulated power supply and an ammeter, input the set voltage to the relay, and insert an ammeter in the power supply loop for monitoring. Slowly increase the power supply voltage, and when you hear the sound of the relay picking up, write down the set voltage and set current. In order to be accurate, you can try several times. Pay attention to, the setting current should be the average value, and the setting voltage should be the maximum value.   4.4 Reset Voltage and Current Repeat the above operation. But there is a little difference that the reset current is the average value, and the reset voltage is the maximum value.   Ⅴ Relay Selection 5.1 The Necessary Conditions ① The power supply voltage of the control circuit, the maximum current that can be provided.② The voltage and current in the controlled circuit.③ How many sets and types of contacts are needed for the controlled circuit. When selecting a relay, the power supply voltage of the general control circuit can be used as the basis for selection. The control circuit should be able to provide enough working current to the relay, otherwise the relay will be unstable when it is closed.   5.2 Relevant Information Search After consulting the relevant information to determine the conditions of use, you can search for the relevant information to find out the model and specification number of the required relay. If you already have a relay on hand, you can check whether it can be used based on the data. Finally, consider whether the size is appropriate.   5.3 Installation Layout Consideration If it is used for general electrical appliances, in addition to considering the volume of the case, it is necessary to consider the installation layout of the circuit board. For small electrical appliances, such as toys and remote control devices, ultra-small relay products should be used.   Ⅵ FAQ 1. What is magnetic latching?The design of a Magnetic Latching Relay is such that when a short pulse of electrical energy is applied to the solenoid coil, sufficient magnetic force is generated to over-come the force of the relay' return mechanism. 2. How does a latching relay work?One latching type has two opposing coils with an over-center spring or permanent magnet hold the contacts in position after the coil is de-energized. A pulse to one coil turns the relay on and a pulse to the opposite coil turns the relay off. 3. Where is latching relay used?This type of relay is most suitable in applications like ON/OFF devices from multiple places with push-button or momentary switch. For example, it is used in a lighting circuit or conveyer to control from different locations. 4. What is a magnetic latching relay used for?A magnetic latching relay is a device in which the solenoid principle is applied to open and close light-current electrical circuits. The same device applied in heavy-current circuits is called a contactor, or circuit breaker. 5. How does a latching relay reset?Resetting is very simple. The coil circuit needs to be opened and shortened to the coils ground potential. The capacitor will be discharged through the coil and drives a current pulse with opposite polarity through the coil.