The Kynix Blog

Designed for precision angle measurement, Contelec’s Vert-X 48E series non-contacting magnetic encoder is aimed at applications in agriculture, mining or construction equipment, and other applications where extreme environmental conditions exist and accurate control is required for steering, guiding or positioning etc.Available with full product and application engineering support from Variohm EuroSensor, the new sensor is a two-part design with no mechanical bearing or joint between the magnet and sensor components.The 48mm diameter and 17mm high sensor housing is fully sealed to IP68/IP69K and a choice of magnet designs allows maximum installation flexibility. The Vert-X 48E has resolution options of 12- or 14-bits with a choice of single and redundant output types for 0..10 V, and 4…20mA as well as single and redundant CANopen versions. The supply voltage of 8…35VDC will suit various position feedback tasks.With simple installation between rotating and stationary components in steering, drive chain, guide or other transmission mechanics, the sensor works with an air-gap of up to 13mm depending on the sensor type and an optional ‘detection of magnetic loss’ feature will signal a system shut-down in case of the magnetic actuator moving out of a valid air-gap range.The axial alignment allows up to 13mm between the sensor and magnet rotation axes as well as a good tolerance of tilting and radial misalignment. These factors combine with outstanding resilience to humidity, damp and dust as well as EN 60068-2-6 shock and EN 60068-2-27 vibration rated mechanical specifications, for exceptional levels of reliability and endurance.Other options for the range include selectable electrical angle in ten degree steps up to 360 degrees, settable mid-point, start and end point and gradient. One metre cable connection is standard with customised lengths and special connector options available on request. Reference:350-00029ALS-PT17-51C/L177/TR8EE-TP405-X  

Disney Research has demonstrated that battery-free, radio frequency identification (RFID) tags can be used to cheaply and unobtrusively determine how people use and interact with daily objects, enabling new types of interactive play, smart homes and work environments, and new methods for studying consumer shopping habits.RFID tags are designed to simply report an identifying code when energized by an RFID reader, but a Disney Research team directed by Dr. Alanson Sample showed that the radio frequency signals transmitted by these tags provide a unique RF signature which can be used to determine whether a tagged item was being touched or moved.The researchers found that with their system, called IDSense, they could simultaneously track 20 objects in a room and infer four classes of movements with 93 percent accuracy. They will present their findings at CHI 2015, the Association for Computing Machinery's annual Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, April 18-23 in Seoul, South Korea."An effective means of identifying people's activities in their homes, schools and workplaces has the potential to enable a wide number of human-computer interaction applications," Sample said. "Whether it's reading a book to a child, cooking a meal or fixing a bicycle, the objects that we use both define and reflect the activities we do in our daily lives."One common approach has been to attach wireless sensors to objects, he noted, but the size of the sensors, their relatively high cost and the need for battery replacement has limited their applications. RFID tags, by contrast, are commercially available technology, cheap and easy to apply to a wide range of everyday objects.Sample, along with Disney Research's Can Ye and Hanchuan Li, a Ph.D. student in computer science and engineering at the University of Washington, employed ultra high frequency (UHF) RFID tags, which can return signals up to 10 meters. They found that by observing changes in the signals emitted by the tags - received signal strength indicator (RSSI), radio frequency (RF) phase and Doppler shift - they were able to make inferences about the object to which the tag was attached.RSSI is a measurement of signal power received at the receiver and is predominantly affected by the distance between the tag and the reader. RF phase - the angle between the carrier signal emitted by the RFID reader and the return signal from the tag - is sensitive to small changes in distance, while the Doppler shift is a radio frequency shift caused by the speed of a moving object."The key insight is that these low-level channel parameters represent a snap shot of the RF environment that is unique to each tag," Sample said. "By measuring changes in these signals over time we can infer how someone is interacting with the object."By using machine learning algorithms, which identify patterns in data, the researchers were able to associate changes in these communication parameters with certain states of the object, such as whether the object was still, whether the object was being rotated or moved, or whether the tag was covered, such as when the object was being held.The Disney team demonstrated how IDSense could be used by applying RFID tags to stuffed toys, enabling an interactive storytelling game in which rocking or petting a toy lion triggered actions by digital characters. In another demonstration, they used IDSense to monitor 10 commonly used items, such as a drinking glass, a milk container and a cereal box, to show how information about daily living activities could be gathered, and they showed that the tags could be used for studying the browsing behavior of consumers in a retail store.Reference:PCF7935AARI-TRP-IR2B-30RI-TRP-WR2B-30 

Image Source: pexelsWhen you use electronic devices, you often rely on dip switches for easy control. These small, manual switches let you adjust settings on devices like TVs, audio gear, and even some cars. The most common types include slide, rotary, rocker, piano, IC, SMD, and BCD code dip switches. Each type works in its own way, giving you flexibility for different needs. The global dip switch market, valued at over $430 million in 2024, continues to grow as industries like automotive and telecommunications depend on these switches for reliable, hands-on configuration.Types of DIP SwitchesSlide DIP SwitchesSlide dip switches are one of the most familiar types you will see in electronics. You move a small slider back and forth to turn each switch on or off. This action opens or closes the electrical connection inside. Slide dip switches use metal contacts, springs, and sliders to make sure the switch works every time you use it. You often find these switches on circuit boards for setting device addresses or choosing features.AspectExplanationMechanical Operation & DesignUses metal contacts, springs, and sliders for simple, reliable switching.Electrical CharacteristicsWorks best at low voltage (12V-24V) and low current (10mA-100mA).Common UsesDevice addressing, feature selection, and logic circuits in consumer electronics.Reliability FactorsDurable design and advanced materials help slide dip switches last longer, even in small devices.Miniaturization is a big trend. Manufacturers now make ultra-compact slide dip switches for tight spaces like smartphones and wearables. You get reliable performance even when space is limited.Tip: If you need to set options on a small device, slide dip switches are a great choice because they are easy to use and very reliable.Rotary DIP SwitchesRotary dip switches work by turning a knob or dial to select different settings. Each position connects a different circuit. You can use rotary dip switches in places where you need to choose from several options, like setting a channel or selecting a mode.Rotary dip switches are popular in industrial automation, telecommunications, and automotive electronics.They offer strong resistance to dust, moisture, and extreme temperatures, making them perfect for tough environments.New designs use gold-plated contacts and low-profile shapes for better reliability and longer life.Rotary dip switches give you a tactile feel when you turn them. This feedback helps you know the switch is set correctly. You often see these switches in equipment that needs manual configuration and long-lasting performance.Rocker DIP SwitchesRocker dip switches use a small lever that rocks back and forth. When you press one side, the switch turns on. Press the other side, and it turns off. This simple action makes rocker switches easy to use, even if you cannot see the switch clearly.Rocker dip switches are common in power strips, surge protectors, and some home appliances.You get a clear on/off position, which helps prevent mistakes.Rocker switches are durable and can handle frequent use. They are a good choice when you want a switch that is easy to operate with your finger.Piano DIP SwitchesPiano dip switches look like the keys of a piano. You press each key down to turn the switch on and lift it up to turn it off. The design lets you control many switches in a small space.Piano dip switches are often used in remote controls, alarm systems, and small electronic toys.You can set several options quickly because the keys are close together.Piano dip switches are popular for their compact size and easy operation. You can find them in devices where you need to set multiple options at once.Note: Piano dip switches are great for customizing settings in devices that need many switches in a row.IC DIP SwitchesIC dip switches are designed to fit into the same slots as integrated circuits (ICs) on a circuit board. You can use them to set options or addresses for microcontrollers and other chips.Reliability MetricSpecification / ValueElectrical LifeUp to 2000 toggles at 24VDC, 25mARated Current (Infrequent Switching)100mA at 50VDCRated Current (Frequent Switching)25mA at 24VDCContact ImpedanceInitial: ≤ 50mΩ; After test: ≤ 100mΩInsulation ResistanceMinimum 100MΩ at 500VDCCompressive Strength500VAC for 1 minutePolar CapacitanceMaximum 5pFIC dip switches are reliable and can handle thousands of uses. You often see them in microelectronic devices where you need to change settings without removing the chip.SMD DIP SwitchesSMD (Surface Mount Device) dip switches are made for modern circuit boards. You solder them directly onto the surface of the board, not through holes. This design saves space and makes assembly faster.SMD dip switches are common in compact electronics like tablets, routers, and smart home devices.They support miniaturization, which is a growing trend in consumer electronics.You get the same reliable switching as other types, but in a much smaller package. SMD dip switches help manufacturers build smaller, lighter products.BCD Code DIP SwitchesBCD (Binary Coded Decimal) code dip switches let you set numbers using binary code. Each switch represents a value of 1, 2, 4, or 8. By turning switches on or off, you create a number that a device can read.BCD code dip switches are used in digital displays, counters, and programmable logic controllers.You can quickly set device addresses or input values without special tools.These switches make it easy to enter numbers into a device. You get fast, accurate configuration for electronics that need number-based settings.Did you know? Consumer electronics use about half of all manual electronic dip switches sold worldwide. Telecommunications and industrial automation are also fast-growing areas for dip switches.Key Market Trends for DIP Switches:The market for dip switches is growing at about 3.6% to 5% each year.Miniaturized designs and eco-friendly materials are becoming more common.Customization, tactile feedback, and LED indicators improve user experience.Asia-Pacific leads in manufacturing and market growth.Dip switches are built to last, even in harsh conditions like extreme temperatures.You will find dip switches in many devices around you. They offer reliable, hands-on control for everything from home electronics to industrial machines.DIP Switch MechanismsImage Source: pexelsUnderstanding how each dip switch works helps you choose the right one for your needs. Each mechanism offers a unique way to control your device.Slide MechanismA slide mechanism lets you move a small tab or lever back and forth. When you slide the switch, you open or close the electrical path inside. You can feel a gentle click as the switch moves into place. Slide dip switches work well for simple on/off settings. You often find them in remote controls, small gadgets, and circuit boards. You do not need much force to move the slider, so you can change settings quickly.Rotary MechanismA rotary mechanism uses a knob or dial that you turn to select a setting. Each position on the dial connects a different circuit. You can choose from several options by rotating the switch to the right spot. Rotary dip switches give you a clear, tactile feel with each turn. You might use these in devices where you need to pick a channel or mode, such as in audio equipment or industrial machines. The rotary design keeps your settings secure, even if the device shakes or moves.Rocker MechanismA rocker mechanism uses a small lever that rocks back and forth. You press one side to turn the switch on and the other side to turn it off. This design makes it easy to use, even if you wear gloves or cannot see the switch clearly. Rocker dip switches stand out for their durability and clear feedback. You always know if the switch is on or off. Many power strips and home appliances use rocker switches because they last a long time and work well in tough conditions.Here is how rocker mechanisms compare to push button switches:Performance MetricRocker Mechanism AdvantagesPush Button Switch ComparisonUser ConvenienceEasy to operate with gloves and in limited space; intuitive rocking motion reduces user errorsRequires precise pressing; less convenient with glovesVisual FeedbackClear on/off indication visible in various lighting conditions, reducing mistakesOften lacks clear visual status indicationDurability and ReliabilityDesigned to withstand harsh environments (temperature, dust, moisture); high load capacity and longevityLess durable under harsh conditions; prone to wearOperational EaseLever-based design enables quick, dependable switching with minimal trainingMomentary action requires training; prone to errorsCustomization and Safety FeaturesOptions for waterproof and illuminated switches enhance safety and usability in industrial settingsLimited customization and fewer safety featuresApplication SuitabilitySuitable for frequent toggling and heavy-duty industrial useBetter for momentary input, less suited for frequent useTip: Rocker dip switches are a smart choice for places where you need reliable, easy-to-see controls.Piano MechanismA piano mechanism looks like a row of tiny piano keys. You press each key down to turn the switch on and lift it up to turn it off. This setup lets you control many switches in a small space. Piano dip switches work well in devices that need several settings, such as alarm systems or toys. You can set multiple options quickly because the keys sit close together. The piano design makes it easy to see which switches are on or off at a glance.You now know how each dip switch mechanism works. This knowledge helps you pick the best switch for your project or device.DIP Switch ConfigurationsWhen you use DIP switches, you will see different configurations. Each configuration changes how the switch controls the flow of electricity in your device. Let’s look at the most common types and how they work.SPSTSPST stands for Single Pole Single Throw. This is the simplest configuration. You get one input and one output. When you flip the switch, you either connect or disconnect the circuit. You use SPST switches for basic on/off control, like turning a light or a small device on and off. Many home appliances use this type because it is simple and reliable. Product guides show that SPST switches can handle different voltages and last for millions of cycles.SPDTSPDT means Single Pole Double Throw. This switch has one input and two outputs. You can connect the input to either output by flipping the switch. This gives you more control than SPST. You can use SPDT switches to switch between two devices or power sources. For example, you might use it to choose between two audio speakers. SPDT switches are compact and fit well on circuit boards.Switch TypePoles (Inputs)Throws (Outputs)Key AdvantageTypical ApplicationsSPST11Simple on/offHome appliancesSPDT12Flexible controlElectronics, automationDPST21 per polePower handlingHeavy machineryDPDT22 per poleCustomizationMotors, control panelsImage Source: statics.mylandingpages.coDPSTDPST stands for Double Pole Single Throw. This configuration has two inputs and two outputs. When you flip the switch, you control two separate circuits at the same time. You often use DPST switches in heavy machinery or power strips. They help you turn off both the live and neutral wires for safety. Research shows that DPST switches are very reliable and can last for billions of cycles.DPDTDPDT means Double Pole Double Throw. This switch has two inputs and two outputs for each input. You can control two circuits and switch each one between two outputs. DPDT switches give you the most flexibility. You can use them in control panels, motors, or to change the direction of a device. Technical articles show that DPDT switches are important in complex systems, like signal routing or switching between different devices.Tip: If you need to control more than one circuit or want extra options, choose a DPST or DPDT configuration. These switches give you more power and flexibility for your projects.You can find helpful configuration charts and guides online and in electronics textbooks. These resources show you how to connect and set up DIP switches for your needs.DIP Mounting StylesWhen you look at DIP switches, you might notice that they come in different shapes for mounting on circuit boards. The way a DIP switch attaches to a board is called its mounting style. Each style has its own benefits. Knowing these can help you choose the right switch for your project or repair.Gull-WingGull-wing leads look like the wings of a seagull in flight. The metal legs bend outward and then down, making a flat foot that sits on the surface of the circuit board. You often see this style in modern electronics.Why it matters:Gull-wing mounting gives you a strong, stable connection. The flat feet make soldering easy and reliable. You get better performance in devices that need to be small and lightweight, like tablets or smart home gadgets.Tip: If you want to replace a DIP switch in a compact device, look for the gull-wing style. It fits well and stays secure.Angled Gull-WingAngled gull-wing leads bend out from the body of the switch at a slight angle before turning down to touch the board. This design helps the switch sit at a tilt.Why it matters:Angled gull-wing mounting makes it easier for you to reach and flip the switches, especially when the board sits inside a case. You get better access without needing special tools.Mounting StyleBest ForKey BenefitGull-WingCompact electronicsStable, easy solderingAngled Gull-WingHard-to-reach locationsEasier access to switchesJ-Hook Gull-WingStrong connectionsExtra grip and durabilityJ-Hook Gull-WingJ-hook gull-wing leads curve under the switch in a hook shape, like the letter "J." The hook grabs the edge of the circuit board.Why it matters:J-hook gull-wing mounting gives you a very strong hold. The hook shape helps the switch stay in place, even if you bump or move the device. You often find this style in equipment that faces lots of movement or vibration.Note: If you need a DIP switch for a device that moves a lot, choose the J-hook gull-wing style for extra security.You can now spot the differences between these mounting styles. This knowledge helps you pick the best DIP switch for your electronics, whether you build, repair, or upgrade your devices.Choosing DIP SwitchesApplication NeedsWhen you pick a switch for your project, you should first think about how you will use it. Different industries and devices need different types of dip switches. Market research shows that companies use surveys, interviews, and focus groups to learn what people want from their switches. These studies look at how dip switches work in areas like:Consumer electronics and appliancesTelecommunications equipmentCars and automotive systemsIndustrial machinesYou can find dip switches in many products, from remote controls to factory machines. Consumer reviews and feedback help companies understand which features matter most, such as easy operation or long-lasting design.Matching Type to UseYou should match the type of switch to your specific needs. If you want to set simple on/off options, a slide or rocker dip switch works well. For choosing between several settings, try a rotary or piano dip switch. If you need to save space, look for SMD dip switches. When you need to enter numbers, BCD code dip switches make the job easy. Always check dip switch specifications to make sure the switch fits your device and can handle the voltage and current.NeedBest Switch TypeSimple on/offSlide, RockerMultiple settingsRotary, PianoSpace-savingSMDNumber inputBCD codeSimple Tips??? Tip: Always read the dip switch specifications before you buy. This helps you avoid problems with fit or function.Choose a switch that matches your device’s size and power needs.Look for clear markings so you can set the switch easily.If you use the switch often, pick one with a sturdy design.Ask for help at an electronics store if you feel unsure.You can make smart choices by thinking about your needs and checking the details. The right dip switch will help your device work better and last longer.You now know the main types of DIP switches—slide, rotary, rocker, piano, IC, SMD, and BCD code. Each type uses a different mechanism, like sliding, turning, rocking, or pressing.You can match the right switch to your device by understanding these basics.You will find it easier to set up or fix electronics.Remember: When you see a DIP switch, you can feel confident choosing and using it!FAQWhat does DIP stand for?DIP stands for "Dual In-line Package." You see this term because the switches sit in two straight rows, making them easy to place on circuit boards.How do you set a DIP switch?You use a small tool or your finger to move each switch to the ON or OFF position. Always check the device manual for the correct settings.Can you reuse DIP switches after changing settings?Yes, you can flip DIP switches as many times as you need. They are made for repeated use. Just make sure you power off your device before changing any settings.Where do you find DIP switches in everyday life?You find DIP switches in remote controls, garage door openers, routers, and some toys. They help you set options or addresses without using software.??? Tip: Always write down your DIP switch settings. This helps you remember them if you need to reset your device later.

CatalogIntroductionComponents RequiredSoftware RequiredHardwareUltrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04)WorkingCOMPLETE HARDWARESoftwareConclusion Future Enhancement in the Project IntroductionThe aim of this undertaking is to educate ourselves on the creation of a Blind Walking Stick that utilizes an Arduino and an Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04. There are Billions of people who are blind in this world. These individuals require assistance from others to navigate and move around as they are unable to do so independently. To address this issue, we have developed a device called the Blind Walking Stick which enables visually impaired individuals to walk more easily without relying on others for assistance. To enhance the device's accuracy and efficiency, two or three Ultrasonic Sensors can be incorporated into the project.  Components Required: Arduino UNO BoardHC-SR04 Ultrasonic SensorBuzzer9 Volt BatterySwitch (Optional) Software Required:Arduino IDE  Hardware: Connection of Ultrasonic Sensor with Arduino.  Vcc pin of Ultrasonic Sensor  is connected to 5-volt pin of ArduinoTrigger pin of Sensor is connected to D9 pin of ArduinoEcho pin of Sensor is connected to the D10 pin of ArduinoThe ground of Sensor is connected to the GND pin of Arduino.The positive terminal of the 9-volt battery is connected to the Vin pin of Arduino and the negative terminal is connected to the GND pin of Arduino.A buzzer is connected between the D9 pin of Arduino and the GND pin Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04)An electronic device known as an ultrasonic sensor is utilized to determine the distance of an object by emitting ultrasonic sound waves and then transforming the reflected sound into an electrical signal. These ultrasonic waves travel at a faster rate than audible sound, which cannot be perceived by humans. The ultrasonic sensor is comprised of two major components: the transmitter, which uses piezoelectric crystals to emit the sound, and the receiver, which detects the sound after it has traveled to and from the object. To compute the distance between the object and the sensor, the sensor calculates the time taken for the sound to travel from the transmitter to the receiver. This calculation is based on the formula D = ½ T x C, where D represents distance, T denotes time, and C is the speed of sound, roughly 343 meters/second. As an illustration, if an ultrasonic sensor is pointed at a box and it takes 0.025 seconds for the sound to return, then the distance between the sensor and the box can be calculated.D = 0.5 x 0.025 x 343  Ultrasonic sensors are used primarily as proximity sensors. They can be found in automobile self-parking technology and anti-collision safety systems. Ultrasonic sensors are also used in robotic obstacle detection systems, as well as manufacturing technology. In comparison to infrared (IR) sensors in proximity sensing applications, ultrasonic sensors are not as susceptible to interference of smoke, gas, and other airborne particles (though the physical components are still affected by variables such as heat).  Ultrasonic sensors are also used as level sensors to detect, monitor, and regulate liquid levels in closed containers (such as vats in chemical factories). Most notably, ultrasonic technology has enabled the medical industry to produce images of internal organs, identify tumors, and ensure the health of babies in the womb. WorkingThe primary aim of this project is to facilitate blind individuals in walking without difficulty and provide them with alerts whenever their path is obstructed by obstacles. The device utilizes a buzzer that emits a warning signal, the frequency of which changes based on the distance of the object. The buzzer will beep more frequently when the obstruction is closer. The core component used in the device is the Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04, which functions by transmitting a high-frequency sound pulse and then measuring the time taken to receive the sound echo reflection. The sensor is equipped with a transmitter and a receiver surface, with one transmitting ultrasonic waves and the other receiving the echoed sound signal. The sensor's calibration is based on the speed of sound in air, which is approximately 341 meters per second. After the distance measurement, Arduino makes a beep format using a buzzer also the led glow as well, The frequency of the beep is reduced when the distance is greater, and increased when the distance is shorter. COMPLETE HARDWARE  This is the Complete Hardware of our Project. Since this is a Prototype circuit so we used Selfie stick because it can extend and also We did not used 9V battery but instead we used 2 Lithium Ion cell and one rechargeable circuit to charge these cells, but for simple explanation of the project 9v battery can be used. We used On and Off simple switch to power On and Off the circuit and at the front of the stick we placed our Buzzer, Arduino and Ultrasonic Sensor. You can build the hardware the way you like but the circuit remains same.      Software // defines pins numbersconst int trigPin = 9;const int echoPin = 10;const int buzzer = 11;const int ledPin = 13; // defines variableslong duration;int distance;int safetyDistance;  void setup() {pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an OutputpinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an InputpinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);Serial.begin(9600); // Starts the serial communication}  void loop() {// Clears the trigPindigitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);delayMicroseconds(2); // Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro secondsdigitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);delayMicroseconds(10);digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW); // Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microsecondsduration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH); // Calculating the distancedistance= duration*0.034/2; safetyDistance = distance;if (safetyDistance <= 5){  digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);  digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);}else{  digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);  digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);} // Prints the distance on the Serial MonitorSerial.print("Distance: ");Serial.println(distance);}   Conclusion Smart Walking Stick is very useful especially for blind people who want to go out for a walk. It helps them to walk smoothly  Future Enhancement in the Project We can add GPS in order to pinpoint the exact location of the personAlso we can add Voice recognition system which can tell where we are going and if any obstacle comes in our way it will let us know

 Toshiba America Electronic Components, Inc. (TAEC) has expanded its U-MOS IX-H Series of low-voltage N-channel power MOSFETs with the addition of new 40V and 45V products. Delivering high-speed performance and industry-leading1 low on-resistance, the new MOSFETs are designed for industrial and consumer applications, including high-efficiency DC-DC converters, high-efficiency AC-DC converters, power supplies, and motor drives. The new MOSFETs utilize Toshiba’s latest generation low-voltage trench structure U-MOS IX-H process to lower the performance index for “RDS(ON) Qsw”2 figure of merit, improving switching applications to a level that surpasses other offerings3. Output loss is improved by the reduction of output charge, which can contribute to higher set efficiency. Additionally, the cell structures used in the new MOSFETs are optimized to suppress spike voltage and ringing during switching, which can contribute to lowering set EMI. Toshiba’s U-MOS IX-H Series is specifically designed for synchronous rectification applications, including the secondary side of isolated switching power supplies. It provides an improved Qoss4 performance, which is one of the main causes of power loss of synchronous rectification. The U-MOS IX-H Series also provides a low Ron•Qoss, the trade-off characteristics between on-resistance and Qoss. Since Ron has a significant impact on Qoss, Toshiba will extend the U-MOS IX-H portfolio to include MOSFETs having ultra-low Ron in order to supplement its U-MOS VIII-H Series of MOSFETs. Features·Low on-resistance·Low output charge·High-speed performance·Low switching noise·Supports 4.5V logic level drive *About TAECThrough proven commitment, lasting relationships and advanced, reliable electronic components, Toshiba enables its customers to create market-leading designs. Toshiba is the heartbeat within product breakthroughs from OEMs, ODMs, CMs, VARs, distributors and fabless chip companies worldwide.  A committed electronic components leader, Toshiba designs and manufactures high-quality flash memory-based storage solutions, solid state drives (SSDs), hard disk drives (HDDs), solid state hybrid drives (SSHDs), discrete devices, custom SoCs/ASICs, imaging products, microcontrollers, wireless components, mobile peripheral devices, and advanced materials that make possible today’s leading smartphones, tablets, cameras, medical devices, automotive electronics, industrial applications, enterprise solutions and more. Ref.KY68-VS75B-24KY68-DS1200D  

  Do you know Dallas Semiconductor which is owned by Maxim Intergrated now? It's well known for making some excellent real-time clocks(RTCs). Let me take an example: DS1307 is simple,works with essentially any cheap 32,768Hz watch crystal,is easily accessible over I2C,and is extremely power efficient( 500nA current when running the oscillator on battery power). As great as it is, the DS1307 has a major drawback: it relies on an external crystal and lacks any sort of temperature compensation. Thus, any change in temperature will cause the clock to drift. A 20ppm error in the frequency of the crystal adds up to about a minute of error per month. Not so great. Well,it does not matter. It's fortunate that Maxim offers DS3231 which is called as an “Extremely Accurate I2C-Integrated RTC/TCXO/Crystal”.This chip has 32kHz crystaql integratrf into the package itself and uses a built -in temperature sensor to periodically measure  the temperature of the crystal and, by switching different internal capacitors in and out of the crystal circuit, can precisely adjust its frequency so it remains constant. It’s specified to keep time within 2ppm from 0°C to +40°C, and 3.5ppm from -40°C to +85°C, which means the clock would only drift 63 and 110 seconds per year, respectively. So cool. The one (very minor) downside is that it draws about twice the current, a bit less than 1 μA, than the DS1307. Still, a common 220mAh CR2032 battery could power the chip for at least a decade with no problem. Such a circuit would be mostly limited by the CR2032’s self-discharge rate anyway. In my case, I wanted to use such RTCs on several of my Raspberry Pis that are not regularly (read: almost never) connected to the internet, and so cannot always get their time from NTP servers. Some great people have designed a simple board that fits on the Raspberry Pi's pin headers for power,ground and I2c and own the DS3231,pull-up resistors for the I2C bus, and a decoupling capacitor. It even has pads for a backup battery (not included, but adding a battery holder and coin cell is straightforward). Chinese vendors on eBay sell the board for about $1.50, with free shipping. Perfect. The above picture is the board I am using on my Pis,along with the backup battery and holder I added. Well,I think this condition should be considered in that DS3231 is more expensive than a complete board.Well, I am so curious and I wondered if these were counterfeit chips that were pin and function compatible, QC rejects, or somehow otherwise illegitimate chips. For science, I ordered a few extra boards and tested them over the last year, where “tested” means “set the time on the chips with a Pi that was NTP synchronized to a GPS timing receiver, disconnected them from the Pi, and left them on the shelf running on battery power for a year”. The chips would be in direct sunlight in the mornings, and the temperature in the room would range between about 15°C and 30°C throughout the year. Not extreme, but not precisely regulated either. I did not adjust the “aging register” in the chip to trim the oscillator before this test, and the register was set to its default value of “0”. After a year, the chip with the largest drift was only 16 seconds off, which is about 0.5 ppm. That’s well within spec, so I’m happy. If these chips were counterfeit, they were at least good counterfeits that worked as advertised. However, I wanted to look closer so I sacrificed one of the chips for science. Thanks to my friend Jesse for reminding me that I can just snip off the legs of the chip rather than trying to de-solder it. That made things a lot easier. Here’s the top of the package. It claims to be an SN model, which means it is specced for the full -40°C to +85°C temperature range. The date code says it was made in week 33 of 2011, as part of lot 917AC. The # mark means it’s RoHS compliant. The laser markings seemed a bit dodgy and not like the normal high-quality laser markings I see on other Maxim chips. I contacted Maxim, explained the situation, and sent photos of the package and die (see below). After checking their records, they say the style of the markings, the date code, and lot number are all consistent with that particular lot made in 2011, which strongly suggests the chips are legitimate. They also reminded me that they do not warrant or guarantee any products purchased from unauthorized resellers! ! !( Buy DS3231 chip,go to kynix )Good to know, and not unexpected. I zoomed in with my USB microscope to examine the markings in more detail. It’s a bit hard to see in this close-up, but you should be able to see the digits “31”. Obviously, Maxim must have different types of laser marking equipment on their different production lines.  I normally would digest the epoxy packaging of the chip in acid at work, butI was at home that day and didn’t have access to the chemicals and safety equipment I have in the lab at work, plus I didn’t want to dissolve the integrated crystal and its metal can. Instead, I embrittled the packaging by heating it in the flame of a common Bic lighter for several seconds and then quenching it in a glass of cool water. I repeated this process several times. Next, I sanded down the back of the ship (assuming that the interesting parts of the die would face upwards, which they were — if they hadn’t been on the top, I’d sacrifice another chip and sand the top down) with fine sandpaper until I hit metal. It turns out I was a bit too vigorous in my sanding, and accidentally sanded through the crystal’s metal housing and broke one of the forks of the tuning fork oscillating element.Oops. In the photos below, the notch on the chip is to the left, so pin 1 is to the top left. The main die is behind the large copper pad to the left. The fuzzy “hair” at the bottom are strands of the epoxy package that I didn’t clean up.  Let's do a comprehensive observation. This was interesting, but even after Maxim said the packing and exterior markings looked legitimate, I was curious if the die itself was an actual Dallas/Maxim die or if it was a fake. Using tweezers and a fine, sharp knife I was able to crumble away more of the epoxy package and remove the die. Unfortunately, the bond wires were still embedded in the package and so broke off when I removed the die. I also slightly scratched part of the die and cracked off part of the top-right corner. Clearly, acid digestion is the way to go. Here’s the first look at the die itself. I had washed it with isopropanol and both the chip and the microscope slide are a bit wet. The die measures ~3.6 x 2.3 mm, and the images below were taken with my USB microscope.    First, I wanted to check to see if the die was actually made by Maxim or if it was a fake. The die clearly says “DALLAS SEMICONDUCTOR”, as well as “©2004 (M) MAXIM”. Looks legit. That’s refreshing.  In addition to my cheap USB microscope at home, I was later able to take the die into the lab at work and use the (very expensive) Zeiss microscope to take more pictures. I was also able to clean it more thoroughly using the ultrasonic cleaner so the images came out considerably better. Alas, compatibility issues between the camera mounted on the microscope and my computer prevented me from using the camera to get high-quality photos at this time. I’ve ordered an adapter so I can get better photos, but it will be several weeks. At that time I will either update this post or link to a new one. I plan on creating large composite images of the die at various levels of zoom, and with different optical filters. In the interim, here are a few photos I took using my smartphone aimed through the eyepiece of the lab microscope. They are nowhere near as clear or stunning in appearance as they are when viewed directly through the eyepiece or via the on-scope camera.  One days ago.I’ve been able to get the camera on the microscope to cooperate and have gotten several high-quality photos. As the microscope has an extremely short depth of focus, particularly at high magnification, some images have been “focus stacked” by combining several images at different focus depths. Similarly, the large composite images are made from several individual images that may be focused slightly differently from each other. These processes may cause visual artifacts to be present.  In general, images with green and red colored layers use standard reflected microscopy with no filters, while images with blue and gold layers use reflected differential interference contrast (DIC). That's all. Hope you like this observation about DS3231 real-time clock as me.