The Kynix Blog - Connectors

IntroductionIn the complex field of electronic components, connectors play a crucial role in facilitating the smooth transfer of data and power. Among the many types of connectors, rectangular connector housings distinguish themselves with their adaptability, resilience, and dependable performance. Understanding the specifics of rectangular connector housings is key to enhancing the efficiency and reliability of designs, whether in consumer electronics, industrial machinery, or automotive systems. What Are Rectangular Connector Housings?Rectangular connector housings are protective structures designed to secure and shield the contact terminals within rectangular connectors. They serve as a barrier against environmental factors like dust, moisture, and physical wear, ensuring a stable and secure connection between mating components. By offering this level of protection, these housings help maintain uninterrupted performance even in challenging environments. Key Features of Rectangular Connector HousingsDurability: Typically made from robust materials such as thermoplastics or metals, rectangular housings are built to endure tough environments. Their rugged nature helps them withstand mechanical stress, temperature variations, and exposure to chemicals.Versatility: Available in a variety of sizes, configurations, and mounting options, rectangular housings can be tailored to meet diverse application needs. Their adaptability allows them to be used across different industries and for various functionalities.   Ease of Use: Many rectangular housings are designed with user-friendly features like snap-fit or screw-lock mechanisms, making assembly and disassembly straightforward. This feature is particularly beneficial in applications where frequent maintenance or replacement is required. Types of Rectangular Connector HousingsStandard Rectangular Housings: These housings are the go-to choice for applications requiring a simple and reliable connection. Available in multiple sizes and contact configurations, they can be adapted for both data and power transmissions. Their straightforward design makes them a staple in many electronic devices.Sealed Rectangular Housings: Ideal for environments exposed to dust, water, or other contaminants, sealed housings feature additional protective elements like gaskets or O-rings. This extra sealing ensures that connections remain secure even in harsh conditions, making them suitable for outdoor or industrial applications.High-Density Rectangular Housings: When space is limited, high-density housings provide a compact solution by offering a large number of connections within a smaller footprint. They are especially useful in data centers, telecommunications, and other high-tech environments where efficient space utilization is critical.Modular Rectangular Housings: These housings offer the flexibility to customize connectors by combining various modules within a single housing. They are ideal for complex applications that require a mix of signal types—like power, data, and radio frequency (RF) signals—enabling a tailored approach to connectivity. Factors to Consider When Choosing Rectangular Connector HousingsEnvironmental Conditions: Assess the conditions in which the connector will operate. For outdoor or rugged industrial settings, opt for sealed housings that can provide protection against moisture, dust, and potentially corrosive chemicals.Mechanical Stress: Consider the physical stresses the connector will endure. If frequent plugging and unplugging are expected, select housings that are particularly durable and feature a secure locking mechanism to maintain a stable connection over time.Electrical Requirements: Ensure that the chosen housing can accommodate the required number of contacts and meet the necessary current and voltage specifications. High-density housings are ideal when multiple connections are needed in a limited space.Space Constraints: Evaluate the available space in your design. In situations with limited space, compact or high-density housings can offer the necessary connectivity without taking up too much room.Ease of Assembly: For applications where connectors might need regular servicing or replacement, choose housings that simplify the assembly and disassembly process, reducing downtime and maintenance efforts. Applications of Rectangular Connector HousingsAutomotive Industry: Rectangular connector housings are widely used in automotive applications, including engine control units, infotainment systems, and vehicle lighting. Their ability to withstand high temperatures, vibrations, and mechanical shocks makes them well-suited for demanding automotive environments.Industrial Automation: In factories and industrial settings, these housings are critical for connecting sensors, actuators, and control systems. Their rugged construction ensures reliable performance in conditions that may involve high levels of dust, moisture, and mechanical wear.Consumer Electronics: The compact size and versatility of rectangular connector housings make them a common choice in consumer electronics, such as laptops, tablets, and smartphones. They enable efficient internal connections while occupying minimal space, contributing to sleek and efficient designs.Telecommunications: Telecommunications systems rely on high-density rectangular housings to manage numerous connections within compact spaces. These housings are essential in data centers and network equipment, where space efficiency and high connection density are paramount.Medical Devices: In the medical field, connectors must be reliable, easy to sterilize, and capable of withstanding frequent use. Rectangular housings meet these criteria, making them a preferred choice for medical devices ranging from diagnostic equipment to patient monitoring systems. Materials Used in Rectangular Connector HousingsThermoplastics: Materials like polycarbonate and nylon are popular choices due to their lightweight nature, durability, and resistance to chemicals and heat. They are commonly used for standard and sealed housings, offering a balance between cost and performance.Metal: Housings made from metals like aluminum or stainless steel offer superior strength and excellent shielding against electromagnetic interference (EMI). These are ideal for applications where maximum durability and signal integrity are crucial.Composite Materials: Combining the advantages of plastics and metals, composite materials offer a blend of strength, lightweight properties, and environmental resistance. These are often employed in high-performance applications where both durability and minimal weight are necessary. Innovations in Rectangular Connector HousingsMiniaturization: With the growing demand for smaller, more compact devices, manufacturers are focusing on creating miniaturized rectangular housings that maintain performance despite their reduced size. These innovations help support the trend towards more portable and efficient electronic designs.Enhanced Sealing Technology: Advances in sealing methods have resulted in housings with improved resistance to dust, water, and other contaminants. These developments expand the usability of rectangular housings in even more extreme environmental conditions.Smart Connectors: Some advanced rectangular housings now come with built-in sensors that monitor connection integrity and environmental conditions in real-time. These smart features allow for predictive maintenance, helping to prevent failures and prolong the lifespan of the equipment. ConclusionRectangular connector housings are integral to the creation of robust electronic systems. Their durability, flexibility, and ease of customization make them indispensable in industries ranging from automotive to telecommunications and beyond. By understanding the various types of housings, their material compositions, and how to select the right one for a given application, engineers and designers can ensure optimal performance and longevity for their projects.Choosing the appropriate rectangular connector housing can greatly influence the efficiency and durability of your design. Whether you're an experienced engineer or just beginning in the field, exploring the range of options available can help you make informed decisions that benefit your projects in the long run.For those seeking the latest in rectangular connector solutions, Kynix Electronic offers a diverse selection of high-quality components designed to meet stringent performance and reliability standards. Our offerings ensure that your designs not only perform well but also stand the test of time.

IntroductionIn the world of Radio Frequency (RF) systems signal efficiency is the most critical factor of success. RF coaxial connectors, which provide solid and high-quality connectivity between some elements, e.g., antennas, cables, and electronic devices, constitute the backbone of engineering innovations and solutions in complex technological environments. These functional proprietary connectors are tailored for RF applications as they meet the needs for low signal loss, shielding against electromagnetic interference (EMI), and precise impedance matching. In this detailed guide, we will look into the intricacies of RF coaxial connectors, their types, their applications, and the factors that determine the best connector for the RF system.Understanding Radio Frequency (RF) Coaxial ConnectorsRadiofrequency (RF) coaxial connectors are usually cylindrical and consist of two concentric conductors, which are separated by an insulating material. The outer conductor, traditionally made of metal, serves as a protector, restricting the excitation fields from external electromagnetic fields. On the inside, the conductor, which is usually solid or stranded wire, carries the RF signal. The said coaxial frame guarantees the secure and dissipation-free transfer of a correctly matched resistance frequency throughout the path of propagation. Types of Radio Frequency (RF) Coaxial ConnectorsThe Radio Frequency (RF) industry offers a wide range of coaxial connectors, each designed to meet specific requirements and applications. Here are some of the most common types:  Applications of Radio Frequency (RF) Coaxial ConnectorsRadio Frequency (RF) coaxial connectors are essential components in various industries and applications, including: Telecommunications: Interface connectors are commonly found in cellular base stations, radio communication systems, and satellite communications; thus, maintenance of a well-timed and high data transfer rate is ensured.Broadcasting: Radio and television broadcasting involve the use of coaxial connectors for connecting antennas, transmitters and related components, thus facilitating the reception of high-quality signals.Test and Measurement Equipment: RF coaxial connectors are indispensable in testing and measurement apparatus, such as spectrum analyzers, signal generators, and network analyzers, as they can conveniently and efficiently allow for accurate signal analysis and measurement.Military and Aerospace: Coaxial connectors are basically a vital part of the military, aerospace, and satellite applications systems, as dependability and durability are the core characters of these systems.Industrial Automation: Coaxial connectors find broad application in industrial transmission due to the fact that they are used to link sensors, controllers, and other devices, thereby ensuring safe data transmission and stable control of devices. Factors to Consider When Selecting Radio Frequency (RF) Coaxial ConnectorsChoosing the suitable RF coaxial connector is essential for optimal performance and reliability in your RF system. Here are some key factors to consider:  Proper Installation and MaintenanceFor Radio Frequency (RF) coaxial connectors to perform flawlessly and live long, correct installation and maintenance procedures are critical. Diligent cable readiness, connector installment, and fastening specifications should be observed to guarantee a robust and reliable connection. Frequent visual inspection of connectors will delay signal deterioration resulting from contamination or corrosion, allowing for a dependable performance over a long life span. ConclusionIn conclusion, Radio Frequency (RF) coaxial connectors provide a significant role for various RF systems, by ensuring connection between different modules of the systems which is used for signal transmission. Through grasping shafts, commissioning environments, installation, troubleshooting, and maintenance, you can select the appropriate connector for a particular RF application. Sound installation and maintenance practices once again ensure the invention of it in such a way that it can reach its maximum potential and function well.

A server architecture is complex and involves many different hardware and software components. All components in a server collaborate to deliver the required computational services to applications and users. One crucial component that makes the rest of the components operational is the "connector".A connector serves as a bridge that enables connections and signaling between components within the server. Therefore, this article talks deeply about connectors in server architecture, covering their role and highlighting the different types of connectors used in servers.How Connectors Help to Achieve Connections and Signaling Between Components Within the ServerThe connections and signaling in the server are highly dependent on connectors. Below are some common ways through which connectors ensure connections and signaling between components:Physical Connections:Connectors provide the means to physically connect components to the motherboard and each other. Connectors like PCIe slots, power connectors, USB ports, and SATA connectors provide physical connection to CPUs, storage drives, and other components.Power Distribution:Server components need power to function, and ATX-style connectors provide the medium for that. They route the required electricity from the power supply to each component in the server, such as the motherboard, CPU, connected devices, etc.Data Transfer:Data transfer is an essential activity in the server where different components exchange data with each other continuously. Ethernet ports and other connectors help to ensure fast data transfer between components within servers or between servers and other external devices.Carry Signals and Control Information:Connectors not only connect components, but they also carry signals and control information. Front-panel connectors provide pins for status LEDs, power buttons, and other purposes for letting users know about the server state.Server Components Expansion:The server often needs additional components, like network adapters, graphic cards, etc. Connectors like PCIe slots allow servers to connect additional components and address the requirements effectively.In short, connectors are the crucial components of servers that provide the connection and signaling route for the rest of the components. They ensure that the server delivers the functionality as required and easily adapts to different workloads.Different Types of Connectors Used in ServersNow that we know the necessity and use of connectors in servers, let's discuss the different types of connectors commonly used in servers. Although the list of connectors can vary from server to server, below are the common ones you will see on most servers:1. LGA SocketsThe Land Grid Array (LGA) socket is a connector that connects the CPU with the server. This socket includes the pins, while the CPU has the corresponding flat pads. So, the LGA socket's pins connect with the CPU pads. Since the pins are on the socket, it helps to protect the CPU pins from getting damaged.Today, LGA sockets are the latest of all sockets. Many Intel sockets are LGA-based, such as LGA 1150, LGA 120, etc.2. PGA SocketsThe Pin Grid Array (PGA) socket is another connector to connect the CPU to the server. PGA sockets are opposite to LGA sockets, as the pins are on the CPU while the socket has holes to make the connection.Intel 80386 and 80486 processors use PGA sockets. Since PGA sockets make the CPU pins more vulnerable to damage, they are less commonly used in today's server designs.3. Power ConnectorsPower connectors are used to provide the power to the motherboard and other components. There are two common types of power connectors used in servers, i.e., ATX power connector and EPS power connector.ATX power connector is a 20-24 pin connector that supplies power from the power supply unit to the server's motherboard at various voltage levels. In contrast, an EPS power connector is an 8 pin (4+4 pin) connector that provides additional power to high-performance CPUs for consistent power delivery.4. PCIePeripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) is a serial expansion bus standard and one of the most important components of a server. Its job is to connect the server to one or multiple peripheral devices, such as network adapters, GPUs, etc.A typical server contains multiple PCIe slot sizes (such as PCIe x1, x8, and x16) to connect different card types. It is commonly used to connect high-speed server components5. Memory SlotsMemory slots are used to install Dual In-Line Memory Modules (DIMMs). DIMMs modules hold the memory chips on the motherboard. So, memory slots provide the slots DIMMs need.Mostly, a server has multiple DIMM slots, which empowers users to install a large RAM depending on the workload.6. M.2 SlotsM.2 slots are the alternative to mSATA mini PCI Express that provides a compact, high-speed storage solution for SSDs. These slots are used to connect SSDs as primary storage in servers.M.2 slots are becoming more popular in today's servers as the use of SSDs and the desire for high-performance storage in compact size is rising. 2242, 2262, 22110, and others are common M.2 sizes, where each size reflects the SSD length in millimeters.7. Audio Interfaces Audio interfaces are less common connectors in servers but are used where there is the need to process or output audio. They are used mostly in media servers and provide input and output audio capabilities.Audio interfaces often come in the form of 3.5mm audio ports or digital audio connectors (S/PDIF) for providing input and output capabilities.8. USB PortsUSB ports are seen in almost all servers today due to their compatibility and versatility. USB ports are used to connect a wide range of devices, such as USB drives, keyboards, etc.They can be used to transfer data to and from servers and connect mice, printers, or other external devices.9. Ethernet PortsEthernet port is another usable connector in a server that provides network connectivity. Servers often have multiple ethernet ports to ensure smooth connectivity and fast data communication.Besides the above nine common connectors in servers, you can find many other connectors as well, such as VGA/HDMI ports, SAS connectors, SATA connectors, and similar others. In short, there exists a wide range of server connectors that ensure servers operate as required.ConclusionA server architecture is highly dependent on connectors. The connectors play a vital role in the server's operations, reliability, and expandability. Simply put, connectors are all-in-one components that help power the rest of components, transfer data within/outside the server, expand server capabilities, carry signals, and do much more. Moreover, technological advancements are further making connectors more advanced and efficient to fully more advanced server architecture needs. To sum up, servers are not operational without connectors, making connectors the lifeblood of server architecture.

Introduction Automotive connectors are a component that very common for electronic engineering technicians. Its function is very simple: it sets up a bridge of communication between the blocked or isolated circuits in the circuit, so that the current flows and the circuit realizes the predetermined function. The form and structure of automotive connectors are ever-changing. They are mainly composed of four basic structural components, namely: contacts, shells (depending on the types), insulators, and accessories. Common Automotive Electrical Connections Catalog Introduction Ⅰ Automotive Connectors Ⅱ Basic Structure Ⅲ Design Criteria Ⅳ Automotive Connector Development Trends Ⅴ Connector Selection Ⅵ Performance Standard for Automotive Electrical Connectors Ⅶ FAQ Ⅰ Automotive Connectors There are nearly 100 types of connectors used in general automobiles, and there are hundreds of connectors used in a single model. As people have higher and higher requirements for safety, environmental protection, comfort, and intelligence in automobiles, the application of automotive electronic products is increasing, which make the number of automotive connector applications increase. Figure 1. Automotive Connector Type Ⅱ Basic Structure The four basic structural components of automotive connectors, it is these four basic structural components that enable automotive connectors to act as a bridge to make cars run stably.First, the contact piece is the core part of the automobile connector to complete the electrical connection function. Generally, a contact pair is composed of a male contact piece and a female contact piece, because the electrical connection is completed by the insertion of two parts.The male contact is a rigid part, and its shape is cylindrical (round pin), square column (square pin) or flat (insert). The male contacts are generally made of brass and phosphor bronze. The female contact piece is the jack, which is the key part of the contact pair. It relies on the elastic structure to elastically deform when it is inserted into the pin to generate elastic force to form close contact with the male contact piece to complete the connection. There are many types of jack structures, including cylindrical type (split slot, necking), tuning fork type, cantilever beam type (longitudinal slotting), folding type (longitudinal slotting), box type (square jack) and hyperboloid wire spring jacks, etc.Second, the shell, is the outer cover of the automotive connector. It provides mechanical protection for the built-in insulating mounting plate and pins, and provides alignment when the plug and socket are inserted, thereby fixing the connector to the device.Third, insulators, are also often referred to as automobile connector bases or inserts. Its function is to arrange the contacts according to the required position and spacing, and to ensure the insulation performance with the shell. Good insulation resistance, withstand voltage performance and ease of processing are the basic requirements for selecting insulating materials to be processed into insulators.Fourth, accessories, are divided into the structural part and the installation part. Structural accessories such as retaining rings, positioning keys, positioning pins, guide pins, coupling rings, cable clamps, sealing rings, gaskets, etc. Mounting accessories such as screws, nuts, spring rings, etc. Most of the accessories have standard parts and general parts.   Ⅲ Design Criteria With the rapid development of the automobile industry, various functional parts and various components on the automobile are constantly developing in the direction of intelligence, refinement and reliability. The structural design, appearance design and material of automobile connectors are also proposed. higher requirement. Automotive connectors must meet the USCAR-20 standard, which is the performance standard of automotive electrical connector systems. It is necessary to stipulate that the electrical connector contact surface of automotive connectors should always be reliable throughout the service cycle, including the following factors:1) The material of the connector contacts is stable and reliable.2) Positive force stability.3) The voltage and current of the circuit are stable.4) The temperature requirements are within the specified range, including the surrounding temperature and its own temperature rise.5) Better robustness.6) It must be the same as the connector used for high-speed and long-distance communication computers, and the automotive connector must be able to work reliably under harsh conditions.7) Connector insertion force: below 20.5kg8) Connector retention force: 2.5kg or more9) Heat resistance: -40~120℃ Figure 2. Automotive Connectors Ⅳ Automotive Connector Development Trends The "Miniaturization", "High Speed" and "Intelligence" of connector products are the trends of future development. The future technological innovation of the industry is mainly concentrated in the following directions:1) Miniaturization DevelopmentThis technology is mainly developed for the miniaturization trend of connectors, and can be applied to micro-miniature connectors below 0.3mm, which belongs to the new varieties of MINI USB series products. It can be used for multi-contact expansion card slot connectors, which can meet and exceed the strict requirements of multi-contact surface mount technology butt joint coplanarity, with high accuracy and low cost.2) Wireless TransmissionThe high-frequency and high-speed wireless transmission of connector technology is mainly aimed at a variety of wireless device communication applications and has a wide range of applications.3) Simulation Application TechnologyIt is based on a variety of disciplines and theories, using computer and its corresponding software such as AutoCAD, Pro/E program stress analysis software as tools, through the establishment of product models and corresponding boundary conditions, to its mechanical, electrical, high-frequency simulation analysis and confirmation of other performances, thereby reducing the cost of product development failure caused by factors such as material selection and unreasonable structure, improving the development success rate, and helping to provide support for the realization of complex system applications for products.4) Connector Intelligence TechnologyThis technology is currently mainly used in DC series power connector products. Intelligent signal detection can be performed before power transmission to ensure that the positive and negative poles are turned on and the power is turned on after the plug is inserted in place. In the future, enterprises will need to develop similar intelligent technologies for other products because of the adverse consequences of arc damage and burn-in caused by conductive contact.5) Precision connector technologyPrecision connectors involve many aspects such as product design, process technology and quality control technology. The main technologies include the following aspects:a. Precision mold processing technology: Adopt CAD, CAM and other technologies, introduce high-precision processing equipment in the industry, and use personnel production experience and advanced equipment and technical means to achieve high-precision high-quality mold products.b. Precision stamping and injection molding technology: realize precise, efficient and stable all-round control and perfect surface quality of various stamping parts and injection molding parts to ensure product quality.c. Automated assembly technology: Through the application of precision control technology, semi-automatic testing machine technology, etc., the problem of manual operation of precision products is overcome and the core competitiveness is improved.6) Manufacturing Process ResearchThe competitiveness of products depends to a certain extent on the level of manufacturing technology. Continuously developing new manufacturing processes and improving existing production and processing technologies can greatly improve the manufacturing efficiency and quality assurance capabilities of products.a. Fine manufacturing process: This process is mainly aimed at technologies such as small spacing and thin thickness. Some companies have carried out research on the process of connectors with a spacing of less than 0.4mm. This type of technology can ensure that the company reaches the advanced level of the international industry in the field of ultra-fine manufacturing.b. Integrate development technology of light source signal and electromechanical structure. It can be applied to audio connectors placed in electronic components. By adding IC, LED and other electronic components to the audio connectors, which can also transmit analog signals and the function of digital signal. It breaks through the current design of audio connector conduction transmission in the form of mechanical contact.c. Low temperature and low pressure molding process technology. The sealing and physical and chemical properties of the hot-melt material are used to achieve the functions of insulation and temperature resistance. After packaging, the wire protects the welding point from being pulled by external forces, and the packaging of the DC connector body and the wire has a insulation, temperature resistance, impact resistance and other functions ensure product quality and reliability, and will continue to be developed and applied in different products in the future. Figure 3. Automotive Connectors Ⅴ Connector Selection 1) Electrical FactorCurrent requirements: high current, low current, signal level; Steady state, cyclic, transient.They determine the type of terminal/size of contact segment/plating (0.64mm to 8.0mm pin and male terminal).Wire diameter/insulation requirements: voltage drop and/or corrosion resistance, which determine the center distance of the connector.2) Location/EnvironmentTemperature: Engine compartment – sealed, ambient temperature >105℃; vibration, fluid compatibility, passenger compartment – unsealed, ambient temperature <85℃.Sealing: Potential for high pressure jet/splash, potential for immersion, humidity; fluid type, sealed or not for device connectors.3) StandardStandards: Customer StandardsInstitutional StandardsDomestic StandardsInternational StandardsConnector performance test requirements are included in system-level specifications. For GM, Ford and Chrysler are usually USCAR specifications, that is, engine-related applications have relatively high vibration requirements. Other OEMs generally have their own standards (similar to USCAR). What’s more, equipment-side suppliers are responsible for the performance of mating-side connectors.4) Customer PreferencePreferred product strategy: Reduce cost of connector systems with different methods:Ford: Design competition for door connectors.Ford: Prefer terminal design/supplier (focus on contact interface).General: Prefer the terminal design (focus on the hole position of the connector).Chrysler: Strategies for favoring terminal/plastic Part suppliers.5) Regional preferenceNorth America: USCAR Drawing/Performance/Design Criteria —Tangless Terminals, TPA, CPA regulations. In many instances the harness supplier has a significant influence.Europe: Design influence of contact contacts/development with major OEMs; preference for two-piece contacts, even if cost pressures and North American porting operations force OEMs to consider U.S technology, that is, accepting Tangled contacts. Long-term relationships between OEMs and suppliers.Asia: Traditionally influenced by Toyota. Focus on assembly ability (ergonomics) that affects quality assurance; North America influences China to change the status, like low-cost solutions.6) Physical factorsSize, number of circuits, mating position, wire harness docking or equipment connection, mechanical main features: levers, bolts; manual docking capability; multiple types of connectors for high input/output applications.7) AssemblyWire Harness: Insertion force of connectorVisual, audible and tactile operational feedback for users. Figure 4. Terminals & Connectors Ⅵ Performance Standard for Automotive Electrical Connectors For a connector, the specification parameters such as the ambient temperature, current carrying capacity, protection level, anti-vibration level, etc. will be defined in its specifications at the beginning of research and development, because when the connector is selected according to different requirements. The following are three most widely used standards USCAR-2-6, QC/T1067-2017 and GMW3191-2012.🔺QC/T-1067 Temperature Classification Class Ambient Operating Temperature Typical Installation Position A -40~85℃ Passenger compartment (Not recommended) B -40~100℃ Passenger compartment C -40~125℃ On engine D -40~150℃ On engine (hot locations) E -40~175℃ and above Negotiate   🔺QC/T-1067 Vibration Classification Class Typical Installation Position V1 On elastic parts of the body but not to the engine V2 On engine but not to heavily vibrating parts V3 Components subject to serve vibration V4 Components subject to extreme vibration V5 On Wheel   🔺QC/T-1067 Sealing Classification Class Description Typical Installation Position S1 Unsealed Passenger compartment or trunk S2 Sealed Exposed areas S3 Sealed (with high pressure spray) Exposed areas (with high pressure spray)   🔶GMW-3191 Temperature Class Class Ambient Operating Temperature Typical Installation Position 1 -40~85℃ Passenger compartment or trunk 2 -40~100℃ Underhood, chassis 3 -40~125℃ On engine, transmission 4 -40~150℃ On engine (hot locations) 5 Per connector CTS Per CTS GTS=Component Technical Specification   🔶GMW-3191 Vibration Class Class Typical Installation Position 1 On body or chassis 2 On engine 3 On wheel, Unsprung Mass 4 Severe applications (e.g., ECU, Throttle Body, EGR) 5 Transmission (internal and external) ECU=Engine Control Unit, EGR=Exhaust Gas Recirculation   🔶GMW-3191 Sealing Class Class Description Typical Installation Position 1 Unsealed Unsealed Passenger Compartment or trunk 2 Submersion Sealed Underhood or exposed areas, including door 3 High Pressure Spray Protected Exposed areas where high pressure spray is expected   🔻USCAR-2 Temperature Classification Class Ambient Operating Temperature Typical Application T1 -40~85℃ T1 is not recommended for new applications T2 -40~100℃ Typical suitable for use in passenger component T3 -40~125℃ Typical suitable for use in engine component T4 -40~150℃ Needed for some on-engine applications near hot components T5 -40~175℃ For use as needed   🔻USCAR-2 Vibration Classification Class Common Name Typical Application Other Requirements Met V1 Chassis Profile Components on sprung portions of vehiele not coupled to Engine None V2 Engine Profile Components coupled to Engine with no severe vibration possible Pass on V2 - pass also for V1 V3 Severe On-Engine Components subject to serve vibration Pass on V3 - pass also for V1 and V2 V4 Extreme Vibration Used as needed to correlate to extreme vibration areas Pass on V4 - pass also for V1 and V2 and V3 V5 Unsprung Component Wheel-mounted components None   🔻USCAR-2 Sealing Classification Seal Class Common Name Typical Application S1 Unsealed S1 is suitable for use in passenger components or other dry areas on a vehicle such as the trunk S2 Sealed S2 (meets requirements of 5.9.7) is for exposed locations S3 Sealed (with high pressure spray) S3 is for exposed locations. It meets Sections 5.9.7 plus 5.6.7; S3 is applications when robustness to direct splash is needed Regarding the vibration test, the main purpose is to check whether the performance of the connector system under the simulated actual vehicle vibration conditions meets the requirements. In the case of vibration or in shock, it will cause the coating wear of the terminal contact surface, the positive pressure attenuation, the failure of the mechanical system performance of the supporting plastic material, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously monitor the contact resistance in the vibration experiment and ensure that it does not exceed 7Ω (or 1Ω) in the line for more than 1 microsecond. According to the definition and analysis of the connector using environment through the above different standards, it is necessary to understand that the use position, the temperature level, vibration level, and protection level should be considered to make the best choice.   Ⅶ FAQ 1. What are connectors in cars?Connectors used in automotive applications enable everything from stereo systems to drivetrains. As these systems become more connected, more automated, and more energy-efficient, they require connectors that can deliver high-speed connectivity in rugged, lightweight, and easy-to-install designs. 2. How do I choose a car connector?There are several criteria to consider when selecting electrical interconnect components, including:Current rating (current density)Connector size (circuit density)Engagement forceWire sizeConfiguration and circuit sizeOperating voltageAgency approvalsPrice per circuit 3. What are the different types of automotive electrical connectors?Automotive TerminalsContactsCrimp Wire Pins, Tabs & FerrulesFoil TerminalsInterconnect DevicesKnife DisconnectsMagnet Wire TerminalsPCB Terminals 4. How many connectors does a car have?Today, there are an average of 274 connectors in a vehicle. 5. Are all car stereo connectors the same?All aftermarket car stereos can use the same car stereo wiring harness, but it all depends on what the owner of the vehicle wants to do for one main reason. 6. What is uscar standard?SAE USCAR-2. May 1, 2004. PERFORMANCE STANDARD FOR AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR SYSTEMS. Procedures included within this specification are intended to cover performance testing at all phases of development, production, and field analysis of electrical terminals, connectors, and so on.

Ⅰ IntroductionBNC connectors have a bayonet-style coupling mechanism that allows for quick connection and disconnects while also providing positive locking. Mating takes only a quarter-turn of the coupling nut. BNC RF connectors have a classic, dependable design that allows them to accommodate a wide range of RG and industry-standard coaxial cables in a variety of termination styles.catalogⅠ IntroductionⅡ What is a BNC Connector?Ⅲ BNC Connector Related Video:Ⅳ BNC Connector Features and BenefitsⅤ BNC Connector ApplicationsⅥ Related ProductsⅦ 75 ohm vs 50 ohm7.1 Applications7.2 50 Ohm and 75 Ohm Cables: Differences / Distinctions7.3 Why 50 Ohm and 75 Ohm?7.4 SpecificationsⅧ Other Types of BNC ConnectorⅪ SDI vs BNC9.1 Definition: SDI vs. BNC Cables9.2 BNC Connectors on SDIⅩ FAQ Ⅱ What is a BNC Connector?Paul Neill of Bell Labs and Carl Concelman of Amphenol created The Bayonet Neill Concelman (BNC) connector. The original purpose of the BNC connector was for military applications, but it is now primarily used in the broadcast market. This connector has evolved to keep up with the changing industry landscape, and it now provides the 12G SDI performance required in 4K and Ultra-HD applications. BNC connector types for coaxial cable have been widely adopted and continue to be a popular choice for current and next-generation video technology. Ⅲ BNC Connector Related Video: BNC Connector Video Descirption: This short video demonstrates how to connect a crimp style BNC connector to RG-58 50-ohm coax. Other crimp-style coaxial connectors will be installed in a similar manner. It should be noted that the connectors are specific to the type of coax being used, and having the proper crimping tool is necessary. Optionally (carefully) solder the center pin, and finish with heat shrink tubing for a clean professional look. Ⅳ BNC Connector Features and BenefitsCustomers can match impedance to system requirements using the bayonet coupling mechanism, which provides positive, quick mating and un-mating. 50 and 75 ohm impedance designs are available.Military, industrial, and commercial connectors are available.Many common BNC coaxial cable designs are available.Female and male BNC configurations Ⅴ BNC Connector ApplicationsAntennasBroadcast (75 Ω)TelecommunicationsAutomotiveComputers/LANsMedical EquipmentSatcomBase StationsCable ModemsInstrumentationMilitary/Aerospace Ⅵ Related Products                                                                       BNC Adapters                                                         BNC Accessories                                 BNC Cable Assemblies Ⅶ 75 ohm vs 50 ohmBNC connectors are typically available in 50 ohms and 75-ohm versions, which are matched for use with cables of the same characteristic impedance. The 75-ohm connector is slightly different in dimensions from the 50-ohm variant, but the two can be made to mate.BNC cables and connectors are available in 50 Ohm and 75 Ohm specifications.ohm cables/connectors are designed for high-quality digital video (CCTV) and can scale their output based on the input.75-ohm cables can also be used effectively on older analog video formats, making them more versatile and flexible in any situation.When low signal loss is critical, 75 Ohm BNC cables/connectors are used.50-ohm cables and connectors are compatible with older analog video formats. If you are looking for high-quality video output, 50 Ohm will not provide it.Connecting the two types of connectors is possible, but it is not recommended: mixing will not result in the best output.With 50 Ohm cables, 50 Ohm BNC connectors are used. With 75 Ohm cables, 75 Ohm connectors are used. 7.1 Applications75 Ohm BNC applications include satellite, high-definition televisions, and cable TV receiver boxes.Receivers for AM/FM radio.Police scanners. RG-179 coaxial cable has a 75 Ohm BNC connector and is used in high-temperature environments.Applications of 75 Ohm BNC Cables using RG-179A 75 Ohm BNC connector is used on the RG-179 coaxial cable.Is designed specifically for high-temperature environments: Finished with a TFE taped outer jacket. It can withstand temperatures of up to 200 degrees Celsius.RG-179 is commonly used in high-temperature applications such as:Hospital and clinic medical equipmentVideo surveillance cameras are applied for safety purposes.Audio surveillance systems.  7.2 50 Ohm and 75 Ohm Cables: Differences / DistinctionsThe impedance of 50 Ohm and 75 Ohm coaxial cables is measured in Ohms, the unit that measures electrical resistance. The radio frequency signals sent down these cables are alternating current (AC) rather than direct current (DC) (DC). The magnitude and phase of the transmitted signal are countered and contained by the cable as it flows down its length with AC signals. As a result, the impedance rating for coaxial cable is as follows:Resistance: the amount of resistance to current flow.The amount of voltage generated by the magnetic field of an electrical current is referred to as inductance.Capacitance is the amount of charge contained or retained within a cable while current flows.Coaxial cable is designed specifically for signal transmission and is structured to balance resistance, capacitance, and inductance for consistent performance in radio frequency circuits. The impedance of a specific coaxial cable is determined by its composition, which includes the dielectric constant of the insulating layer and the radii of the outer and inner conductors. 7.3 Why 50 Ohm and 75 Ohm?For most radio frequency applications, the use of 50 and 75 Ohms as standard characteristic impedances for coaxial cable is essentially a compromise between optimal power handling and the lowest possible signal loss. These critical impedances were discovered through extensive testing in the early twentieth century. These experiments discovered that, while 30 Ohm cable provided excellent voltage and power handling, 77 Ohm coax provided the lowest attenuation.As a result, 50 Ohm coaxial cable would have a good power handling profile as well as low attenuation. Over the following decades, 50 Ohm coax emerged as the primary solution for cable with good power handling, particularly for 100 watts or more. It is frequently used for antenna cables in amateur and broadcast radio, cellular and wireless networking applications involving transmitters and transceivers.For applications requiring low signal loss, capacitance, and signal distortion, 75 Ohm cable was preferred. It is the coaxial cable of choice for applications requiring efficient signal transfer with low loss. These cables are frequently used in applications that require a connection to a receiver, primarily video applications that are low power and do not require the power handling of a 50 Ohm cable. Cable television, HDTV, and CCTV are examples of important applications. 75 Ohm coax can also be used for coaxial digital audio, allowing it to transfer audio, for example, in a home theater system. 7.4 SpecificationsElectrical50 Ohm75 OhmImpedance50 Ohm75 OhmFrequency RangeDC - 4 GHz (DC -12 GHz on Extended Range Designs)DC- 4 GHz (DC - 12 GHz on Extended Range Designs)Voltage Rating500 Volts RMS Max Continuous500 Volts RMS Max ContinuousDielectric Withstanding Voltage1500 VRMS Max1500 VRMS MaxVSWR (Return Loss)       DC - 4 GHz1.3 (-18 dB) Max1.5 (-14 dB) Max     12G Products: DC - 6 GHz 1.22 (-20 dB) Max     12G Products: 6 - 12 GHz 1.43 (-15 dB) MaxInsulation Resistance 5000 MΩ Min5000 MΩ MinCenter Contact Resistance1.5 mΩ Min1.5 mΩ MinOuter Contact Resistance0.2 mΩ Min0.2 mΩ MinRF Leakage55 dB Max @ 3 GHz55 dB Max @ 3 GHzInsertion Loss0.2 dB Max @ 3 GHz0.2 dB Max @ 3 GHzPower Handling316 W Max @ 1 GHz @ 25 ºC316 W Max @ 1 GHz @ 25ºCEvironmental  Temperature Range−65°C to +165°C−65°C to +165°CThermal ShockMIL-STD-202, Method 107 (Test Condition G), except high temp test @ +200⁰CMIL-STD-202, Method 107 (Test Condition G), except high temp test @ +200⁰CCorrosionMIL-STD-202, Method 101 (Test Condition B) - 5% Salt SolutionMIL-STD-202, Method 101 (Test Condition B) - 5% Salt SolutionVibrationMIL-STD-202, Method 204 (Test Condition D)MIL-STD-202, Method 204 (Test Condition D)Mechanical ShockMIL-STD-202, Method 213 (Test Condition G) - No Discontinuity PermittedMIL-STD-202, Method 213 (Test Condition G) - No Discontinuity PermittedMoisture ResistanceMIL-STD-202, Method 106MIL-STD-202, Method 106AltitudeMIL-STD-202 Method 105 (Test Condition C)MIL-STD-202 Method 105 (Test Condition C)Mechanical  Mating Cycles500 Min500 MinCoupling MechanismBayonetBayonetInterface SpecificationMIL-STD-348MIL-STD-348    Ⅷ Other Types of BNC ConnectorThere is also a threaded version of the BNC connector known as the TNC connector (Threaded Neil-councilman). The connector has a 50 impedance and works best in the frequency range of 0–11 GHz. When it comes to microwave frequencies, it outperforms the BNC connector. 50-OHM Twin BNC or twinaxTwin BNC (also known as Twinax) connectors have the same bayonet latching shell as regular BNC connectors but have two independent contact points (one male and one female), allowing the connection of a 78 ohm or 95 ohms shielded differential pair such as RG-108A.They have a maximum frequency of 100 MHz and a voltage of 100 volts. They are incompatible with standard BNC connectors. Twinax connectors are ideal for computer network applications because they feature keyway polarization, which ensures system integrity and prevents signals from being mixed.Twin BNC TriaxialTriaxial (or Triax) connectors are a type of BNC connector that carries a signal, a guard, and a ground conductor. Triax connectors are used in applications that require maximum RF shielding and minimal noise radiation. These are used in sensitive electronic measurement systems such as Keithley Instruments. Early triaxial connectors had only an extra inner conductor, but later triaxial connectors have a three-lug arrangement to prevent accidental forced mating with a BNC connector. Adaptors are available to allow some interconnection between triaxial and BNC connectors.Triaxial  Miniature connectorsMini BNC and High-Density BNC are smaller versions of the BNC connector (HD BNC). While retaining the original electrical specifications, they have smaller footprints, allowing for greater packing density on circuit boards and equipment backplanes. Because of their true 75 ohm impedance, these connectors are suitable for HD video applications. These BNC connectors are widely used in electronics, but in some applications, they are being replaced by LEMO-00 miniature connectors, which allow for much higher densities. For higher density products in the video broadcast industry, the DIN 1.0/2.3 and HD-BNC connectors are used. Miniature connectorsⅪ SDI vs BNC9.1 Definition: SDI vs. BNC CablesBayonet or BNC? Neil Concelman connectors are commonly found on coaxial cables. Male-type connectors are attached to the ends of basic BNC cables. It has a pin that connects to the cable conductor in the center.The rotating ring on the outside of the BNC cable tube is capable of locking to female connectors. This type of connector is commonly found on monitors. It aims to improve the accuracy of signals, particularly those sent by the video adapter.Two HD SDI-video cablesSDI, or Serial Digital Interface, on the other hand, is commonly used to transmit uncompressed and unencrypted video signals. This interface type is also used for broadcasting standard and high definition signals. These can be accompanied by audio and video signals.This interface type is primarily used by broadcasting facilities. It also includes closed captions, test signals, and content identification. 9.2 BNC Connectors on SDISDI is a signal transport format, whereas BNC is a connector format. SDI employs coaxial cables, which are typically terminated with a BNC plug.SDI transports 16 channels of pulse-code modulation (PCM) audio and uncompressed digital video. It transmits over a 75 Ohm coaxial cable with a BNC connector.SDI cables can no longer handle signals with bandwidths in the gigahertz range. To handle this digital signal, it must use a proper BNC connector. BNC connectors, on the other hand, can come in a variety of sizes. As a result, we recommend that you locate a BNC connector that is compatible with SDI.Despite its utility, the main disadvantage of using SDI is that it is not supported by a large number of consumer and prosumer devices. Despite this, some manufacturers use converter boxes to convert SDI signals. SDI has a limited number of resolutions that it can support.In general, a supporting BNC connector on your SDI cable is required to allow for greater signal bandwidth. Furthermore, the majority of users connect these two connectors by soldering or securing the locks.In summary, various types of equipment, such as radios and televisions, use BNC coaxial cable connectors. The connector has a single pin in the center. Furthermore, SDI makes use of this cable to accommodate signals that require a large amount of bandwidth. This interface is used by a variety of devices to transmit uncompressed or unencrypted digital signals.SDI alone is not recommended because signals with high bandwidth require a BC connector. As a result, because there are different dimensions for this type, it is critical to find a proper fit of the BNC connector to SDI.Ⅹ FAQ1. What does BNC stand for in connectors?Bayonet Neill–ConcelmanThe BNC (Bayonet Neill–Concelman) connector is a miniature quick connect / disconnect radio frequency connector used for coaxial cable. It features two bayonet lugs on the female connector; mating is fully achieved with a quarter turn of the coupling nut.2. What is the difference between BNC and F connector?BNC connectors are bayonet type connectors, commonly used in CCTV systems. They are the most suitable connector for use with RG59/U cable. ... F-Type connectors are used for CATV, SATV and Digital TV in conjunction with either RG6 or RG11 cables.3. What is BNC?(Bayonet Nut Coupling) A commonly used plug and socket for audio, video and networking applications that provides a tight connection. Using a mount somewhat similar to the way a bayonet (knife) is mounted onto the end of a rifle, BNCs are used to connect a variety of different coaxial cable types.4. Is BNC a media connector?BNC connectors are associated with coaxial media and 10Base2 networks. BNC connectors are not as common as they once were, but still are used on some networks, older network cards, and older hubs. Common BNC connectors include a barrel connector, T-connector, and terminators.5. Are BNC connectors still used?You might remember the BNC connector that was used for component connections in the 2000s and before. It has been used for SD video and HD video, but it's rarely seen in consumer electronics today. ... While N-connectors are still around, the C connector is no longer used.BNC connectors—or Bayonet Neill-Concelman—are a common type of RF connector that utilizes BNC cables. ... A BNC connector connects the analog video components from the camera to a TV monitor or DVR. It snaps firmly into place, providing for a quality and secure connection.

DB9 connectors are commonly used in serial communication. This article will focus on the definition and test method of DB9 connector port and introduce DB9 port in detail. Soldering DB9 Connectors Catalog I What is a DB9 connector? II Where are DB9 Connectors used? 2.1 Communication ports 2.2 Network port 2.3 Computer video output, game controller port III How to test the quality of the serial port cable? IV Is serial cable directly connected or crossed? FAQ I What is a DB9 connector? What is DB9 connector and what are the applications of DB9 female and male connectors? Many people do not understand what is DB9 connector. In fact, DB9 connector is a common electrical connector, is one of the common D-Sub type of connectors. DB9 is the smallest model of D-Subminiature connector, DB9 female connector has 9 pin holes, while DB9 male connector is 9 pins. In addition, DB9 connector is DE9 D-sub 9-pin connector, just incorrectly called "DB9" connector, where E is the size of the shell. For example, computer first used DB25 connector as its serial and parallel port when PC serial port started to use DE9 D-sub 9-pin connector. However, due to ignorance, it was usually labeled as DB9 instead of DE9 connector, incorrectly using B to indicate the fact of shell size. So now it is common to sell DE9 connectors as DB9 connectors, and DB9 means 9-pin connector with E size shell. II Where are DB9 Connectors used? 2.1 Communication ports The most widespread use of D-subs connectors is for RS-232 serial communications, although the standard does not mandate such connectors. RS-232 devices originally used DB25, but for many applications, the less common signals were omitted, allowing the use of DB9 female and male connectors. Many uninterruptible power supply units are equipped with DB9 connectors to send signals to a connected computer through the RS-232 interface. These typically do not send data serially to the computer, but instead use a handshake control line to indicate low battery, power failure, or other conditions. However, this use is not standardized between DB connector manufacturers and may require special cables. 2.2 Network port DE9 connectors are used for some token ring networks as well as other computer networks. DB9 connectors are usually used for CAN: DB9 female connectors are located on the bus, while DB9 male connectors are located on the device. 2.3 Computer video output, game controller port III How to test the quality of the serial port cable? 1. Use a multimeter to test whether the two ends are connected directly with a multimeter to determine whether the two ends are connected, just test 2/3/5 pins. To measure the female head, you need to put the multimeter into the pin air. Because the measuring end of the multimeter is relatively thick, it is necessary to weld two relatively thin metal pins or pins with resistance to the pins of the multimeter to facilitate the measurement of the female head. Use the multimeter to measure 2/3/5 of the serial cable. When measuring, use a straight connection, 2/3/5 corresponds to 2/3/5, and cross-wire 2 to 3, 3 to 2, 5 to 5 for measurement (that is, the 2 on one end of the cross serial port is measured at the other end of 3). 2. The situation of using the serial port assistant to send and receive is to connect RXD to TXD and TXD to RXD, use the serial port assistant to short-circuit the 2/3 pin of DB9, and use the serial port assistant to send data. If there is no problem with the serial port, self-transmit and self-receive can be realized. IV Is serial cable directly connected or crossed? 1. Serial port interface and connection method Male and female headers are divided into three types: male-to-female, male-to-male, and female-to-female. The above three types of connection lines have crossover lines and straight lines, so there are a total of 6 connection modes. 2. What is the direct connection and the crossover connection serial cable: 2 pairs 2, 3 pairs 3, 5 pairs 5. Crossover serial cable: 2 to 3, 3 to 2, 5 to 5. 3. Why are there crossover and direct serial lines? The standard DB9 definition is that pin 2 is RXD and pin 3 is TXD. When designing the circuit, some people connect pin 2 to TXD and pin 3 to RXD in order to use a direct connection. If you don’t reversely connect the transceiver and the standard pin definitions when designing the circuit, you have to use a crossover cable. Under normal circumstances: the two female ends are cross wires, and one male and one female are straight lines. Communication conditions: RXD is connected to TXD, TXD is connected to RXD, and the choice is crossover or direct connection according to the circuit design. Make a serial cable: when there is only a straight cable at hand, you can cut it off. Welding 2 to 3, 3 to 2, and 5 to 5 is a crossover cable. FAQ 1. Is DB9 and VGA the same? The VGA connector can use a classic DB9 connector or (more commonly today) a DB15 style connector. ... The VGA connector (15 pin) is still widely used and while it was originally used to carry a 640 x 480 pixel format it is used to carry a variety of geometries including HDTV formats. VGA is an analog standard. 2. What does DB in DB9 stand for? The DB moniker used on multiple Aston Martin models actually stands for David Brown, who purchased Aston Martin in 1947. 3.What is a D-sub connector used for? D-Sub ports are used for connecting external devices to a computer. They are an older method of connection, but some modern computers still contain them. These ports are gradually being replaced by more efficient connection technology, such as USB and Thunderbolt. 4. Is DB9 the same as RS232? RS-232 is a signalling standard, and DB9 is a connector standard. Most cables that are intended to carry RS-232 signals, have DB9 connectors -- but some RS-232 cables have different connectors, and some cables for other signals have DB9 connectors. 5. What devices use DB9? DB9 connectors were commonly used for serial peripheral devices like keyboards, mice, joysticks, etc. Also they are used on DB9 cable assemblies for data connectivity. Today, the DB9 has mostly been replaced by more modern interfaces such as USB, PS/2, Firewire, and others. 6. What is DB 9 connector used for? The DB9 connector is mainly used in serial ports, allowing asynchronous data transmission according to the RS-232 standard (RS-232C). Note that there are DB9-DB25 adapters that easily convert a DB9 socket to DB25 and vice versa. 7. Can you connect DB9 to VGA? Quickly and easily connect your hard-wired MultiSync® monitor from the VGA video card to a 9-pin cable input. Make the right connection! This adapter allows the MultiSync® DB9 style video output port on a desktop or laptop computer to connect to a VGA (HD15) style video input port on a monitor. 8. On what type of cable would you find a DB9 connector? Serial Cable. 6ft DB9 Female to 3.5mm Serial Cable. This is a generic serial cable for devices. It has a stereo 3.5 mm Jack to DB9-F serial port. You can use this cable when you want transfer serial data back and forth from small devices like mobile phones. 9. Which pins on the db9 connector are for communication? Serial communication devices make use of 9 or 25 pin D-type connectors for their cabled connections. They are commonly designated as DB-9 or DB-25 with the number used to differentiate between the pin counts. 10. What is the difference between DB25 and db9 serial ports?