The Kynix Blog - LED

Fujifilm Corporation and nano-electronics research institute imec have demonstrated full-color organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) by using their jointly-developed photoresist technology for organic semiconductors, a technology that enables submicron patterning. This breakthrough result paves the way to producing high-resolution and large organic Electroluminescent(EL) displays and establishing cost-competitive manufacturing methods.Organic EL displays are increasingly used for televisions, mobile devices including smartphones as well as wearable devices. Since they can be made thin and flexible, while also offering excellent response time and contrast ratio. It is said that today's products require organic EL displays of high pixel density, i.e. around 200ppi for 4K televisions, 500ppi for full HD mobile devices and even higher density for compact displays for wearable devices. There has been active R&D for organic semiconductors to develop a high-resolution patterning method for organic EL materials to be used in these products.In 2013, Fujifilm and imec jointly developed photoresist technology for organic semiconductors that enables submicron patterning without damaging the organic semiconductor materials, based on photolithography capable of high-resolution patterning on large substrates. There is no need for additional capital investment since an existing i-line exposure system can be used for the new technology. This is why the technology has attracted wide attention since the development announcement with anticipation of a cost-effective way of manufacturing high-resolution organic semiconductor devices.In the latest achievement, Fujifilm and imec produced full-color OLEDs with the photoresist technology for organic semiconductors and successfully verified their performance. Red, green and blue organic EL materials were patterned, each in the subpixel pitch of 20μm, to create full-color OLEDs. An OLED array of 40 x 40 dots at the resolution of 640ppi was realized and illuminated with UV rays to confirm that red, green and blue dots separately emitted light. The emission of red, green and blue lights was also confirmed in a test involving the application of voltage rather than illumination, confirming its correct performance.These results open new opportunities, such as using the novel photolithography in a multiple patterning process. An example would be creating an OLED array that adds a fourth color to red, green and blue, as well as developing previously-unseen devices such as a new sensors that integrate OLED with the organic photodetector.This research result is to be presented at the SID Display Week, one of the world's largest international exhibitions for information displays, held in San Jose, California from May 31 to June 5, 2015.Since the commencement of joint research in November 2012, Fujifilm and imec have broken through the boundary of conventional technology to contribute to the progress of technology associated with organic semiconductors, e.g., developing the photoresist technology for organic semiconductors that enables the realization of high-resolution submicron patterns. The two companies will continue to undertake cutting-edge R&D involving semiconductor materials, process technology and system integration, thereby contributing to resolving challenges faced by the organic electronics industry.

Jake Dyson, son of Dyson founder James, has staked out his corner in the engineering innovation world with a focus on LED solutions, the Jake Dyson Light. He has in turn been doing a rethink on the characteristics and function of a desk light. He proudly states his LED light solution goes past other designers who have tried to cool LEDs with "half-hearted" attempts. Jake said their lights were built to fail. Dyson and team have come up with a light that cools LEDs properly. Benefit to consumers? A light that lasts for 37 years. Conventional lights neglect to protect LEDs from heat, exposing them to temperatures of up to 130°C. This damages the LEDs' phosphorous coating and degrades brightness and color, said his site.His desk lamp solution: CSYS task lights -Operating at 55°C and making use of "heat pipe technology" the Dyson solution can direct heat away from the LEDs. They lose neither quality nor efficiency for 37 years.Eight LEDs provide 587lx of white light for 37 years. Each is in a conical reflector to eliminate glare.How does he know his product lasts for 37 years? The number was calculated based on IES TM-21-11, he said. The 37 years (or 160,000 hours) is based on 12 hours of continual use per day. (IES stands for Illuminating Engineering Society. TM-21-11 provides a method to determine when the useful lifetime of an LED is reached, a point when the light emitted from an LED depreciates to a level no longer considered adequate for a specific application.)What does he mean by heat pipe technology? "Heat is drawn away from the LEDs using technology typically found in satellites. It's dissipated through an aluminium heat sink, which forms the light's horizontal arm," according to the site.Looking back at how this was developed, he said the process involved looking at, analyzing, lighting. The key goal was not to design things that look good, he said, but to try to improve efficiency with engineering. He said he spent some months looking at problems with lighting, and the big problems that stood out were the lack of direction of light. The arm of the light was positioned by springs and pillars and those wear out over time, he said. So wherever you position your light, it would drop.Dyson initiated a mechanism —the light moves up and down and rotates and moves in and out. Where you position the mechanism for light is where it is. The LEDS were also repositioned for an even spread of light.His site said whereas "conventional lights rely on tension to stay in position, CSYS task lights use gravity." The arm moves vertically using a counterweight pulley system inspired by the construction crane. It extends 27.5 cm horizontally along anti-friction bearings. The zinc alloy base rotates through 360°, and is weighted to increase stability. One can position the light where required with the touch of a fingertip. It moves vertically, horizontally and rotationally through 360°. The LEDs use only a fifth of the energy of a conventional halogen bulb. The product prices are listed on the Dyson site.To cool LEDS is critical to the LED market, he said. Gizmag's Nick Lavars noted how "Efforts to keep LED bulbs cool has been a focus for manufacturers working to drag the technology into the mainstream. While LEDs won't get as hot as the incandescent cousins, they do still generate heat, which sees their brightness and color deteriorate over time."

The ongoing research in the field of microelectronics and semiconductor microchips is made by Dr. Yue Kuo, professor in the Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering at Texas A&M University, is continuing, which is evolving everyday technology such as cellphones, televisions, computers and more through the use of light emitting diodes (LED).Kuo's research group focuses on the development of semiconductors for micro and nano electronic uses. This has entailed working with technologies from television screens to devices like universal serial bus (USB) flash drives to make them faster, smaller and more power efficient.Kuo and his research group have developed a new type of LED known as a solid state incandescent light emitting device (SSI-LED). This device would emit light for an extended lifetime at a very low energy cost. Kuo currently has one of these LEDs his group has deployed that has been continuously emitting light for in excess of 18,000 hours. The development of these LED devices has progressed from the same kind of technology that powered the first incandescent light bulb developed by Thomas Edison."The chips used to make electronic devices work from the vacuum tube," Kuo said. "It was invented in 1907, and this tube was big. The first computer ever invented was made of thousands of these tubes. However, these vacuum tubes are not very reliable and the power consumption is very high and they burn out easily."Kuo explains that technology has leaped from the vacuum tube, to transistor, to the modern microchip, which enables scientists to fit billions and billions of transistors into a single chip. Beyond microchips are the semiconductors that Kuo primarily works with that form the essential computer hardware components of electronic circuits. While advanced, similar issues that plagued traditional vacuum tubes such as a short life span and energy inefficiency, still effect modern day semiconductors, according to Kuo."What I and my group have done is invented a new light bulb that is very similar in comparison to the leap from a vacuum tube to a computer chip," Kuo said. "We make a small chip with no vacuum that can emit light, but is so small, smaller than your fingernail, that it will not burn out after even 20,000 hours of use.For comparison, current larger incandescent light bulbs have a maximum lifespan of around 2,000 hours of use, meaning that Kuo's SSI-LED is both more energy efficiency and has greater device longevity than conventional technology in addition to being no bigger than a human fingernail. The SSI-LED that Kuo and his group have developed has many uses, one of which includes potentially using the light emitting technology to transfer electrical signals within computing devices. Kuo believes that a development of this magnitude would change the way everyday computer users are able to communicate with one another."The computer chips we have today are very fast, but as you know nothing satisfies us and no matter how fast we have, we want faster," Kuo said. "We've come, in terms of the modern design for computer chips, almost near the limit. The current speed is limited by how fast the signal is transmitted by metal. What we want to do is to transmit signals by light."The LED Kuo's group has invented is made out of silicon, giving it the potential to transmit signals in machines by light. This method would send signals tens of thousands of times faster than current transmission methods allow."SSI-lEDs are an extension of Edison's technology in a way," Kuo said. "Inside each are many, many small dots that emit light, each one is like Edison's lamp. The engineers in my group use chemical engineering training to make computer chips and transistors that we make into things like your LCD TV's that affect the lives of all people every day and that kind of potential is limitless." 

This article will introduce you some basic information of LEDs, you will learn what is LED, what are its characterics, how to and where to use it, how many kinds of LEDs are there, and so on. Catalog I. What is LED? 1.1 Brief Introduction 1.2 LED Structure 1.3 LED Limiting Parameters 1.4 LED Electrical Parameters 1.5  LED Optical Parameters II. LED Material III. LED Polarity IV. LED Characteristics V. LED Types VI. LED Trends VII. LED Application VIII. LED Light Decline Reasons IX. Complement: Blue LED FAQ I. What is LED? 1.1 Brief Introduction A tutorial on the basics of using LEDs (light emitting diodes). Polarity, forward voltage and current are discussed. A light-emitting diode (LED) is a kind of semiconductor electronic component that can convert electric energy into light energy. The electronic component appeared as early as 1962, emitting only low-light red light at an early stage, and later developed versions of other monochromatic lights, which now has light throughout visible light, infrared and ultraviolet light, and the luminosity has increased to a fairly high degree. With the development of technology, light-emitting diodes have been widely used in display, TV lighting decoration, and lighting sources. With the rapid progress of LED technology in the 1990s, its luminous efficiency exceeded the incandescent lamp, the intensity of light has reached the candlelight level, but also the color has covered the whole visible spectrum range from red to blue. This technological revolution from LED levels to beyond general-purpose light sources has led to new applications such as automotive signals, traffic lights, large outdoor panchromatic displays, and special lighting sources. The light-emitting diode is abbreviated as LED. It is made of a compound containing Ga, As, P, N, and so on. The making principle of LED is when the electrons and the holes are combined, the visible light can be radiated. It is one of the semiconductor diodes that can convert electrical energy into light energy. Compared with ordinary diodes, light-emitting diodes are composed of a PN junction and have unilateral conductivity. When a forward voltage is applied to the light-emitting diodes, the holes injected from the P region to the N region and the electrons injected from the N region to the P region are combined with the electrons and holes in the N region and the P region in the vicinity of the PN junction, respectively, to produce spontaneous emission fluorescence. The energy states of electrons and holes in different semiconductor materials are different. So when their electrons and holes are combined, the energy released is different, and the more energy is released, the shorter the wavelength of light.  Commonly used light-emitting diodes are red, green, or yellow. The reverse breakdown voltage of light-emitting diodes is greater than 5V. Its forward volt-ampere characteristic curve is steep, it must be used in a series current limiting resistor to control the current through the diode. The current limiting resistance R can be calculated using the following formula: R= (E－UF) / IF E is the power supply voltage, the UF is the forward voltage drop of the LED, and the IF is the normal operating current of the LED. The core portion of the light-emitting diode is a crystal sheet composed of a P-type semiconductor and an N-type semiconductor, and a transition layer is formed between the P-type semiconductor and the N-type semiconductor, referred to as a PN junction. In the PN junction of some semiconductor materials, if the injected minority carriers are combined with the majority carriers, the rest will be released in the form of light, that is, the electric energy is directly converted into light energy.  When the reverse voltage is applied to the PN junction, and the minority carriers are difficult to inject, so that no light is emitted. When the current flows from the LED anode to the cathode, the semiconductor crystal emits light from ultraviolet to infrared colors, and the intensity of the light depends on the current. 1.2 LED Structure In the following, a common LED white light as an example to illustrate the structure of the LED. As shown in Fig. 1 , the LED is mainly composed of the following parts: Fig. 1 LED structure Chip ( light emitting) Support: including substrate and heat dissipation base, pin, etc. (heat dissipation, conduction) Gold wire (conductive) Transparent resin (protecting grains, transmittance) 1.3 LED Limiting Parameters 1) Allowable power (PM): The positive DC voltage added to both ends of the LED and the maximum value of the current that flows through it. Beyond this value, the LED will be heated and damaged. 2) Maximum forward DC (IFM): Maximum positive DC current allowed to be added. Exceeding this value will damage the diode. 3) Maximum reverse voltage (VRM): Maximum reverse voltage allowed. If this value is exceeded, the LED may be corrupted. 4) Working temperature: Making a temperature range based on the requirement that LED works with. When exceeding this range, the LED will not work properly and will greatly reduce efficiency. 1.4 LED Electrical Parameters Fig. 2 wavelength of LED light 1) Spectral distribution and peak wavelength: Light generated by light-emitting diodes is not a single wavelength, and its wave growth body is shown in Fig. 2. It can be seen from the diagram that the intensity of λ =100 wavelengths is the largest, and the wavelength is the peak wavelength. 2) The luminous intensity of IV: Light-emitting diodes usually refers to the light intensity in the normal line direction (for cylindrical light-emitting diodes, the axis is its axis). Due to the luminescence intensity of normal LED is 2, the luminescence intensity is usually candela (MCD). 3) The spectral half-width (1/2): It indicates the spectral purity of the light-emitting tube. It refers to a difference between the two wavelengths corresponding to the peak intensity of the light in Fig. 3. Fig. 3 angular distribution of the luminous intensity of two different types of LED 4) The half-value angle θ1/2 and the angle of view: θ1/2 is the angle between the direction of light intensity value and the axial direction (normal direction) of the axial intensity value, and the half-value angle is twice the angle of view (or half-power angle). Fig. 2 shows the angular distribution of the luminous intensity of two different types of LED. The coordinate of the vertical (normal) AO is the relative luminous intensity, that is, the ratio of the luminous intensity to the maximum luminous intensity. Obviously, the relative luminous intensity of the normal direction is 1, and the larger the angle of the normal direction, the smaller the relative luminous intensity.  And this graph can get a half-value angle or an angle of view. 5) The forward working current (IF): It is the positive value of LED when it is normal. In practice,  you should select an IFM below 0. 6. 6) The forward operating voltage VF: Obtain the working voltage in the parameter table at a given forward current. In general, it is measured under IF=20mA. In VF, the forward voltage of the LED is 1.4 ~3V. And when the external temperature rises, the VF drops. 7) V-I characteristics: The relation between the voltage and current of the LED is shown in Fig. 4. When the forward voltage is less than a certain value (called threshold), the current is very small and does not emit light. When the voltage exceeds a certain value, the forward current increases rapidly with the increase of the voltage and is illuminated. The forward voltage, reverse current and reverse voltage of the LED can be obtained from the V-I curve. The reverse leakage current of the forward light emitting tube is lower than 10μA. Fig. 4 relation between voltage and current of LED Light-emitting diodes can be divided into four types: transparent, colored, and colorless. In addition, scattered light-emitting diodes are used to guide lights. (8) Main wavelength λD(nm): LED usually uses wavelength to represent color. The main wavelength is equivalent to the corresponding wavelength of the color seen by the human and is different from the peak wavelength of the luminous wavelength. The unit is nm (nanometer). The following are the wavelength parameters for the various luminous colors LED: Purple: 400～435nm Yellow-green: 560～580nm Blue: 435～480nm Yellow: 580～595nm Blue-green: 480～500nm Green: 595～610nm Green: 500～560nm Red: 610～760nm White: It is usually represented by the color coordinates below, or simply showed with warm white, right white, cold white. (9) Chromaticity diagram x and y It refers to the actual value of the LED glow color in the 2D orthogonal coordinate systems x and y, as shown in the following illustration: Fig. 5 chromaticity coordinate diagram 1.5 LED Optical Parameters Several important aspects of optical parameters of LED are: luminous flux, luminous efficiency, luminous intensity, light intensity distribution, wavelength. Luminous efficiency and luminous flux The luminous efficiency is the ratio of the luminous flux to the electric power, and the unit is generally lm/ W. The luminous efficiency represents the energy-saving characteristic of the light source, which is an important index to measure the performance of the modern light source. Luminous intensity and distribution The intensity of LED luminescence is a characterization of its intensity in a certain direction. Since the intensity of LED varies greatly in different spatial angles, we have studied the intensity distribution of LED. This parameter is of great practical significance and directly affects the minimum viewing angle of the LED display device. For example, the large-scale LED color display in gymnasiums and stadiums, if the distribution range of LED single tube is very narrow, then the audience facing the larger angle of the display screen will see the distorted image. And traffic signs also require a wider range of people to identify. Wavelength For the spectral properties of LED, we mainly look at whether its monochromatic property is good, and we should note that the main colors such as red, yellow, blue, green, white LED are pure or not. Because in many cases, such as traffic lights, the color requirements are relatively strict, but it is observed that in some LED lights, in reality, green looks blue and red is dark red. From this point of view, it is necessary and meaningful to study the spectral properties of LED. II. LED Material Generally, the five main raw materials of LED are wafer, bracket, silver glue, gold wire, epoxy resin. In 1993, at that time, Shuji Naka mura, who worked at Nichia Corporation in Japan, invented a blue light LED with commercial application value based on wide-gap semiconductor material nitride (GaN) and silicon nitride (InGaN), which was widely used in the late 1990s. In theory, the blue LED combined with the original red LED and the green LED can produce white light LED, but the white light LED is rarely made in that way. Most of the current white-light LED is made by covering the blue LED (near-UV, wavelength 450nm~470nm) with a yellowish phosphor coating, this yellowish phosphor is usually made by grinding the cerium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Ce3: YAG) crystal into powder and mixing it in a dense adhesive. When a LED chip emits blue light, some of the blue light is efficiently converted by this crystal into a mostly yellow light with a wider spectrum (the spectral center is about 580nm). Since the yellow light can stimulate the red and green light receptors in the naked eye, with the blue light, so that it looks like white light when these colors mixed, and its color is often referred to as moonlight. The method of making a white light LED was developed by Nichola Corporation and used in the production of white light LED from 1996. To adjust the color of the light yellowish light, it is possible to replace the Ce doped with the Ce3 +: YAG with other rare-earth elements, or even in a manner that replaces part or all of the aluminum in the YAG. Based on the characteristics of its spectrum, red light and green light are not as obvious as the broad-spectrum light source illuminated. In addition, due to the variation of the production conditions, the color temperature of the finished product of the LED is not uniform, therefore, the characteristics of the finished product should be distinguished during the production process. Another method of making a white LED is like a fluorescent lamp. An LED that emits near-ultraviolet light is coated with a mixture of two phosphors, one is europium which emits red light and blue light, and the other is copper and aluminum-doped with ZnS which emits green light. However, the epoxy resin in the adhesive will be cracked and deteriorated caused by the ultraviolet rays, the production difficulty is high, and the service life is also shorter. In contrast to that first method, it is less efficient (producing more heat) but its spectrum is better and the light looks better.  III. LED Polarity One of the longers of the two leads of the light-emitting diode is the positive pole, which should be connected to the positive pole of the power supply. Some LED leads are the same length, but there is a convex tongue on the shell, the lead near the small tongue is positive. LED Unidirectional Conductivity The LED can only be turned on in one direction, called forward bias, when the current flows, electrons, and holes recombine to emit monochromatic light, which is an electroluminescent effect, and the wavelength of the light and the color is related to the type of semiconductor material used and the element impurities to be incorporated. It has the advantages of high efficiency, long service life, difficult breakage, high switching speed, high reliability, and so on. The light-emitting efficiency of the white LED has been obviously improved in recent years. IV. LED Characteristics Compared with the incandescent bulb and the neon lamp, the light-emitting diode is characterized in that the working voltage is very low, and the working current is small, the impact resistance and the anti-seismic performance are good, the reliability is high, and the service life is long. The intensity of the light-emitting can be conveniently modulated by the intensity of the current passing through the modulation. Due to these features, the light-emitting diode is used as a light source in some photoelectric control devices and is used as a signal display in many electronic devices. Voltage LED uses a low-voltage power supply, the supply voltage is between 3~24V DC, depending on the product requirement, there are a few DC 36V or DC 40V, so it is a safer power supply than the use of high-voltage power supply, especially suitable for public places. Energy consumption The energy consumption is 80% less than the incandescent lamp with the same light efficiency and 40% less than the energy-saving lamp. Applicability Because of its small size, each unit of LED is a square of 3~5mm, so it can be fabricated into devices of various shapes and is suitable for the variable environments. Stability 100,000 hours, light attenuation is 50% of the initial. Response time The response time of the incandescent lamp is milliseconds and the response time of the LED lamp is nanosecond. Pollution No harmful metal mercury, etc. Color The red, yellow, green, and blue-orange multicolor luminescence can be realized by adjusting the energy band structure and the bandgap of the material conveniently through chemical modification. The operation voltage of the red light tube is small, and the operation voltage of red, orange, yellow, green, and blue light-emitting diodes is increased in turn. V. LED Types 1. Depending on the different packaging of the LED, the luminous surface and characteristics of the LED can be roughly divided into the following types: 1) Plug-in LED Plug-in LED, in addition to the common two-terminal monochrome LED, also includes three-terminal dual-color LED and four-terminal RGB full-color LED. 2) Surface-mount LED A surface-mount LED is usually available in 0402, 0603, 0805, 1206, and so on, in monochrome, two-colour, and RGB full-color type. 3) High power LED This type of LED is usually used for lighting source, and most of it is white-emitting LED. 4) LED digital tube By making more than one LED into each field and forming a characteristic letter or combination, you can display the 0/9 or English letters) or the bar-type to indicate progress or scale. 5) LED matrix screen The matrix form of LED can display Chinese and English letters. For example, the manufacturer's LED display screen is composed of these dot matrix screen modules. According to color, it can be monochrome, double color or RGB full-color type. 6) Smart LED This type of LED includes not only a LED core, but also a control circuit, IC, for specific functions, such as blinking flash. Or bus addressing controls the color of each point, and so on. 7) Special LED This kind of LED emits lights that are invisible to human eyes, such as infrared, ultraviolet, and so on. In daily life, we use the remote control as this kind of LED lamp. 2. Light-emitting diodes can also be divided into ordinary monochromatic light-emitting diodes, high brightness light-emitting diodes, ultra-high brightness light-emitting diodes, chronotropic light-emitting diodes, scintillation light-emitting diodes, voltage-controlled light-emitting diodes, infrared light-emitting diodes, and negative resistance light-emitting diodes, etc. There are two control modes of LED: constant current and constant voltage, and there are many dimming modes, such as analog dimming and PWM dimming. Most of the LEDs are controlled by constant current, so that the current of LED can be kept stable, and it is not easy to be affected to extend the service life of LEDs. Ordinary monochromatic light-emitting diode Ordinary monochromatic light-emitting diodes have the advantages of small volume, low operating voltage, small working current, uniform and stable luminescence, fast response speed, and long service life, and can be driven by various DC, AC, and pulse power sources. It belongs to the current-controlled semiconductor device, it needs to be connected to an appropriate current limiting resistor. The light-emitting color of ordinary monochromatic light-emitting diodes is related to the wavelength of light-emitting, and the wavelength of light-emitting depends on the semiconductor materials used in the manufacturing process. The wavelengths of red light-emitting diodes, amber light-emitting diodes, orange light-emitting diodes, and yellow light-emitting diodes are generally 650~700nm, 630~650nm, and 610~630nm respectively, and yellow light-emitting diodes are usually 585nm, green light-emitting diodes typically have a wavelength of 555~570nm. High brightness monochromatic light-emitting diode The semiconductor materials used in high brightness monochromatic light-emitting diodes and ultra-high brightness monochromatic light-emitting diodes are different from those of ordinary monochromatic light-emitting diodes, so the intensity of light-emitting is also different. Typically, high brightness monochromatic light-emitting diodes use materials such as gallium arsenide (GaAlAs) and ultra-high brightness monochromatic light-emitting diodes use phosphonium gallium arsenide (GaAsInP), etc. Common monochromatic light-emitting diodes use gallium phosphide (GaP) or phosphogallium arsenide (GaAsP). Variable color light-emitting diode The variable color light-emitting diode is a light-emitting diode capable of converting light-emitting colors. The color type of the variable color light-emitting diode can be divided into two-color light-emitting diodes, three-color light-emitting diodes, and multi-color (red, blue, green, and white) light-emitting diodes. According to the number of pins, the variable color light-emitting diode can be divided into two-terminal variable color light-emitting diode, three-terminal variable color light-emitting diode, four-terminal variable color light-emitting diode, and a six-terminal variable color light-emitting diode. Flashing light-emitting diode The flashing light-emitting diode is a special light-emitting device consisting of a CMOS integrated circuit and a light-emitting diode, which can be used for alarm indication and under-voltage and overvoltage indication. When using, the flashing light-emitting diode does not need to be externally connected with other components, so long as the appropriate direct-current working voltage is added at the two-end of the pins to flash and emit light. Voltage-controlled light-emitting diode Ordinary light-emitting diodes belong to current-controlled devices, and the current-limiting resistors with appropriate resistance values should be connected to each other when used. Voltage-controlled light-emitting diode integrates light-emitting diode and a current limiting resistor, which can be connected directly to both ends of the power supply when it is used. Infrared emitting diode  Infrared light-emitting diodes, also known as infrared emitting diodes, are light-emitting devices that can directly convert electrical energy into infrared light (invisible light) and can radiate it out. It is mainly used in various optical control and remote control emission circuits. The structure and principle of infrared light-emitting diodes are similar to those of ordinary light-emitting diodes, but the semiconductor materials used are different. Infrared light-emitting diodes are typically made of gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium arsenide (GaAlAs), in a fully transparent or light blue, black resin package. VI. LED Trends With the development of the industry, technological breakthroughs, and the application of vigorously promote, LED lighting efficiency is also increasing and the price is constantly lower. The emergence of new combined tube sets also increases the power of a single LED. Through the continuous research and development of the same industry, the breakthrough of new optical design, the development of new lamps, the single product situation is also expected to be further improved. The improvement of control software also makes the use of LED lighting more convenient. LED, known as the fourth generation light source, has the characteristics of energy-saving, environmental protection, safety, long-life, low power-consumption, low heat, high brightness, waterproof, micro, shock proof, easy dimming, beam concentration, easy maintenance, and so on. It can be widely used in all kinds of the pilot light, display, decoration, backlight, general lighting, and other fields. Advantages of LED: high electro-optic conversion efficiency (close to 60%, environmental protection, long life (up to 100000 hours), low working voltage (about 3V), lossless life of repeated switches, small volume, less heat, high brightness, rugged and durable, easy dimming. The color is varied, the beam is concentrated and stable, and the start-up has no delay. Disadvantages of LED: high starting cost, poor color rendering, low efficiency of high power LED, constant current drive (special drive circuit required). In contrast, there are certain defects in traditional lighting. Incandescent lamp: low electro-optic conversion efficiency (about 10%), short life (about 1000 hours), high heating temperature, single-color, and low color temperature. Fluorescent lamps: low electro-optic conversion efficiency (about 30%), harmful to the environment (including mercury and other harmful elements, about 3.5-5mg/pic), non-adjustable brightness (low voltage can not start to glow), ultraviolet radiation, flicker phenomenon, large size, slow start, The increase in the price of the raw materials (the ratio of phosphors to costs increased from 10% to 60%~70%), the repeated switching affects the life. High-voltage gas discharge lamp: large power consumption, unsafe use, short life, heat dissipation problems, mostly used for outdoor lighting. VII. LED Application 1) LED display screen Since the mid-1980s, monochrome and multicolor displays have been introduced, most are text screens or animation screens at first. In the early 1990s, with the development of computer technology and integrated circuit technology, the video technology of LED display screen was realized. TV images can display directly on the screen, especially in the mid-1990s, the blue and green ultra-high brightness LED was successfully developed and put into production rapidly, which greatly expanded the application of outdoor screens with areas ranging from 100m to 300m. At present, LED display screen has been widely used in stadiums, squares, avenues, and even streets and shopping malls. 2) Traffic light Navigation lights have been using LED as a light source for many years, and the present work is to improve and perfect. Road traffic lights have made great progress in recent years, the technology is developing rapidly, and the application is developing rapidly. Its advantages are long life, power-saving and maintenance-free effect are obvious. At present, the peak wavelength of red LED is  630nm, yellow is 590nm and green is 505nm. It should be noted that the driving current should not be too large, otherwise the high temperature in the summer will affect the life of LED. 3) Automobile light Ultra-bright LED can be used as brake lamp, tail lamp, and direction lamp of the automobile, and can also be used in instrument lighting and in-car lighting. It has obvious advantages over an incandescent lamp in vibration resistance, power-saving, and service life. In addition, when it used as a brake light, the response time is 60ns, much shorter than the incandescent (140ms), which increases a safe distance of 4m to 6m on a typical highway. 4) LCD backlight As the backlight of liquid crystal display, LED can not only be used as green, red, blue, white, but also as a color-changing backlight. And many products have entered the production and application stage. 5) Decorative lighting Due to the increase in brightness of light-emitting diodes and the decline in price, coupled with the long life, power saving, easy drive and control than neon lights, and it can not only flash, but also change color during lighting, so it is made of various ultra-high brightness LEDs to decorate the tall buildings, bridges, streets and squares and other landscape in the cities, presenting a colorful, starlight and streamer scene. 6) Lighting source LED lamp has the advantages of anti-vibration, suitable for battery power supply, solid structure, and portability. It will have a great development in special lighting source. As lawn lights, buried lights, microscope field lighting, flashlights, medical lighting, museum or painting exhibition lighting, and reading table lamps. Application of monochromatic LEDs At first, LED was used as the indicator light source of the instrument. Later, various kinds of light-colored LEDs were widely used in traffic signal lights and large-area display screens, resulting in good economic and social benefits.  Automobile signal lamp is also an important field of the LED light source application. Due to the fast response speed (nanosecond level) of the LED, the driver of the trailing vehicle can be informed of the driving condition as soon as possible, thus reducing the occurrence of car rear-end collision accidents. In addition, LED lights in outdoor red, green, blue full-color display, key button miniature flashlight, and other fields have been used. VIII. LED Light Decline Reasons A. Quality issues of LED products 1) LED chip used in the physical condition is not good, and the brightness decay is faster. 2) There are defects in the production process. The heat dissipation of the LED chip can not be well derived from the pins, which leads to the increase of the attenuation of the chip because of the high temperature of the LED chip. B. Applying Problem 1) The LED is a constant current drive, and some of the LEDs are driven by the voltage to cause the LED to decay too fast. 2) The driving current is greater than the rated driving value. Advantages Small size: LED is basically a very small chip encapsulated in epoxy resin because it is very small and light. Low voltage: The power consumption of the LED is quite low, and generally speaking, the operating voltage of the LED is 2~3.6V, that is, only a very weak current is required to light normally. Long service life: The service life of the LED can be up to 100,000 hours under the proper current and voltage. High brightness, low heat: The LED uses cold light-emitting technology, which produces much lower heat than ordinary lighting lamps and lanterns of the same power. Eco-environment: LED is made of non-toxic materials, unlike fluorescent lamps containing mercury will cause pollution, and LED can also be recycled. IX. Complement: Blue LED Blue LED is a blue-emitting LED. In 2014, Yuji Nakamura and Hiro Amano won the Nobel Prize in physics for "inventing high-brightness blue light-emitting diodes, bringing energy-saving and white light sources." The invention of blue LED enables humans to gather together a three-primary colors LED, that emits trichromatic light so that it can produce enough bright white light with LED. The invention of the white LED lamp greatly improves the lighting efficiency of human beings. Principle Two breakthroughs in the late 1980s laid the foundation for the invention of blue LED: one was the development of epitaxial technology of gallium nitride and the another was the doping of P-type semiconductors. Blu LED contains several different (GaN) layers of gallium nitride. The lighting efficiency, adding indium (In) and aluminum (Al) in LED, is greatly improved. Meaning and controversy The invention of the blue LED enabled humans to use LED to produce white light that was bright enough, and the efficiency of the white LED is much higher than that of the incandescent lamp. White LED promotes the invention of all kinds of the LED display screen and also promotes the improvement of lighting efficiency. In particular, the latter makes it possible for humans to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change. There are also concerns that blue light emitted by blue LEDs could do harm to the human eye because blue light can cause macular degeneration. Related Info: Triacs are at the heart of dimming controls for LED lighting. Triacs used in dimmers have normally been characterised and specified for incandescent lamp loads, which have high current ratings for both steady-state conditions and initial high in-rush currents, as well as very high end-of-life surge current when a filament ruptures. LEDs have much lower steady-state current than incandescents, and their initial turn-on current can be much higher for a few microseconds of each half-cycle of AC line voltage. Therefore, a spike of current can be seen at the beginning of each AC half-cycle. Typically, the current spike for an AC replacement lamp is 6 to 8A peak; the steady-state follow current is less than 100mA. An LED flood lamp for a recessed ceiling fixture designed to replace a typical filament unit that produces 750 lumens consumes only 13W in contrast with the old filament unit, which normally draws 65W. Designing an AC circuit for controlling LED light output is very simple when using the newest triac designs, such as the Littelfuse Q6008LH1LED or Q6012LH1LED Series, because the only components required are a firing/triggering capacitor, a potentiometer, and a voltage breakover triggering device. Two inverse parallel sensitive gate silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs), such as the Littelfuse S4X8ES1, can be used as the voltage breakover triggering device, allowing the controlling circuit to produce a wide range of light level outputs. Also, using these components as the triggering device allows achieving a low hysteresis control because two SCRs form a full breakback trigger.  If the application doesn’t demand a wide control range and low hysteresis, a simple variable light control may be designed using quadrac devices, such as the Littelfuse Q6008LTH1LED or Q6012LTH1LED Series (Figure 1). (A quadrac device is a special type of thyristor that combines a diac and a triac in a single package.) The circuit shown in Figure 2 minimises the component count by combining the diac triggering device and an alternistor triac in a single TO- 220 isolated mounting tab package. This control circuit allows a little lower full turn-on voltage due to higher VBO switching of the diac trigger device but offers a light dimming function that operates from 175° to <90° of each AC half-cycle. FAQ 1. What led means? light emitting diode. LED stands for light emitting diode. LED lighting products produce light up to 90% more efficiently than incandescent light bulbs. 2. What is LED used for? Made popular by their efficiency, range of color, and long lifespan, LED lights are ideal for numerous applications including night lighting, art lighting, and outdoor lighting. These lights are also commonly used in electronics and automotive industries, and for signage, along with many other uses. 3. How do LED lights work? An LED bulb produces light by passing the electric current through a semiconducting material—the diode—which then emits photons (light) through the principle of electroluminescence. Don't let that big word scare you! ... In contrast, an incandescent light bulb works by passing electricity through a small wire, or filament. 4. Why is it better to use LED lights? LED is highly energy efficient – Less heat, more light, lower cost. Use less electricity for the same light output - 85% less electricity when compared to conventional lighting and around 18% less electricity compared to CFL. ... LED can make a big impact on your energy use. 5. Why do LEDs fail? Temperatures are too high (or too low).When heat can't dissipate from the heat sink, it can cause lamps to fail prematurely. Also keep the surrounding environment in mind. ... Because LEDs emit light that decreases exponentially as a function of time and temperature. 6. What do LED light colors mean? The lower the color temperature, the warmer the light will appear, or the redder it will appear. The higher the temperature, the cooler the light will appear, or the bluer it will look. 7. What should be the biasing of LED? The LED works when the p-n junction is forward biased i.e., the p- side is connected to the positive terminal and n-side to the negative terminal. 8. Why are LED lights used mainly for lighting nowadays? Additionally, unlike Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFLs), LED lights do not contain mercury that can spill if dropped, making them a safer choice for household use. LEDs, which stand for Light Emitting Diodes, burn light 90 percent more efficiently than incandescent bulbs. 9. What are the disadvantages of LEDs? High up-front costs. Transformer compatibility. Potential color shift over lamp life. Performance standardization has not yet been streamlined. Overheating can cause reduced lamp life. 10. Why do my LED lights burn out so fast? The most common reasons for LED blowing out are high voltage, bad contacts, use of incompatible dimmer switch, or recessed lighting. Other causes include overheating due to not using the right fixtures, or simply a bad batch of lightbulbs! You May Also Like: Design LED strips on My House Walls Product Recommendation: LTL-4251NHBP LM3080N VC1510145UY3