The Kynix Components

BC557 is a popular PNP bipolar junction transistor that comes in a small TO-92 package. It is a general-purpose PNP transistor that can be used in electronic circuits as a switch or amplifier. In today's blog, we'll gonna show u all about BC557 PNP transistor, its pinout, parameter, how does it work, where to use it and so on, hope this blog helps!TOP3 Electronic Project Using BC557CatalogBC557 DescriptionBC557 PinoutBC557 FeaturesBC557 ParameterBC557 EquivalentBC557 Working PrincipleWhere & How to use BC557How to safely long run BC557 in a circuitBC557 Typical ApplicationBC557 PackageBC557 ApplicationBC557 ManufacturerComponent DatasheetFAQBC557 DescriptionBC557 is a popular PNP bipolar junction transistor that comes in a small TO-92 package. It is a general-purpose PNP transistor that can be used in electronic circuits as a switch or amplifier. Its HFE ratings range from 125 to 800, making it an ideal transistor for use as a small signal amplifier in electronic circuits such as audio signal amplification. The HFE ratings of BC557 can be determined by the last letter after its number, for example, BC557A HFE ratings range from 110-220, BC557B HFE ratings range from 200-450, and BC557C HFE ratings range from 420-800. The maximum collector dissipation is 500 milliwatt, which is another advantage for using it in amplification stages. Furthermore, it will perform well when used as a switch for loads less than 100mA. The transistor also has a good collector to emitter (VCE) value of -45V, so it can be used in circuits requiring 40 to 45 volts DC.BC557 PinoutBC557 transistorBC557 transistor pinout Pin NumberPin NameDescription1CollectorCurrent flows in through collector2BaseControls the biasing of transistor3EmitterCurrent Drains out through emitterBC557 FeaturesBi-Polar PNP TransistorDC Current Gain (hFE) is 300 maximumContinuous Collector current (IC) is 100mAEmitter Base Voltage (VBE) is 6VBase Current(IB) is 5mA maximumAvailable in To-92 Package BC557 ParameterPackage / Case:TO-226-3 TO-92-3 (TO-226AA)Base Product Number:BC557Supplier Device Package:TO-92-3Transistor Type:PNPVce Saturation (Max) @ Ib Ic:650mV @ 5mA 100mACurrent - Collector Cutoff (Max):15nA (ICBO)DC Current Gain (hFE) (Min) @ Ic Vce:110 @ 2mA 5VCurrent - Collector (Ic) (Max):100mAVoltage - Collector Emitter Breakdown (Max):45VBC557 EquivalentBC557 PNP equivalent transistor: BC157, BC558, 2N3906, 2SA1943, BD140, S8550, TIP127, TIP42NPN Complementary: NPN Complementary of BC557 is BC547The output pins of some equivalents are different please see pinout details of the equivalent transistor before replacing in the circuit.BC557 Working PrincipleIn PNP transistors, holes are the majority carriers, whereas in NPN transistors, electrons are the majority carriers. Although holes are the majority carriers, the base terminal is still important in the overall operation of the transistor. In the NPN case, holes are emitted from the emitter instead of electrons, and they are collectors via the collector terminal.BC557 StructureBC557 is known as a current controlled device because the small current present at the base side is used to control the large current present at the remaining terminals. Remember that when the transistor is turned off, there is a current at the base terminal, whereas when the transistor is turned on, there is no current at the base terminal.Where & How to use BC557Because the BC557 is a general purpose transistor, it can be used in a wide range of general purpose applications, such as audio amplifiers in small radios, electronic buzzers, electronic bells, and other sound circuits that require low amplification. This transistor can also be used in audio preamplifier stages due to its high gain. Aside from these applications, this transistor can also be used as a switch in electronic applications for a 100mA load, switching any part of an electronic circuit, other high-power transistors, LEDs, relays, and so on.How to safely long run BC557 in a circuitTo safely run this transistor for good performance for a long time in your electronic circuit, do not operate it at -45V DC, always use a suitable base resistor, do not provide this transistor with more than -100mA load, the operating and storage temperature around the transistor should be between -65 and +150 degrees Celsius, and always check the transistor's pinout before placing it in the circuit.BC557 Typical Application1. BC557 Transistor as switch When a transistor is used as a switch, it operates in the Saturation and Cut-Off Regions, as previously explained. As previously stated, a transistor will act as an open switch during forward bias and as a closed switch during reverse bias; this biasing can be accomplished by supplying the necessary amount of current to the base pin. As mentioned, the biasing current should be limited to a maximum of 5mA. Anything more than 5mA will destroy the transistor, so a resistor is always connected in series with the base pin. The resistor (RB) value can be calculated using the formula below: RB  = VBE / IB Where, the value of VBE should be 5V for BC557 and the Base current (IB depends on the Collector current (IC). The value of IB should not exceed mA. 2. BC557 Transistor as Amplifier When in the active region, a transistor acts as an amplifier. It has the ability to amplify power, voltage, and current in a variety of configurations. Some of the configurations used in amplifier circuits are: Common emitter amplifierCommon collector amplifierCommon base amplifier The most common and widely used configuration among the aforementioned emitter types is the common emitter type. The DC current gain of a transistor when used as an amplifier can be calculated using the following formula: DC Current Gain = Collector Current (IC) / Base Current (IB)BC557 PackageBC557 ApplicationPreamplifierSmall signal audio amplifierDriving Loads under 0.1mA or 100mAAny general purpose application that comes under its ratings.BC557 ManufacturerON Semiconductor (Nasdaq: ON) is driving energy efficient innovations, empowering customers to reduce global energy use. The company offers a comprehensive portfolio of energy efficient power and signal management, logic, discrete and custom solutions to help design engineers solve their unique design challenges in automotive, communications, computing, consumer, industrial, LED lighting, medical, military/aerospace and power supply applications. ON Semiconductor operates a responsive, reliable, world-class supply chain and quality program, and a network of manufacturing facilities, sales offices and design centers in key markets throughout North America, Europe, and the Asia Pacific regions.Component DatasheetBC557 Transistor DatasheetFAQWhat is BC557 transistor?BC557 is a widely used PNP bipolar junction transistor manufactured in small TO-92 package. It is a general purpose PNP transistor that can be used as a switch or amplifier in electronic circuits. ... The max collector dissipation is 500 milliwatt which is also an another good point to use it in amplification stages.Can I use BC557 instead of BC547?The BC547-9 series and BC557-9 series are functionally identical to the common BC107-9 series. All have a maximum power dissipation of 500mW. They have essentially similar specifications and can generally be substituted for one another (within the PNP and NPN groups of three each)What does a transistor do?A transistor, also known as a BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor), is a current driven semiconductor device which can be used to control the flow of electric current in which a small amount of current in the Base lead controls a larger current between the Collector and Emitter. 

BT136 is a type of electronic components, which is a triac.The thyristor is also the abbreviation of the thyristor rectifier element. It is a high-power semiconductor device with a four-layer structure with three PN junctions, which is generally formed by reversely connecting two thyristors. Its function is not only to rectify, but also to be used as a non-contact switch to quickly turn on or off the circuit, realize the inversion of the direct current into the alternating current, the alternating current of one frequency into the alternating current of another frequency, and so on.The thyristor, like other semiconductor devices, has the advantages of small size, high efficiency, good stability, and reliable operation. With its emergence, semiconductor technology has moved from the weak current field to the strong current field, and has become a component used in industries, agriculture, transportation, military scientific research, as well as commercial and civilian electrical appliances.Name: BT136Features: High breakdown voltage, large output currentDescription: Plastic single-ended package; heatsink mounted; 1 mounting hole; 3-lead TO-220ABPackage: TO-220CatalogBT136 PinoutBT136 FeaturesPT136 ApplicationsBT136 AdvantageTRIAC Application TipsBT136 EquivalentsHow to use BT136BT136 PackageComponent DatasheetFAQBT136 PinoutPin NumberSymbolDescription1T1Main Terminal  1: Connected to Phase or neutral of AC mains2T2Main Terminal 2:Connected to Phase or neutral of AC mains3GGate :Used to trigger the SCR.BT136 FeaturesDirect triggering from low power drivers and logic ICs• High blocking voltage capability• Low holding current for low current loads and lowest EMI at commutation• Planar passivated for voltage ruggedness and reliability• Sensitive gate• Triggering in all four quadrantsPT136 Applications• General purpose motor control• General purpose switchingBT136 AdvantageBT136 TRIAC ICThe BT136 is TRIAC with 4A maximum terminal current. The gate threshold voltage of the BT136 is also very less so can be driven by digital circuits.Since TRIACs are bi-directional switching devices they are commonly used for switching AC applications. So if you looking to switch of control (dim, speed control) an AC load which consumes less than 6A with a digital device like microcontroller or microprocessor then BT136 might be the right for you.Planar passivated sensitive gate four quadrant triac in a SOT78 plastic package intended for use in general purpose bidirectional switching and phase control applications. This sensitive gate "series E" triac is intended to be interfaced directly to microcontrollers, logic integrated circuits and other low power gate trigger circuits.TRIAC Application TipsSince TRIACS deal with AC voltages, the circuit involving them has to be designed properly to aboid problem some tips are shared belowAll TRIAC circuits suffer from an effect called Rate Effect. This occurs when the TRIAC is switching frequently and a sudden high voltage occurs at either main terminal of the TRIAC and damages the TRIAC itself. It can be avoided by using a snubber circuit.Similarly there is another effect called backlash effect. This occurs due to the capacitance that gets accumulated between the two terminals of the MT1 and MT2 of the TRIAC. Due to this the TRIAC will not turn on even if the gate voltage is applied. This problem can be solved by providing a resistance in series for the capacitance to discharge.When controlling the output AC voltage for dimmer or speed control applications a Zero crossing method is always recommended to be used.In switching circuits the TRIAC is easily subjected to harmonics and EMI interference hence should be isolated from other digital electronics.There is chance of backward current when the TRIAC is switching inductive loads, so an alternate discharge path has to be provided for the load to drain the inrush current.BT136 EquivalentsBTA08-600BHow to use BT136There are many different ways to use a TRIAC, since the device is bi-directional the TRIAC gate can be trigger with either positive voltage or negative voltage. So this allows the TIRAC to be operated in four different modes. You can read this article if you want to know more about the switching modes. A simple TRIAC switching circuit is shown below.In this circuit the TRIAC can be turned using the switch, when the switch is pressed the TRIAC closes the connection for the AC bulb though the AC mains. For this to happen, the gate pin of the TRIAC should receive a voltage greater than the threshold gate voltage and should also get a current that is greater than gate trigger current. This will make the TRIAC turn on.Since the TRIAC and SCR share most of the same characteristics, just like SCR the TRIAC will also not turn off when the gate voltage is removed. We need special type of circuit called commutation circuit to turn of the SCR again. This commutation is normally done by reducing the load current (forced commutation) less than the holding current. To put it simple the TRIAC will remain turned on only till the load current is greater than the holding current of the TRIAC.Note: Commutation is not required in AC switching circuits because the TRIAC will not latch in on state since the AC voltage reaches zero for every half cycle.Other than controlling through switch the BT136 can also be controlled through a microcontroller or a microprocessor. To do this we need an Opto-isolator like MOC3021 to isolate the AC circuit form Digital electronics. This way the Load can not only be switched but also the output coltage can be controlled by using PWM signals for fast switching.BT136 PackagePackage Name: TO-220ABPackage Description: plastic single-ended package; heatsink mounted; 1 mounting hole; 3-lead TO-220ABPackage Version: SOT78Package Outline:Component DatasheetBT136-600E DatasheetFAQWhat is BT136?The BT136 is TRIAC with 4A maximum terminal current. The gate threshold voltage of the BT136 is also very less so can be driven by digital circuits. Since TRIACs are bi-directional switching devices they are commonly used for switching AC applications.What does a triac do?Triacs are electronic components that are widely used in AC power control applications. They are able to switch high voltages and high levels of current, and over both parts of an AC waveform. This makes triac circuits ideal for use in a variety of applications where power switching is needed. 

Power supply is inseparable from electronic products.The main function of the power supply is to obtain the voltage required by each device through the low-voltage direct current supplied by the outside through the power management device, and meet the requirements of current, ripple, and startup sequence.Depending on the specific requirements of the device, multiple DC-DC circuits may be required in different ways.There are two main ways of voltage stabilization:Linear regulatorSwitching regulatorIn the following paragraphs, we will introduce you to these two voltage regulation methods, as well as 5 classic regulated power supply devices. Hope you enjoy.CatalogI Linear voltage stabilizationII Switching regulatorIII Top 5 Regulated Power Supply Electronic Components3.1 78XX3.2 79XX3.3 LM317/LM1173.4 1117 series3.5 TPS51200IV ConclusionI Linear voltage stabilizationA variable resistor formed by a triode that works in a linear state performs constant current control on the load to obtain a stable voltage output.This method for linear voltage stabilization is simple in structure and high in noise suppression (up to 60dB, which is more than 1000 times), but generally the efficiency is relatively low. The voltage can be stabilized only when the input voltage is higher than the output voltage by a certain pressure difference, and it can only be used for step-down conversion. .The pressure difference of the conventional linear regulator is as high as 2.5V, so the efficiency is relatively low, and the LDO linear regulator can achieve a lower pressure difference.For example, when the load is as high as 1A, the pressure difference can be reduced to 350mA. Of course, its efficiency depends on the specific input and output voltages used.II Switching regulatorSwitching regulator is composed of a transistor that works in switching mode, an inductance of energy storage, and a capacitor that smoothes the ripple, and a stable output voltage is obtained by means of PWM or PFM.The advantage of the switch mode is that it can step down, step up, and back pressure, the input voltage range can be very wide, and the efficiency can be very high (some can reach more than 95%).The disadvantage is that the peripheral circuit is more complicated, and the selection of peripheral components is more sensitive.In addition, high-frequency switching signals will cause greater interference and ripple on the voltage output.III Top 5 Regulated Power Supply Electronic ComponentsAlthough power supply technology is changing rapidly, a variety of high-efficiency, highly integrated, high-performance devices continue to be introduced.But according to statistics, the top ten devices for voltage regulators are some of the classic devices.After all, these devices can meet most of the application scenarios, and cost-effective. So let's see what these devices are!3.1 78XXLM7805CV regulatorThe most classic linear voltage regulator has a very simple structure. It can work with only one capacitor at the input and output ends. It is also called a three-terminal regulator. Many original manufacturers make this device, and the functions and pins are compatible. You can see MC78xx, LM78xx, etc., and xx represents the voltage value of the regulated output. For example, LM7805 is a regulator with a regulated output of 5V. MC7824 is a voltage regulator whose regulated output is 24V.The output current of 78xx series devices is also different. For example, the output current of LM7805 is a maximum of 1A, the output current of LM78M05 is a maximum of 500mA, and the output current of LM78L05 is a maximum of 100mA.Their packaging is also different. The 78L05 package with only 100mA can be as small as a triode. The 78xx series devices require a voltage difference of 2.5V or more between the input voltage and the output voltage. Its conversion efficiency is Vout/Vin. For example, input 12V voltage to get a 5v regulated output, and its efficiency is 5/12 = 41.6%. If the load current reaches 1A, the heat loss on the 7805 device is as high as (12- 5) *1 = 7W, which is why a heat sink must be added to many 78xx series devices;3.2 79XX79xx series79xx and 78xx are often used in combination. 78xx gets a positive voltage to ground, 79xx gets a negative voltage to ground, except that it is the same as 78xx;3.3 LM317LM317 linear regulatorThe output voltage of the above 78xx and 79xx devices is fixed and cannot be adjusted. In contrast, LM317 is a linear regulator with adjustable output voltage, and there are also different packages that support different current outputs, and the maximum output circuit can be as high as 1.5A. In addition, LM317 also requires a voltage difference of more than 2.5v to work normally, and it also has the same advantages and disadvantages as 78xx;3.4 1117 series1117 series linear regulators The 1117 series of devices are very classic LDO linear regulators. Compared with 78xx and LM317 series devices, the difference between its required input voltage and output voltage is 1.2V, so it can be widely used in battery-powered portable systems. For example, through 4 1.25V batteries (reaching 5V when full power), when the power is not enough to 4.5V voltage, it can still get 3.3V regulated output through 1117-3.3 for the 3.3V circuit on the board to work.Many manufacturers have 1117 versions, such as TLV1117, LT1117, AMS1117, LM1117, etc. The output voltage also has a variety of fixed value versions and adjustable output versions. It can be said that it is the best alternative to 78xx and LM317. Of course, the output current of 1117 is only up to 800mA, and many small package versions are not suitable for working with large voltage differences under high current conditions;3.5 TPS51200TPS51200 LDOTPS51200 is also an LDO from TI, dedicated to the power supply system of various DDR memories. Since almost all high-speed embedded systems will use DDR memory, it is not uncommon for this device to be widely adopted. The control of different output voltages through external voltage divider resistors brings a high degree of flexibility to the use of the device. Its output current is as high as 3A, so it meets the current requirements of high-speed memory.IV ConclusionThe above are several classic devices based on linear voltage regulation conversion, with different voltage differences and different currents, which can meet the application in different fields. We can make reasonable choices according to their needs. The main advantage of linear regulation is low noise. Therefore, it is widely used in the power supply of analog circuits and radio frequency circuits. Its disadvantage is that it can only be used for step-down. If the output voltage is higher than the input voltage, the linear regulator will be powerless.

The DRV8825 Motor Driver Module is a driver with two H-bridge drives and a microstepping indexer. The driver has a maximum output capacity of 45 V and ± 2.5 A. It can operate bipolar stepper motors in full, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 and 1/32-step modes. This driver module is generally used in Robotics, ATMs and Gaming Machines.This is a tutorial video showing how to control stepper motor driver with DRV8825 Module.CatalogDRV8825 Module PinoutDRV8825 SpecificationDRV8825 FeaturesDRV8825 AlternativesDRV8825 VS A4988How to Use DRV8825 Driver ModuleDRV8825 ApplicationsDRV8825 IC DimensionsComponent DatasheetDRV8825 Module Pinout Pin NameDescriptionVDD & GNDConnected to 5V and GND of ControllerVMOT & GND MOTUsed to power the motorB1, B2 & A1, A2Output Pins, Connected to the 4 Wires of motorDIRECTIONMotor Direction Control pinSTEPSteps Control PinM0, M1, M2Microstep Selection PinsFAULTFault Detection PinSLEEPPins For Controlling Power StatesRESET-ENABLE- DRV8825 SpecificationMax. Operating Voltage: 45 VMin. Operating Voltage: 8.2 VMax. Current Per Phase: 2.5 APCB Size: 15 mm x 20 mmDRV8825 FeaturesSix step resolution: Full step, ½ step, ¼ step, 1/8, 1/16 and 1/32 stepAdjustable output current via potentiometerAutomatic current decay mode detectionOver temperature shutdown circuitUnder-voltage lock outOver current shutdownDRV8825 Alternatives Alternatives for DRV8825: A4988, A498, L6474, L6207, L6208, TMC2208, TMC2209DRV8825 VS A4988A4988 stepper motor driver The DRV8825 carrier was designed to be as familiar to  A4988 stepper motor driver carriers as possible, and it can be used as a drop-in replacement for the A4988 carrier in many applications due to its similar size, pinout, and general control interface. There are a few distinctions to be made between the two modules: Because the DRV8825 does not require a logic supply, the pin used to supply logic voltage to the A4988 is used as the DRV8825's FAULT output (and the A4988 does not have a fault output). Because it is safe to connect the FAULT pin directly to a logic supply (a 1.5k resistor is placed between the IC output and the pin to protect it), the DRV8825 module can be used in A4988-based systems that route logic power to this pin.The DRV8825's SLEEP pin is not pulled up by default, as it is on the A4988, but the carrier board does connect it to the FAULT pin via a 10k resistor. As a result, systems designed for the A4988 that route logic power to the FAULT pin have a 10k pull-up on the SLEEP pin. (The initial (md20a) version of the DRV8825 carrier lacks this 10k resistor.)The current limit potentiometer is in a different location.The relationship between the current limit setting and the reference pin voltage is different.The DRV8825 has 1/32-step microstepping, whereas the A4988 only has 1/16-step.On the DRV8825, the mode selection pin inputs corresponding to 1/16-step on the A4988 result in 1/32-step microstepping. The step selection table for all other microstepping resolutions is the same for both the DRV8825 and the A4988.For the two drivers, the timing requirements for minimum pulse durations on the STEP pin differ. When using the DRV8825, the high and low STEP pulses must be at least 1.9us long; when using the A4988, they can be as short as 1 us.The DRV8825 has a higher maximum supply voltage than the A4988 (45 V vs 35 V), which means it can be used at higher voltages more safely and is less vulnerable to damage from LC voltage spikes.Without any additional cooling, the DRV8825 can deliver more current than the A4988 (based on our full-step tests: 1.5 A per coil for the DRV8825 vs 1.2 A per coil for the A4988 and 1 A per coil for the original A4988 carrier).The stepper motor outputs on the DRV8825 have a different naming convention, but they are functionally the same as the corresponding pins on the A4988 carrier, so the same connections to both drivers result in the same stepper motor behavior. The first part of the label on both boards identifies the coil (so coils “A” and “B” on the DRV8825 and coils “1” and “2” on the A4988).Color-sensitive applications should be aware that the DRV8825 carrier is purple.How to Use DRV8825 Driver ModuleThe interface diagram for DRV8825 is shown below. You can control the stepper motor with very few pins using the DRV8825. The module has a pinout and interface that are almost identical to those of the A4988 stepper motor driver carrier.DRV8255 Schematic Diagram As shown in the diagram above, the module pins DIR, STEP and FAULT are connected to the microcontroller to drive the stepper motor. STEP pin used to control steps while the DIR pin is used to control directions. The DRV8825 also features an FAULT pin, the Fault pin is shortened to the SLEEP pin, so whenever the Fault pin is low, the whole chip is disabled. Microstep pins (M0, M1 and M2) are used to operate the driver module in a variety of step functions. In the above circuit M0, M1, and M2 pins left off, this means that the driver will operate in full-step mode. DRV8825 has low-ESR ceramic capacitors on board, making it vulnerable to voltage spikes. Therefore, it is recommended to put an at least 47µf capacitor across the motor power supply pins. It is commonly used in controlling the NEMA series stepper motors like NEMA17, NEMA23, NEMA34.DRV8825 ApplicationsAutomatic Teller MachinesMoney Handling MachinesVideo Security CamerasPrintersScannersOffice Automation MachinesGaming MachinesFactory AutomationRoboticsDRV8825 IC DimensionsComponent DatasheetDRV8825 Datasheet 

The 78L05 is a three terminal integrated regulator.Its excellent internal current limit and thermal shutdown characteristics make it particularly suitable for overload conditions. When used to replace the traditional Zener diode-resistor group, its output impedance is effectively improved, but the bias current is greatly reduced.78L05 is suitable for many applications. They can be combined with other power transfer devices to form a high-current regulated power supply, such as a voltage regulator that can drive an output current of up to 100 mA.Catalog78L05 Pinout78L05 Features78L05 Applications78L05 Advantage78L05 Equivalents78L05 AlternativeWhere to use 78L05How to test 78L05How to use 78L0578L05 PackageComponent Datasheet78L05 PinoutPin No.Pin NameDescription1Output (Vo)Outputs Regulated +5V2Ground (Gnd)Connected to Ground3Input (V+)Unregulated Input Voltage78L05 FeaturesOperating current(IQ) is 5mAInternal Thermal Overload and Short circuit current limiting protection is available.The maximum input voltage is 30 volts.TO-92, SO-8, and SOT-89 packages are available.Positive Voltage Regulator 5VMaximum output current is 100mA.Note: Complete Technical Details can be found at the 78L05 datasheet given at the end of this page.78L05 ApplicationsAdjustable Output RegulatorConstant +5V output regulator to power small loads of less than 100mAOutput Polarity-Reversal-Protection CircuitOutput booster circuitCurrent Limiter for certain applications78L05 Advantage78L05 Voltage Regulator78L05 is a fixed voltage (5V) three terminal integrated regulator, which can be applied to many applications. Its excellent internal current and thermal shutdown characteristics make it especially suitable for overload. When it is used to replace the traditional zener diode - resistance group, its output impedance is improved effectively, but the bias current is greatly reduced. In another words,78L05 series (like L78L05ACD013TR) is a fixed voltage (5V) three terminal integrated voltage regulator, which is suitable for many applications. Like a single point voltage regulator which needs to limit the noise and solve the distribution problem, it can also be used with other power transfer devices to form a stable voltage power supply with large current, such as a stable output current of up to 100 mA.78L05 EquivalentsLM7805, AMS711178L05 AlternativeLM317,LM7806, LM7809, LM7905, LM117V33, LM7812, LM7912, XC6206P332MR.Where to use 78L05Voltage regulators are frequently used in electronic circuits. They produce a constant output voltage in response to a variable input voltage. In our case, the 78L05 IC is a well-known regulator IC that is used in a wide range of projects. The name 78L05 has two meanings: "78" indicates that it is a positive voltage regulator, and "05" indicates that it outputs 5V. As a result, our 7805 will produce a +5V output voltage.This IC's output current can reach 100mA. However, the IC suffers from significant heat loss, so a heat sink is recommended for projects that require a higher current consumption. For example, if the input voltage is 12V and the current consumption is 50mA, (12-5) * (50*10-3) = 0.35W. This 0.35 Watts will be dissipated in the form of heat.Another popular voltage regulator is the 7805, which is larger but has a higher current rating of about 1A. So, if you're looking for a smaller package of a voltage regulator with a low current rating in a TO-92 package, this IC might be a good fit.How to test 78L05All you need to do is take the positive probe off the input pin and place it on the output pin. You can leave the negative probe on the ground pin. The amount of output voltage indicated should be 5 volts because of the “05” associated with 78L05.How to use 78L05The 78L05 is a voltage regulator with three terminals. As shown in the 78L05 pinout diagram, the three terminals are Input, Output, and Ground. It is very simple to use this IC; simply connect the input pin to the input voltage that needs to be regulated and the ground pin to system ground. The IC's output pin can be used to obtain regulated 5V.The 78L05 is used in the circuit below to regulate a 12V input voltage to 5V. You use the 5V to power any small loads that draw less than 100mA, such as LEDs. Because the maximum current that this IC can provide is only 100mA.It is also worth noting that the capacitors C1 and C2 are used at both the input and output ends. These capacitors filter any noise that is coupled with the input voltage. It is not necessary to use the exact value of the capacitor, but 10uF for C1 and 1uF for C2 would be a good starting point.These regulators can also limit current and protect when the temperature rises above the junction temperature. If you connect high current loads, you can expect the IC to get very hot and eventually shunt down. In this case, a high current regulator such as the 7805 would be an excellent choice.It can be used as a voltage regulator, a current regulator, a short-circuit protector, a booster circuit, and even a variable voltage regulator in addition to a voltage regulator. All of these circuits can be found on page 27/45 of the 78L05 datasheet, which is linked below.78L05 PackageComponent Datasheet78L05 Datasheet

S8050 is a low-power NPN silicon tube with a maximum collector-base (Vcbo) voltage of 40V and a collector current (Ic) of 0.5A. S8050 is one of the most commonly used semiconductor transistor models in circuit hardware design.Name: S8050Type: NPNDissipated power: 0.625W (SMD: 0.3W)Collector current: 0.5ABase voltage: 40VCatalogS8050 PinoutS8050 CircuitS8050 ApplicationS8050 FeaturesS8050 AdvantageS8050 AlternativesS8050 EquivalentsWhere & How to use S8050How to Safely Long Run S8050 in CircuitS8050 PinoutPin NumberPin NameSymbolDescription1EmitterECurrent Drains out through emitter2BaseBControls the biasing of transistor3CollectorCCurrent flows in through collectorS8050 ApplicationAudio amplification circuitsClass B amplifiersPush pull transistorsCircuits where high gain is requiredLow signal applicationsS8050 FeaturesLow Voltage, High Current NPN TransistorSmall Signal TransistorMaximum Power: 2 WattsMaximum DC Current Gain (hFE) is 400Continuous Collector current (IC) is 700mABase- Emitter Voltage (VBE) is 5VCollector-Emitter Voltage (VCE) is 20VCollector-Base Voltage (VCB) is 30VHigh Used in push-pull configuration doe Class B amplifiersAvailable in To-92 PackageNote: Complete Technical Details can be found at the S8050 datasheet given at the end of this page.S8050 AdvantageS8050 npn transistorS8050 is a NPN transistor hence the collector and emitter will be left open (Reverse biased) when the base pin is held at ground and will be closed (Forward biased) when a signal is provided to base pin. It has a maximum gain value of 400; this value determines the amplification capacity of the transistor normally S8050. Since it is very high it is normally used for amplification purposes. However, at a normal operating collector current the typical value of gain will be 110. The maximum amount of current that could flow through the Collector pin is 700mA, hence we cannot drive loads that consume more than 700mA using this transistor. To bias a transistor we have to supply current to base pin, this current (IB) should be limited to 5mA.When this transistor is fully biased then it can allow a maximum of 700mA to flow across the collector and emitter. This stage is called Saturation Region and the typical voltage allowed across the Collector-Emitter (V­CE) or Collector-Base (VCB) could be 20V and 30V respectively. When base current is removed the transistor becomes fully off, this stage is called as the Cut-off Region.S8050 Alternatives2N3904, 2N3906, 2N2369, 2N3055, S9014, MPSA42, SS8050, BC547S8050 Equivalents2N5830, S9013S8050 CircuitThis is a video introducing transistors stereo amplifier S8050 and S8550.Where & How to use S8050S8050 transistor is a general-purpose transistor, it is a perfect transistor to perform small and general tasks in electronic circuits. You can use it as a switch in electronic circuits to switch on loads under 700mA. 700mA is enough to handle variety of loads for example relays, LEDs, bulbs etc. It can also be used as amplifier in small amplification stages or as a separate small signal amplifier.How to Safely Long Run S8050 in CircuitTo safely run S8050 transistor in your circuit or electronic projects do not operate this transistor from voltage higher than 20V and do not operate any load more than 700mA or 0.7A. Use a suitable base resistor which will limits the base current to its required level. Do not expose it to heat over 150 centigrade and below -60 Centigrade.