The Kynix Components

This text analyzes the advantages of AD590, and uses the energy-saving temperature and humidity control system as an example to introduce the application of using AD590 to measure two-point temperature difference circuit. AD590 is a current output type two-end temperature sensor made by AD company using the relationship between PN junction forward current and temperature. Because the device has good linear characteristics and interchangeability, it has high measurement accuracy and has the characteristics of eliminating power fluctuations. CatalogI. AD590 Advantages and FeaturesII. Celsius Temperature Measurement CircuitIII. Temperature Difference Measurement Circuit and Its Application3.1 Circuit and Principle Analysis3.2 Application Examples3.3. Measurement of the Lowest Temperature Value at Point N3.4. Measurement of Average Temperature at Point NIV. ConclusionFAQOrdering & QuantityI. AD590 Advantages and FeaturesAD590 type current output integrated temperature sensor, the domestic similar product model is SG590. In practice, the corresponding temperature value can be obtained by measuring the current. The suffix of AD590 is represented by I, j, K, L, M, which essentially refers to different characteristics and different measurement temperature ranges. Its advantages and characteristics are as follows:(1) Linear output current: 1 µA/K(2) Wide temperature range: -55°C to +150°C(3) Ceramic sensor package compatible with probe(4) Two-terminal device: voltage input/current output(5) Laser adjusted to ±0.5°C, calibration accuracy (AD590M)(6) Excellent linearity: full scale range ±0.3°C (AD590M)(7) Wide power supply voltage range: 4 V to 30 V(8) The sensor is insulated from the housing(9) Low costII. Celsius Temperature Measurement CircuitAD590 is a current output integrated temperature sensor. When designing a temperature measurement circuit, the current must be converted into a voltage. For every 1K increase in temperature, the current increases by l µA. The design of the Celsius temperature measurement circuit must complete two tasks: one is to convert the current output by the AD590 into a voltage signal, that is, the current is converted into a voltage circuit. The second is to convert the thermodynamic temperature into Celsius, that is, the absolute temperature is converted to Celsius. The working principle of the Celsius temperature measurement circuit is shown in Figure 1. According to the characteristics of AD590, for every lK thermodynamic temperature increased, the current increases by luA, when the load resistance is 10KΩ, the voltage drop on this resistance is 10mV.  Among them, AD590, potentiometers RPl and R1, and operational amplifier A1 form a current-to-voltage conversion circuit. A1 is connected in the form of a voltage follower, mainly to increase the input resistance of the signal. The operational amplifier A2 is the core device that converts absolute temperature to Celsius. Its conversion principle is that zero Celsius corresponds to 273K thermodynamics. Therefore, the reference voltage must be set to convert thermodynamics to Celsius humidity. The value is 2.73V corresponding to zero Celsius. The realization method is to input a constant voltage to the end of the same name of A2. The constant voltage is provided by the current limiting resistor R2 and the Zener tube. The constant voltage selection Zener tube model is CW385 with a value of 1.235V. A2 amplifies this voltage to 2.73 v, RP2 is to adjust the gain of A2 operational amplifier. Through the conversion circuit, the voltage at the output terminals of A1 and A2 is the voltage value proportional to the temperature in degrees Celsius, that is, the voltage value corresponding to 100mV per degree Celsius. Special note: When debugging, put the integrated temperature sensor AD590 in the zero-degree ice water solution, first adjust the RPl potentiometer to make the A1 operational amplifier output 2.73V, and then adjust the RP2 potentiometer to make the A2 operational amplifier output 2.73V, Therefore, the output voltage of the temperature measurement circuit is 0V at zero degrees Celsius. The changing law is that every degree Celsius corresponds to an output voltage of 10mV. Figure 1. Celsius temperature measurement circuit III. Temperature Difference Measurement Circuit and Its Application3.1 Circuit and Principle AnalysisFigure 2 is a circuit that uses two AD590s to measure the temperature difference between two points. In the case of feedback resistance of 100kW, set the temperature at 1# and 2# AD590 as t1(℃) and t2(℃) respectively, then the output voltage is (t1-t2)100mV/℃. The potentiometer R2 in the picture is used for zero adjustment. Potentiometer R4 is used to adjust the gain of the op amp LF355.Figure 2. Circuit for measuring temperature difference between two pointsFrom Kirchhoff’s current law: I+I2=I1+I3+I4 (1)Known from the characteristics of the operational amplifier: I3=0 (2)(3)adjust zero potentiometer R2 so that: I4=0 (4)From (1), (2), (4), we can get: I=I1-I2Setup: R4=90kWthen: Vo = I(R3+R4) = (I1-I2) (R3+R4) =(t1-t2)100mV/℃ (5)Among them, (t1-t2) is the temperature difference, the unit is °C.Knowing from formula (5), changing the value of (R3+R4) can change the size of VO. 3.2 Application ExamplesTake a certain energy-saving medicinal material warehouse temperature and humidity control system as an example, if the warehouse temperature is required to be lower than T℃, the relative humidity is lower than A1B1%RH. The two control modes adopted are as follows: Control mode 1: When the relative humidity in the warehouse is higher than A1B1%RH and the temperature outside the warehouse is lower than T℃, ventilation inside and outside the warehouse is performed. This method uses the difference in humidity inside and outside the warehouse to exchange air to meet the requirements of dehumidification in the warehouse. Its advantages are high efficiency, energy saving, and money saving.  However, this method is strictly controlled. First of all, the relative humidity outside the warehouse should be lower than that in the warehouse, and the difference between them must be greater than A2B2%RH, so as to effectively ensure timely dehumidification inside the warehouse. Secondly, the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the warehouse should be less than △T℃. This is because if ventilation is performed when the temperature outside the warehouse is much higher than the temperature inside the warehouse, the hot air entering the warehouse area will encounter cold air, which will cause condensation on the surface of the medicines and equipment, then affects the their quality. Conversely, if ventilation is carried out when the temperature inside the warehouse is much higher than the temperature outside the warehouse, cold air will also condense on the surface of the medicine equipment after entering the warehouse. In addition, the outside temperature cannot be close to T°C. This is because if ventilation is performed when the temperature outside the storage is close to T°C, the temperature of the closed storage is likely to rise, thereby exceeding the upper temperature limit T°C. Control mode 2: When the temperature is higher than T℃ or the humidity is higher than A1B1%RH, but the first condition is not met, the refrigerating and air-conditioning unit is turned on to cool and dehumidify in the warehouse. In order to avoid the phenomenon of condensation on the surface of medicines and equipment due to the excessive temperature difference between the inside and outside of the warehouse, the accuracy of the system temperature difference must be strictly controlled. The traditional method of measuring the temperature difference is to process the temperature of the two points separately (conditioning circuit, A/D, arithmetic processing) and then find the difference. This method has low accuracy of the temperature difference. The temperature difference measurement inside and outside the library can use the circuit shown in Figure 2, using the temperature difference value to directly compare with the set value, which can ensure higher accuracy, simplify the software design of the system, and improve the reliability of the system. 3.3. Measurement of the Lowest Temperature Value at Point NConnect several AD590s at different temperature measuring points in series, and the lowest temperature value at all measuring points can be measured. This method can be applied to the occasion of measuring the lowest temperature at multiple points. 3.4. Measurement of Average Temperature at Point NConnect N AD590s in parallel, and then average the current after summing, then the average temperature can be obtained. This method is suitable for the occasions where the average temperature of multiple points is required but the specific temperature of each point is not required.IV. ConclusionAD590 integrated temperature sensor is widely used. It is mainly used in engineering to measure thermodynamic temperature, Celsius temperature, temperature difference between two points, minimum temperature at multiple points, average temperature at multiple points, etc. Therefore, it is not only widely used in daily life, but also widely used in industrial automation control systems and automatic detection process control systems. In addition, due to its high accuracy, low price, no auxiliary power supply, and good linearity, AD590 is often used in temperature measurement and temperature detection and control fields.FAQWhat is AD590?AD590 is a temperature sensor, the current output sensitivity is 1μA/℃, the standard output value is 298.2μA at 25℃, and the working voltage range is 4~30V.What are the characteristics of AD590 temperature sensor?Single function (only temperature measurement), small temperature measurement error, low price, fast response speed, long transmission distance, small size, micro power consumption, etc. It is suitable for remote temperature measurement and temperature control without non-linear calibration. The peripheral circuit is simple.How to detect the quality of AD590?AD590 has a current of 273 mA at 0°. Because 2113 is a Wen sensitive resistor 5261, it means that it is greatly affected by the surrounding temperature 4102. It is very difficult to measure without relying on 1653 other tools. Give you some suggestions.When the ambient temperature rises by one degree, the current of AD590 increases by 1uA. What you have to do is to work with AD590 simultaneously with the help of a high-precision temperature test instrument. After AD590 series 10K resistance, measure its voltage, that is to say, it should be 2.73V at 0°, and 2.98V at room temperature 25°.For higher accuracy, it is recommended that you use the electronic building block software Ardunio for measurement, and put the corresponding data into MATLAB for linear regression. The better the linearity, the more stable the measurement.AD590 is not a high-precision temperature testing device. If high-precision testing is required, other components are recommended.What is the difference between AD590 and PT100?AD590 is a current-type temperature sensor. It converts temperature changes into current conversion. The simplest processing is to pass a resistor (10K) after the output to convert the current into a voltage, and then through the detection voltage, the current at this time can be deduced. Use the relationship between current and temperature in the sensor data to calculate the current temperature.PT100 is a resistance type temperature sensor, which converts temperature changes into resistance changes. The simplest process is to place Pt100 in a bridge, use the voltage difference at the midpoint of the bridge arm, and use a differential amplifier circuit (instrument amplifier circuit) Amplify the voltage, use the amplifier gain and bridge structure data, and use the detected voltage to inversely calculate the current resistance value, and use the relationship between resistance and temperature in the PT100 data sheet to calculate the current temperature.Is AD590 a thermocouple or a thermal resistance?It is neither a thermocouple nor a thermal resistance. The main principle is to detect the temperature according to the temperature change, the output current change, and the current size.

 In this post today, I’ll walk you through the introduction to AMS1117. I suggest you guys read this post all the way through, as I’ll be discussing pinout, datasheet, features, and applications of the dropout voltage regulator  AMS1117. What is AMS1117? Well, in short, the AMS1117 is a common voltage regulator that comes with both fixed and customizable voltages. It is a 3-pin device mainly used to drive load under 1A. The output voltage ranges from 1.5V to 5V. When it works at maximum current, it results in a low dropout voltage of 1.3A. This video shows how to test AMS1117 5v to 3.3v under different load.CatalogAMS1117 Pin ConnectionsAMS1117 FeaturesAMS1117 ApplicationsAMS1117 Application CircuitsAMS1117 PackageWhere to Use AMS1117AMS1117 ManufacturerComponent DatasheetAMS1117 Pin Connections Here are the functions of AMS1117's each pin: (SOT-223 Package) Pin NumberPin NameDescription1Adjust/GroundThis pins adjusts the output voltage, if it is a fixed voltage regulator it acts as ground2Output Voltage (Vout)The regulated output voltage set by the adjust pin can be obtained from this pin3Input Voltage (Vin)The input voltage which has to be regulated is given to this pinAMS1117 FeaturesThree Terminal Adjustable or Fixed Voltages*1.5V, 1.8V, 2.5V, 2.85V, 3.3V and 5.0VOutput Current of 1AOperates Down to 1V DropoutLine Regulation: 0.2% Max.Load Regulation: 0.4% MaxSOT-223, TO-252 and SO-8 package availableIn-built Current Limiting and thermal protection.Operating junction temperature is 125°CAMS1117 ApplicationsHigh Efficiency Linear RegulatorsPost Regulators for Switching Supplies5V to 3.3V Linear RegulatorBattery ChargersActive SCSI TerminatorsPower Management for NotebookBattery Powered InstrumentationAMS1117 Application CircuitsProtection DiodesUnlike older regulators, the AMS1117 family does not need any protection diodes between the adjustment pin and the output and from the output to the input to prevent over-stressing the die. Internal resistors are limiting the internal current paths on the AMS1117 adjustment pin, therefore even with capacitors on the adjustment pin no protection diode is needed to ensure device safety under short-circuit conditions. Diodes between the input and output are not usually needed. Microsecond surge currents of 50A to 100A can be handled by the internal diode between the input and output pins of the device. In normal operations it is difficult to get those values of surge currents even with the use of large output capacitances. If high value output capacitors are used, such as 1000µF to 5000µF and the input pin is instantaneously shorted to ground, damage can occur. A diode from output to input is recommended, when a crowbar circuit at the input of the AMS1117 is used (Figure 1).Output VoltageThe AMS1117 series develops a 1.25V reference voltage between the output and the adjust terminal. Placing a resistor between these two terminals causes a constant current to flow through R1 and down through R2 to set the overall output voltage. This current is normally the specified minimum load current of 10mA. Because IADJ is very small and constant it represents a small error and it can usually be ignored.More application circuits can be found in the datasheet below.AMS1117 PackageWhere to Use AMS1117Just like the famous 7805, LM317 the AMS1117 is also another Linear Voltage regulator. It is known for its small form factor since it is available as a DCY Package (SMD Component). There are many types of LM1117, based on package and output voltage. But all the IC is rated for a maximum current of 1A. The below table will help you choose the right part number for your IC.The IC is popularly known for being used in Arduino boards to regulate 5V and 3.3V. So if you are looking for a SMD component voltage regulator then this IC might be the right choice for you.AMS1117 ManufacturerAMS is the quality designer manufacturer and vendor of integrated circuit power management and analog products including voltage regulators, LDOs, precision voltage references, programmable PWM controllers, single and dual operational amplifiers, charge pumps, LDO regulator controllers and voltage detectors. These components are used throughout the world by major OEM manufacturers of PC motherboards, power supplies, monitors, workstations, VCR, DVD, cellular phones, pagers, notebook computers, instrumentation, PCMCIA, scanners, DBS satellite boxes, USB bus products, graphic cards, audio cards, CD-ROMs, etc.Component DatasheetAMS1117 Voltage Regulator Datasheet 

The IRF520 is a Power Mosfet with 9.2A collector current and 100V breakdown voltage. The mosfet has a low gate threshold voltage of 4V and hence commonly used with microcontrollers like Arduino for switching high current loads.CatalogIRF520 Pin ConfigurationIRF520 SpecificationIRF520 FeaturesIRF520 ApplicationsIRF520 Functional EquivalentsWhere We Can Use it & How to UseIRF520 Test CircuitsHow to Safely Long Run IRF520 in a CircuitIRF520 PackageIRF520 Popularity by RegionIRF520 ManufacturerComponent DatasheetFAQIRF520 Pin Configuration Pin NameDescriptionSourceCurrent flows out through SourceGateControls the biasing of the MOSFETDrainCurrent flows in through DrainIRF520 Specification AttributeAttribute ValueManufacturer:Vishay / SiliconixProduct Category:Transistors - FETs, MOSFETs - SingleMounting-Style:SMD/SMTPackage-Case:TO-252-3Number-of-Channels:1 ChannelTransistor-Polarity:N-ChannelVds-Drain-Source-Breakdown-Voltage:100 VId-Continuous-Drain-Current:9.2 ARds-On-Drain-Source-Resistance:270 mOhmsVgs-Gate-Source-Voltage:20 VMaximum-Operating-Temperature:+ 175 CTechnology:SiPackaging:ReelChannel-Mode:EnhancementConfiguration:SingleFall-Time:20 nsMinimum-Operating-Temperature:- 55 CPd-Power-Dissipation:3.7 WRise-Time:30 nsTransistor-Type:1 N-ChannelTypical-Turn-Off-Delay-Time:19 nsTypical-Turn-On-Delay-Time:8.8 nsUnit-Weight:0.050717 ozIRF520 FeaturesDynamic dV/dt RatingRepetitive Avalanche Rated175 °C Operating TemperatureFast SwitchingEase of ParallelingSimple Drive RequirementsCompliant to RoHS Directive 2002/95/ECIRF520 ApplicationsDC to DC convertersApplications that requires fast switchingUninterruptible power suppliesBattery chargersBattery management systemsSolar ApplicationsMotor Driver CircuitsComputer & telecommunication applicationsIRF520 Functional EquivalentsPart NumberDescriptionManufacturerIRF520TRANSISTORS10A, 100V, 0.27ohm, N-CHANNEL, Si, POWER, MOSFET, TO-220AB, TO-220, 3 PINSTMicroelectronicsIRF520PBFTRANSISTORSPower Field-Effect Transistor, 9.2A I(D), 100V, 0.27ohm, 1-Element, N-Channel, Silicon, Metal-oxide Semiconductor FET, TO-220AB, ROHS COMPLIANT PACKAGE-3Vishay IntertechnologiesSIHF520-E3TRANSISTORSTRANSISTOR 9.2 A, 100 V, 0.27 ohm, N-CHANNEL, Si, POWER, MOSFET, TO-220AB, ROHS COMPLIANT, TO-220, 3 PIN, FET General Purpose PowerVishay SiliconixSIHF520TRANSISTORSTRANSISTOR 9.2 A, 100 V, 0.27 ohm, N-CHANNEL, Si, POWER, MOSFET, TO-220AB, TO-220, 3 PIN, FET General Purpose PowerVishay SiliconixWhere We Can Use it & How to UseIRF520 can be used in wide variety of circuits such as motor controller circuits, low current UPS, power supplies other than that it can also be used to drive other high power components such as relays and transistors etc. Due to low gate power requirements it can easily be used at the output of arduino, raspberry pi and variety of ICs and microcontrollers to drive high current loads. Beside the above uses it can also be used in audio amplifier circuits.IRF520 Test Circuits Switching Time Test CircuitUnclamped Inductive Test CircuitGate Charge Test CircuitPeak Diode Recovery dV/dt Test CircuitHow to Safely Long Run IRF520 in a CircuitTo get long term performance use IRF520, at least 20% below from its max ratings. The Maximum drain current is 9.2A thus do not drive load of more than 7.36A. The max drain to source voltage is 100V thus the load voltage should be under 80V. Gate to source voltage should be under ±20V and always store and operate the transistor in temperature above -55 Celsius and below +175 Celsius.IRF520 PackageIRF520 Popularity by RegionIRF520 ManufacturerVishay Intertechnology was founded in 1962 by Dr. Felix Zandman. It began operations with one technology that had two product lines: foil resistors and foil resistance strain gages. In 1985, having grown from a start-up into the world’s leading manufacturer of these original products, the Company began an ongoing series of strategic acquisitions to become a broadline manufacturer of electronic components. Today, Vishay Intertechnology is one of the world’s largest manufacturers of discrete semiconductors and passive electronic components. These components are used in virtually all types of electronic devices and equipment, in the industrial, computing, automotive, consumer, telecommunications, military, aerospace, power supplies, and medical markets.Component DatasheetIRF520 DatasheetFAQWhat is IRF520?The IRF520 is a Power Mosfet with 9.2A collector current and 100V breakdown voltage. The mosfet has a low gate threshold voltage of 4V and hence commonly used with microcontrollers like Arduino for switching high current loads.What are power MOSFET used for?Power MOSFETs are widely used in transportation technology, which include a wide range of vehicles. In the automotive industry, power MOSFETs are widely used in automotive electronics. Power MOSFETs (including DMOS, LDMOS and VMOS) are commonly used for a wide range of other applications.How Does MOSFET Work?In general, the MOSFET works as a switch, the MOSFET controls the voltage and current flow between the source and drain. The working of the MOSFET depends on the MOS capacitor, which is the semiconductor surface below the oxide layers between the source and drain terminal.How do I check my MOSFET?1) Hold the MosFet by the case or the tab but don't touch the metal parts of the test probes with any of the other MosFet's terminals until needed. 2) First, touch the meter positive lead onto the MosFet's 'Gate'. 3) Now move the positive probe to the 'Drain'. You should get a 'low' reading.What is an N channel Mosfet?An N-Channel MOSFET is a type of MOSFET in which the channel of the MOSFET is composed of a majority of electrons as current carriers. ... A depletion-type MOSFET is normally on (maximum current flows from drain to source) when no difference in voltage exists betweeen the gate and source terminals.What is the differences between Transistor and Mosfet?The BJT is a bipolar junction transistor whereas MOSFET is a metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor. ... BJT's are used for low current applications, whereas MOSFET is used for high power applications. Nowadays, in analog and digital circuits, MOSFETs are treated to be more commonly used than BJTS.What is the differences between N and P channel transistor?In an N-channel MOSFET, the source is connected to ground, the drain to the load, and the FET will turn on when a positive voltage is applied to the gate. ... This means that if you want to use a P-channel mosfet to switch voltages higher than 5V, you'll need another transistor (of some sort) to turn it on and off.Why do we use Mosfet?The MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) transistor is a semiconductor device which is widely used for switching and amplifying electronic signals in the electronic devices. The MOSFET is a three terminal device such as source, gate, and drain.How to connect Mosfet to arduino?First, let's place the N-channel MOSFET onto the breadboard – make sure that each lead has its own node. Tie the source pin to GND, the gate to Uno pin 2, and the drain to the black wire on the fan. The red wire of the fan gets connected to the positive rail on the breadboard. 

The MOC3021 is a Zero-Crossing TRIAC driven Optocoupler or Optoisolator.  As we know, the term Optocoupler/Optoisolator means the same thing that we use light to indirectly couple circuit sets. The speciality of MOC3021 is that it has a Zero-Crossing ability and is driven by a Triac.This video tells how to make an Arduino based 110/220vac Bulb dimming Control system using MOC3021CatalogMOC3021 DescriptionMOC3021 PinoutMOC3021 FeaturesMOC3021 EquivalentWhere to use MOC3021 Phototransistor OptocouplerHow to Use MOC3021 Phototransistor OptocouplerMOC3021 ApplicationsMOC3021 PackageComponent DatasheetFAQMOC3021 DescriptionMOC3021 belongs to the MOC301XM and MOC302XM series from ON Semiconductor, they are optically isolated triac driver devices. These devices contain a GaAs infrared emitting diode and a light activated silicon bilateral switch, which functions like a triac. They are designed for interfacing between electronic controls and power triacs to control resistive and inductive loads for 115 VAC operations. The MOC3021 comes in an internal light-emitting diode and a TRIAC based light activating based transistor. This optocoupler provides protection from HIGH resistive and inductive loads. It has the ability to flow the current up to 1A.  MOC3021 Optocoupler work on the IR based and it keeps any kind of current to flow towards the circuit. The optocoupler comes only in one package but the single package could be used with any circuit. In HIGH load the operating temperature always affects the circuit performance, but MOC3021 has the ability to operate in HIGH temperature and it also increases the optocoupler life.MOC3021 PinoutMOC3021MOC3021 Pinout Pin NameDescriptionAnode (A)Anode pin of the IR LED. Connected to logic inputCathode (C)Cathode pin of the IR LEDNCNo Connection - Cannot be usedTriac Main Terminal 1One end of the Triac which is present inside the ICNCNo Connection – Cannot be usedTriac Main Terminal 2Other end of the Triac which is present inside the IC MOC3021 FeaturesOpto-isolator with Zero-Crossing Triac DriverInput LED Diode Forward Voltage: 1.15VLED Forward Latch Current: 15mATRIAC output terminal voltage: 400V (max)TRIAC peak output current: 1AAvailable as 6-pin PDIP with and without M-suffixMOC3021 EquivalentMOC3043Alternatives Opto-couplers: MCT2E (non-Zero transistor), MOC3041 (Non-Zero Cross TRIAC), FOD3180 (High-Speed MOSFET),Where to use MOC3021 Phototransistor OptocouplerSince the output is driven by the TRIAC, we can drive loads up to 400V and the triac can operate in both directions, so controlling the AC loads will not be a problem. Also, since it has a zero-crossing capability, when the AC load is switched on for the first time, the TRIAC will start conduction only after the AC wave reaches 0V, so we can avoid direct peak voltages to the Load and thus prevent it from being damaged. It also has a decent rise and fall time and can therefore be used to control the output voltage. This feature of the MOC3021 makes it the ideal choice for controlling high voltage AC loads through digital controllers such as MPU/MCU. Since the output is controlled, the intensity of the light or the speed of the AC motor can be controlled. So if you're looking for an opto-isolator to control an AC application through DC, this IC might be the right choice for you.How to Use MOC3021 Phototransistor OptocouplerThe MOC3021 is normally used to control the AC appliance, such as the brightness of the bulb, the speed of the motor, etc. Either way, due to its limited current rating, an opto-coupler will not be allowed to drive loads directly. In our case, they are normally connected to another power switch like the Triac, this TRIAC will be able to provide enough current to drive the loads and will be controlled using an opto-coupler. A simple circuit diagram in which the AC bulb is controlled by a microcontroller is shown below.MOC3021 Microcontroller Interfacing Diagram The MOC3021 can be used to switch loads by simply switching the LED on or off, or we can also use PWM signals to switch the LED and thus the TRIAC. When the TRIAC is switched by using PWM signals, the output voltage across the load can be controlled by controlling the speed/brightness of the load. It is important to understand the switching speed of the opto-coupler when trying to switch AC loads. This switching speed depends on the voltage amplitude controlled by the TRIAC and the operating ambient temperature. The graph below will give you a good understanding of how long it takes.MOC3021 Switching Speed Graphic For example, at 30 degrees Celsius of ambient temperature, the rate of voltage change with respect to time will be 9V per unit time, where the unit time is uS. So we can change 9V in one micro second.MOC3021 ApplicationsAC Light dimmersStrode lightsAC motor speed controlNoise coupling circuitsControlling AC loads using MCU/MPUAc/DC Power controlMOC3021 PackageComponent DatasheetMOC3021 DatasheetFAQWhat is MOC3021?MOC3021 is a zero crossing based optoisolator consists of gallium arsenide infrared emitting diodes, optically coupled to a silicon-based triac. ... It is having internal TRIAC installed which gives it a capability to control any external switching devices like HIGH POWER TRIAC, MOSFETS, and Solid States Relay.What is an optocoupler used for?When used correctly, an Optocoupler can effectively: Remove electrical noise from signals. Isolate low-voltage devices from high-voltage circuits. Allow you to use small digital signals to control larger AC voltages.How are optocouplers measured?Using the diagram in the right identify the pins; first the anode and cathode of the LED ( in this case pins 1 and 2 ), and then using an ohmmeter set on the 'X1 Ohm' domain, measure between pins 1 and 2, and you should get one reading measuring one way and no reading the opposite way (just like you check a diode). 

LM35 is a type of commonly used temperature sensor, that can be used to measure temperature with an electrical output comparative to the temperature in (°C). It can measure temperature in a better way than thermistor. How to interface LM35 Temperature Sensor with Arduino & demonstration.CatalogLM35 OverviewLM35 PinoutLM35 Functional Block DiagramLM35 FeaturesLM35 ParametersLM35 EquivalentsLM35 Working PrincipleHow to use LM35 Temperature SensorLM35 ApplicationsLM35 PackageComponent DatasheetFAQLM35 OverviewLM35 is a commonly used temperature sensor that shows values in the form of output voltages instead of degrees Celsius, it shows high voltage values than thermocouples and may not require the output voltage to be amplified. The output voltage of LM35 is proportional to the temperature of Celsius. The scale factor is 0.01 V/°C.  One of the most important characteristics of LM35 is that it draws only 60 microamps from its supply and has a low self-heating capacity. LM35 temperature sensor available in a variety of packages, such as T0-46 metal transistor-like package, TO-92 plastic transistor-like package, 8-lead surface mounted SO-8 small outline package.LM35 PinoutLM35 Temperature SensorLM35 Pinout Pin NumberPin NameDescription1VccInput voltage is +5V for typical applications2Analog OutThere will be increase in 10mV for raise of every 1°C. Can range from -1V(-55°C) to 6V(150°C)3GroundConnected to ground of circuitLM35 Functional Block DiagramLM35 Functional Block DiagramLM35 FeaturesMinimum and Maximum Input Voltage is 35V and -2V respectively. Typically 5V.Can measure temperature ranging from -55°C to 150°COutput voltage is directly proportional (Linear) to temperature (i.e.) there will be a rise of 10mV (0.01V) for every 1°C rise in temperature.±0.5°C  AccuracyDrain current is less than 60uA  Low cost temperature sensorSmall and hence suitable for remote applicationsAvailable in TO-92, TO-220, TO-CAN and SOIC packageLM35 ParametersParameterConditionsValueUnitAccuracy LM35, LM 35CT A=+25˚C±0.4˚CAccuracy, LM35DT A=+25˚C±0.6˚CNon linearityT MIN≤TA≤T MAX±0.3˚CSensor GainT MIN≤TA≤T MAX+10.0mV/˚CLoad RegulationT A=+25˚C±0.4mV/mALine RegulationT A=+25˚C±0.01mV/VQuiescent CurrentV S=+5V, +25˚C56µAChange of Quiescent Current4V≤VS≤30V0.2µATemperature Coefficient of Quiescent Current            -+0.39µA/˚CLong Term Stability T J=T MAX, for 1000 hours   ±0.08±0.08˚CLM35 EquivalentsLM35 Temperature Sensor Equivalent: LM34, DS18B20, DS1620, LM94022LM35 Working PrincipleTo understand the operation of the LM35 temperature sensor, we must first understand the linear scale factor. It is stated in the LM35 specifications to be +10 millivolts per degree centigrade. It means that for every 10 millivolt increase in output from the sensor vout pin, the temperature value increases by one. For example, if the sensor outputs 100 millivolts at the vout pin, the temperature in degrees Celsius will be 10 degrees Celsius. The negative temperature reading is the same. The temperature will be -10 degrees Celsius if the sensor outputs -100 millivolts.LM35 scale factorHow to use LM35 Temperature SensorLM35 is an Integrated Circuit Temperature Sensor whose output voltage varies depending on the temperature around it. It is a small and cheap IC that can be used to measure temperatures anywhere from-55°C to 150°C. It can be easily interfaced with any Microcontroller that has ADC function or any development platform like Arduino. Power the IC by applying a regulated voltage like +5V (VS) to the input pin and connecting the ground pin to the ground of the circuit. Now, you can measure the temperature in the form of a voltage as shown below.LM35 temperature measurement in form of voltage If the temperature is 0°C, the output voltage will also be 0V. There will be an increase of 0.01V (10mV) for each degree of temperature increase. The voltage can be converted to temperature using the formulas below.LM35 ApplicationsMeasuring temperature of a particular environmentProviding thermal shutdown for a circuit/componentMonitoring Battery TemperatureMeasuring Temperatures for HVAC applications.LM35 PackageConponent DatasheetLM35 Temperature Sensor DatasheetFAQWhat is LM35?The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with an output voltage linearly-proportional to the Centigrade temperature. ... The low-output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration of the LM35 device makes interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy.How does LM35 temperatrure sensor work?The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used to measure temperature with an electrical output proportional to the temperature (in °C). It can measure temperature more accurately than a using a thermistor. ... The LM35 has an output voltage that is proportional to the Celsius temperature. What is the output of lm35?LM35 is a temperature measuring device having an analog output voltage proportional to the temperature. It provides output voltage in Centigrade (Celsius). It does not require any external calibration circuitry. The sensitivity of LM35 is 10 mV/degree Celsius.How accurate is lm35?LM35 can measure from -55 degrees centigrade to 150-degree centigrade. The accuracy level is very high if operated at optimal temperature and humidity levels. The conversion of the output voltage to centigrade is also easy and straight forward. ​The input voltage to LM35 can be from +4 volts to 30 volts.Can lm35 measure body temperature?LM35 is used for the sense body temperature. ... This device will allow one to measure their mean arterial pressure (MAP) in about one minute and the accurate body temperature will be displayed on the Android.How do I calibrate my lm35 temperature sensor?Make sure the instrument is connected in PSTrace. Click the 'Calibrate' button in the Settings window. The LM35 gives a voltage of 10 mV per measured centigrade. Calibration can be done by setting two points to determine both offset and slope of the linear relation or by just adjusting the offset.How do I connect my lm35?Connect LM35 to Arduino uno as shown in circuit diagram. The +5v for LM35 can be taken from the +5v out pin of arduino uno. Also the ground pin of LM35 can be connected to GND pin of arduino uno. Connect Vout (the analog out of LM35) to any of the analog input pin of arduino uno. 

2N3904 is a Transistor. This blog covers 2N3904 Transistor pinout, datasheet, equivalent, circuit and other information on how to use and where to use this device.Playing with Transistors: NPN 2N3904 Transistor ExperimentCatalog2N3904 CAD Model2N3904 Pinout2N3904 Circuit2N3904 Applications2N3904 Features2N3904 Advantage2N3904 Working2N3904 Package2N3904 Parameters2N3904 Manufacturer2N3904 Documents2N3904 Environmental and Export Classifications2N3904 Equivalents2N3904 Product Compliance2N3904 Popularity by Region2N3904 as Amplifier2N3904 as SwitchWhere and How to use 2N3904How to Safely Long Run 2N3904 in a CircuitComponent DatasheetFAQOrdering & Quantity2N3904 CAD Model2N3904 Symbol2N3904 Footprint2N3904 PinoutPin NumberPin NameDescription1EmitterCurrent Drains out through emitter2BaseControls the biasing of transistor3CollectorCurrent flows in through collector2N3904 CircuitDelay and Rise Time Equivalent Test CircuitStorage and Fall Time Equivalent Test Circuit2N3904 ApplicationsSensor CircuitsAudio PreamplifiersAudio Amplifier StagesDarlington Pairs2N3904 FeaturesBi-Polar NPN TransistorDC Current Gain (hFE) is 300 maximumContinuous Collector current (IC) is 200mABase- Emitter Voltage (VBE) is 6VCollector-Emitter Voltage (VCE) is 40VCollector-Base Voltage (VCB) is 60VAvailable in To-92 Package2N3904 Advantage2N3904 Transistor2N3904 is a widely used general purpose transistor. It is mostly used by electronic students and hobbyists in their projects, but it is also used in commercial electronic products. It can be used in wide variety of electronic applications for switching and amplification purposes. The maximum collector current of the transistor is 200mA therefore user can drive loads under 200mA in their electronic applications, Moreover 2N3904 also work good as an amplifier, the total device dissipation is 625 milliwatt due to which it can also be used for audio and RF signal amplification purposes.2N3904 Working2N3904 has 3 layers in it i.e. single P doped layer embedded between two N doped layers.These 3 layers are different from each other in terms of size and concentration of doping.The centred layer is very small in size and is low concentrated as compared to the other two N doped layers.Collector layer is bigger in size than the other two layers and thus highly doped.A small current on the P doped layer transforms into a higher current on other two terminals.2N3904 Package 2N3904 Straight Lead2N3904 Bent Lead2N3904 ParametersCategoryDiscrete Semiconductor Products Transistors - Bipolar (BJT) - SingleMfrON SemiconductorSeries-PackageTrayPart StatusObsoleteTransistor TypeNPNVce Saturation (Max) @ Ib, Ic300mV @ 5mA, 50mACurrent - Collector Cutoff (Max)50nADC Current Gain (hFE) (Min) @ Ic, Vce100 @ 10mA, 1VFrequency – Transition300MHzOperating Temperature-55°C ~ 150°C (TJ)Mounting TypeThrough HolePackage / CaseTO-226-3, TO-92-3 (TO-226AA)Current - Collector (Ic) (Max)200mAVoltage - Collector Emitter Breakdown (Max)40VPower – Max625mWManufacturerON SemiconductorProduct CategoryBipolar Transistors – BJTMounting StyleThrough HolePackage / CaseTO-92-3Transistor PolarityNPNConfigurationSingleCollector- Emitter Voltage VCEO Max40 VCollector- Base Voltage VCBO60 VEmitter- Base Voltage VEBO6 VCollector-Emitter Saturation Voltage0.3 VMaximum DC Collector Current0.2 APd - Power Dissipation625 MwGain Bandwidth Product fT270 MHzMinimum Operating Temperature- 65 CMaximum Operating Temperature+ 150 CHeight5.33 mmLength5.2 mmTechnologySiWidth4.19 mmBrandON SemiconductorContinuous Collector Current0.2 ADC Collector/Base Gain hfe Min60Product TypeBJTs - Bipolar TransistorsSubcategoryTransistorsBJTs - Bipolar Transistors2N3904 ManufacturerON Semiconductor (Nasdaq: ON) is driving energy efficient innovations, empowering customers to reduce global energy use. The company offers a comprehensive portfolio of energy efficient power and signal management, logic, discrete and custom solutions to help design engineers solve their unique design challenges in automotive, communications, computing, consumer, industrial, LED lighting, medical, military/aerospace and power supply applications. ON Semiconductor operates a responsive, reliable, world-class supply chain and quality program, and a network of manufacturing facilities, sales offices and design centers in key markets throughout North America, Europe, and the Asia Pacific regions.2N3904 DocumentsGeneral Announcement - 2D Barcoding (PDF)Process change notification (PDF)Process change notification (PDF)2N3904 Environmental and Export ClassificationsAttributeDescriptionRoHS StatusRoHS non-compliant2N3904 Equivalents2N2222, S8050, 2N4401, BC537, SS9013 (Pin configuration of some transistors may different from 2N3904 therefore check pin configuration before replacing in a circuit)2N3904 Product ComplianceUSHTS8541210095CAHTS8541210000CNHTS8541210000TARIC8541210000ECCNEAR992N3904 Popularity by Region2N3904 as AmplifierA Transistors acts as an Amplifier when operating in Active Region. It can amplify power, voltage and current at different configurations.Some of the configurations used in amplifier circuits are1. Common emitter amplifier2. Common collector amplifier3. Common base amplifierOf the above types common emitter type is the popular and mostly used configuration. When uses as an Amplifier the DC current gain of the Transistor can be calculated by using the below formulaeDC Current Gain = Collector Current (IC) / Base Current (IB)2N3904 as SwitchWhen a transistor is used as a switch it is operated in the Saturation and Cut-Off Region as explained above. As discussed a transistor will act as an Open switch during Forward Bias and as a closed switch during Reverse Bias, this biasing can be achieved by supplying the required amount of current to the base pin. As mentioned the biasing current should maximum of 5mA. Anything more than 5mA will kill the Transistor; hence a resistor is always added in series with base pin. The value of this resistor (RB) can be calculated using below formulae.RB = VBE / IBWhere, the value of VBE should be 5V for 2N3904 and the Base current (IB depends on the Collector current (IC). The value of IB should not exceed mA.Where and How to use 2N39042N3904 Transistor2N3904 can be used in any electronic applications which fall under its electrical characteristics, let suppose if you want to switch a load in an electronic application that requires current under 200mA then this transistor will work quite well and you can drive variety of loads with this transistor for example relays, high power transistors, LEDs, a portion of an electronic circuit etc. When using as an amplifier it can be used in audio amplification stages, as an amplifier to drive small speakers, as an audio preamplifier and it can also be used in amplification stages of RF applications.How to Safely Long Run 2N3904 in a CircuitTo get good and long term performance from this transistor it is suggested to not drive loads more than 100mA, always use a suitable base resistor, do not provide collector-emitter voltage more than 40V and always operate or store in temperatures above -55 centigrade and below +150 centigrade.Component Datasheet2N3904 DatasheetFAQWhat is a 2N3904 Transistor?The 2N3904 is a common NPN bipolar junction transistor used for general-purpose low-power amplifying or switching applications. It is designed for low current and power, medium voltage, and can operate at moderately high speeds.How Does a 2N3904 Transistor Work?2N3904 is a NPN transistor hence the collector and emitter will be left open (Reverse biased) when the base pin is held at ground and will be closed (Forward biased) when a signal is provided to base pin. 2N3904 has a gain value of 300; this value determines the amplification capacity of the transistor.What is PNP NPN?PNP sensors produce a positive output to your industrial controls input, while NPN sensors produce a negative signal during an “on” state. ... NPN, or “sinking” output sensors, work in the opposite way, sinking ground voltage to an input when it's on.Whats is A Transistor?A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit.What is the Gain of a Transistor?The current gain for the common-base configuration is defined as the change in collector current divided by the change in emitter current when the base-to-collector voltage is constant. Typical common-base current gain in a well-designed bipolar transistor is very close to unity.