The Kynix Components

I DescriptionThis blog will introduce a sound amplifier designed based on NE5532 and TDA2030 integrated circuits. It mainly includes the following parts: the composition, function and working principle of audio amplifier. In terms of its characteristics, this amplifier has the following advantages:Small transient intermodulation distortion;High output power;The circuit is simple & easy to make.This is why NE5532 can always be widely used in audio systems such as home audio and high-fidelity stereo.CatalogI DescriptionII Composition of Audio AmplifierIII Characteristics and Requirements of Circuits3.1 Pre-amplification Circuit3.2 Tone Control Circuit3.3 Power Amplifier CircuitIV Introduction of Integrated Devices4.1 Integrated Op Amp NE55324.2 Integrated Power Amplifier TDA2030V Design of Audio Amplifier5.1 Design of Preamplifier Circuit5.2 Design of Tone Control Circuit5.3 Design of Power Amplifier CircuitVI Sound Amplifier SimulationFAQOrdering & QuantityII Composition of Audio AmplifierIn your impression, what is an audio amplifier? An audio amplifier is a device that restores electrical signals to sound signals. It requires high output power, low distortion, and high efficiency.For integrated circuits, it has the characteristics of low price, light weight, and good performance, so it is widely used in audio amplifiers. This blog will conduct in-depth research on audio amplifiers, using NE5532 integrated operational amplifier and TDA2030 integrated power amplifier to design an audio amplifier.The audio amplifier circuit is mainly composed of 3 parts:Preamplifier circuit;Tone control circuit;Power amplifier circuit.The microphone signal is first amplified by the amplifier. Then, the signal enters the tone control circuit for high and low tone control. Finally, it enters the power amplifier for amplification to provide the maximum undistorted audio power to the speaker. Users can boost or attenuate the bass with 100Hz as the control point and the treble with 10kHz as the treble control point according to their needs. In the end, satisfactory treble and bass control effects can be obtained. Its circuit composition block diagram is shown as in Fig. 1.Figure 1. Block Diagram of Sound Amplifier CircuitIII Characteristics and Requirements of Circuits3.1 Pre-amplification CircuitThe pre-amplifier amplifies the audio signal so that the amplified signal is within the input range of the power amplifier. The input sound of the audio amplifier is very different, and the output voltage range is also very large. Some input signals need to be power compensated first and then amplified by a power amplifier, which can make the frequency characteristic curve more flat.Therefore, the main functions of the preamplifier are as follows:Matching impedance;The matching of voltage amplitude and sensitivity.There are also the following two requirements for preamplifiers:The noise of the power tube should be very low; Ensure that its frequency band is wide enough.Only by meeting these two requirements, can the signal of the preamplifier be output without distortion.3.2 Tone Control CircuitThe main function of the tone control circuit is to adjust the frequency response curve shape of the audio amplifier in the audio frequency band. In other words, by boosting a certain frequency band signal or attenuating a certain frequency band signal. The signals in other frequency bands remain unchanged.Tone Control Circuit is mainly composed of a high-pass filter and a low-pass filter. Therefore, on the one hand, it can control the timbre of the audio signal; on the other hand, it also can compensate for the lack of frequency components in the signal. In this way, not only the tone of the sound reproduction system is improved, but also the sound reproduction effect of the sound is improved.In the high-fidelity stereo audio playback circuit, we usually use a tone control circuit with adjustable treble and bass. If the performance of a tone control circuit is good enough, its frequency adjustment range should be wide enough. In this way, the amplitude of the mid-range signal will not change much during the change of the tone of the audio amplifier from the weakest to the strongest. Therefore, the output volume can be kept stable.The tone control circuit is mainly divided into a negative feedback tone control circuit and an attenuation tone control circuit. For the former, the noise and distortion are relatively small, and its corner frequency is basically unchanged, but the slope of the characteristic curve will change accordingly. For the latter, the range of pitch adjustment is wider, but the noise and distortion are greater.3.3 Power Amplifier CircuitFunction: To provide the required power for the output load of the audio amplifier.Performance Indicators : distortion, frequency response, signal-to-noise ratio, and efficiency.Classification: OTL, OCL and BTL. OTL The OTL type is a push-pull power amplifier circuit with no transformer at the output end and only a large capacitance, which is a single power supply power amplifier circuit. It has the characteristics of small distortion, light weight, small size, and is conducive to integration. This circuit is widely used in audio amplifiers with low power output. OCL There is neither a transformer nor a large capacitor at the output end of the OCL circuit. It is a commonly used amplifying circuit for the dual power supply amplifier circuit. BTL The BTL power amplifier circuit usually uses a circuit without an output transformer. When the power supply voltage is low, the output load power is larger, which improves the utilization rate of the power supply. It is generally used when the output power is large.The application of integrated power amplifier is becoming more and more extensive. This is because the integrated power amplifier has the functions of small distortion, small size, light weight, low power consumption, high cost performance, overvoltage protection and noise cancellation.IV Introduction of Integrated Devices4.1 Integrated Op Amp NE5532The integrated operational amplifier NE5532 has strong output drive capability and good noise signal. It also has a higher power bandwidth and small signal. Therefore, NE5532 is a high-performance low-noise dual op amp operational amplifier.Equivalent Input Noise Voltage: 5 nV/√Hz Typ at 1 kHzUnity-Gain Bandwidth: 10 MHz TypCommon-Mode Rejection Ratio: 100 dB TypHigh DC Voltage Gain: 100 V/mV TypPeak-to-Peak Output Voltage Swing 26 V Typ With VCC± = ±15 V and RL = 600 ΩHigh Slew Rate: 9 V/μs Typ4.2 Integrated Power Amplifier TDA2030TDA2030 is a V-shaped 5-pin single in-line package structure. It has the characteristics of small transient intermodulation distortion, high rate of rise, large output power, small size and light weight. And it has over-current and over-voltage protection circuits inside.V Design of Audio Amplifier5.1 Design of Preamplifier CircuitNE5532 integrated operational amplifier has the advantage of high input impedance. Usually, the voltage series negative feedback circuit constructed with it is used as the first stage of the preamplifier. The voltage parallel negative feedback circuit formed by it is used as the second stage of the preamplifier. The circuit has strong resistance to common-mode signal interference and low output impedance.The design of the preamplifier circuit is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2. NE5532 Preamplifier CircuitAmong them,C9 and C1 are decoupling capacitors, their function is to eliminate low-frequency self-oscillation;C10 and C12 are high frequency filter capacitors;R5 and C7 determine the lower limit frequency of the preamplifier.5.2 Design of Tone Control CircuitThe audio amplifier adopts a negative feedback tone controller. The circuit design is shown as in Fig. 3.Figure 3. NE3352 Tone Control CircuitRp1: Bass adjustment potentiometer;Rp2: Tweeter adjustment potentiometer;C13: Coupling capacitor;C14: bass boost capacitor;C15: bass decay capacitor;C16: High pitch boost and attenuation coupling capacitor.among them:C16 should be much smaller than C14;Rp1=Rp2=200kR13=R14=R15=22k C14=C15=0.02μF Rp2=9R13.When the capacitive reactance is large, it is equivalent to an open circuit, and when the capacitive reactance is small, it can be regarded as a short circuit. Therefore, the capacitor C16 is equivalent to an open circuit, and adjusting the sliding rheostat Rp2 will not affect the bass adjustment.When the sliding rheostat Rp1 moves to the left end, the capacitor C14 can be regarded as a short circuit. For the bass signal, the capacitance of the capacitor C15 is relatively large, which can boost the bass signal.When the sliding rheostat Rp1 moves to the right end, C15 can be regarded as a short circuit, and the circuit can be used to achieve the effect of bass attenuation.The capacitive reactance of C14 and C15 is small relative to the tweeter signal, which is equivalent to a short circuit. When the sliding rheostat moves to the far left end, the tweeter signal can be boosted, and when Rp2 slides to the far right end, it plays the role of treble decay.5.3 Design of Power Amplifier CircuitThe integrated power amplifier has the characteristics of simple circuit, low price, and stable operation. The design in this blog uses the TDA2030 integrated circuit with excellent performance, which has the advantages of low harmonic distortion and overheating protection. The circuit is used as an OCL power amplifier, as shown in the figure. The function of the diodes D1 and D2 in the picture is to protect the circuit. On the one hand, it is to prevent the polarity of the power supply from being reversed; on the other hand, it is to limit the amplitude of the input signal. The output phase shift correction network is composed of resistor R22 and capacitor C22 so that the load is equivalent to a pure resistor. The lower limit frequency of the power amplifier circuit is usually determined by the input coupling capacitor C17. Capacitors C19 and C20 are low-frequency and high-frequency bypass capacitors respectively, and resistor Rp3 is a volume adjustment potentiometer.Figure 4. TDA2030 Power Amplifier CircuitVI Sound Amplifier SimulationUse Multisim software to simulate the audio amplifier. As shown in Figure 5. Test whether the operating voltage of each operating point is consistent with the theoretical value, and adjust the parameters of the circuit based on the obtained test results. Through repeated testing and adjustment of the circuit, the various indicators of the circuit meet the requirements.Figure 5. Simulation Circuit of Audio AmplifierFAQWhat is NE5532？The NE5532 is a Dual Low Noise Op-Amp in 8-pin package commonly used as amplifiers in audio circuits for its noise immunity and high output drive capability. The Op-Amp is internally compensated for high unity gain with maximum output swing bandwidth, low distortion and high slew rate.How to check NE5532 IC with digital multimeter?Whats the size of NE5532 produced by Texas Instruments? Anything to compare?You will find all physical sizes in inches as well as millimeters in page 19 of the official TI datasheet at:http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/ne5532.pdfWhat are the features of NE5532?NE5532 is similar to many standard operational amplifiers, but it has the characteristics of better noise performance, excellent output drive capability, high small signal bandwidth, and large power supply voltage range. Therefore, NE5532 is very suitable for high-quality and professional audio equipment, instruments, control circuits and telephone channel amplifiers. 

I DescriptionThis blog uses the universal integrated chip TL494 to convert analog signals into PWM (pulse width modulation) signals. In the output part, N-channel MOSFET and P-channel MOSFET are used to form a switching power amplifier.CatalogI DescriptionII Introduction2.1 Switching Power Amplifier Overview2.2 TL494 IntroductionIII Scheme Design3.1 Duty Cycle Adjustment Circuit3.2 Input Signal Compression Circuit3.3 MOSFET Drive Circuit3.4 Working Principle of Output PartIV Experimental ResultsV ConclusionFAQOrdering & Quantity II Introduction2.1 Switching Power Amplifier OverviewWith the rapid development of high-speed power MOSFET production technology, the operating frequency of MOSFET is getting higher and higher, the driving method is getting safer and the price is getting lower.Therefore, a large number of switching power amplifiers applied to various household appliances and industrial alarms have appeared on the market in recent years.Compared with the linear power amplifier, although the circuit of the switching power amplifier is slightly more complicated. But it is very efficient and can reduce the size of the heat sink, even without using the heat sink. Therefore, the volume of the product can be greatly reduced.2.2 TL494 IntroductionTL494 is a switching power supply pulse width modulation (PWM) control chip. For many years, as the cheapest double-ended PWM chip, TL494 has been widely used in double-ended topologies such as push-pull and half-bridge. Because of its lower operating frequency and single-ended output port characteristics. It is often used with power bipolar transistors (BJT). If used with power MOSFET, an external circuit is required. TL494 works in a wide voltage range from 7V to 40V, with a maximum operating frequency of 200kHz, with the internal sawtooth generator, PWM generator, and lag time adjustment functions.III Scheme DesignFigure 1 is a block diagram of a TL494-based switching power amplifier. The key to the circuit design is the duty cycle adjustment circuit, input signal compression circuit, and MOSFET drive circuit.Figure 1.  TL494 Switching Power Amplifier3.1 Duty Cycle Adjustment CircuitThe duty cycle is the key to improving voltage utilization during PWM signal modulation. Because TL494 is an integrated chip for switching power supply. Therefore, the minimum lag time is set to 0.1V internally. The maximum duty cycle is approximately 96% at the output of the transmitter stage. Figure 2 shows the input part and part of the circuit for PWM signal modulation.Figure 2. Signal Input section and PWM GeneratorIn Figure 2, when C4=1000pF and R4=24k, the operating frequency is about 78kHz.If there is no duty cycle adjustment circuit D8, D17, R23, because the comparison point of the internal delay time comparator is 0.1V. So the minimum on-time is about 1.52μs, and the minimum duty cycle is D=1.52/13≈12%. Therefore, the voltage utilization rate will decrease during PWM.If D8, D17, and R23 are used, a 0.82V bias voltage will be generated at the point E of the capacitor C4 for the sawtooth wave generation, and the starting point of the sawtooth wave will be increased from 0V to 0.82V. Therefore, the on-time is reduced to 0.64μs, and the minimum duty cycle is reduced to D=0.64/13≈4.9%. This can significantly improve the voltage utilization.Figure 3 is the output waveform when there is no duty cycle adjustment circuit.Figure 4 is the output waveform when there is a duty cycle adjustment circuit.Figure 3. Output Waveform without Duty Cycle Adjustment CircuitFigure 4. Output Waveform with Duty Cycle Adjustment Circuit3.2 Input Signal Compression CircuitBecause the input signal of the alarm has a large variation range, it is necessary to compress the signal with a large amplitude according to a certain ratio. In Figure 2, R6, R16, D10, D11 constitute the input signal compression circuit, and its key is to use the input characteristics of the diode. Figure 5 shows its input characteristics. Among them, D10 and D11 are connected in parallel to compress signals in both positive and negative directions.Figure 5. Output Characteristics of Input Signal Compression CircuitThe compression ratio depends on the values of R6 and R16. The larger the value, the larger the compression ratio. By adjusting the values of R6 and R16, the change range of the compressed signal is set to -0.82V~0.82V. The amount of change is 1.64V. We can see Figure 4, the sawtooth voltage variation range is 0.82V~3.25V. So the output signal variation range of the TL494 internal error amplifier is 2.43V.The gain of the internal error amplifier depends on R7 and R20. By adjusting their values, when the amount of change of the compressed signal is 1.64V, the output signal change range of the internal error amplifier can be set to 2.43V.Since most alarms use tweeters, the bass with a large amplitude can be greatly reduced.3.3 MOSFET Drive CircuitP-channel MOSFET uses IRF9540. It has the characteristics of the maximum operating voltage of 100V, the maximum operating current of 18A, and saturation when VGS voltage is 5V~15V.N-channel MOSFET uses IRF540. It has the characteristics of the maximum operating voltage of 100V, the maximum operating current of 27A, and saturation when VGS voltage is 5V~15V.The driving transistor Q3 adopts NPN type C8050, and Q7 adopts PNP type C8550. Both of these two drive transistors have the characteristics of a maximum operating voltage of 30V, a maximum operating current of 1A, and a VBE of 12V.Figure 6 shows the MOSFET drive circuit.Figure 6. MOSFET Drive CircuitFigure 7 shows the MOSFET driving principle waveform.When the pulse voltage at point A is low, the current flows through the reverse bias of the Zener diode D7 and the transistor Q3 to form a VGS voltage, and QH is turned on.When the pulse voltage at point A is high, the current flows through the reverse bias of the Zener diode D9 and the transistor Q7 to form a VGS voltage, and QL is turned on.In addition, Figure 7 also shows detailed driving waveforms.l When the pulse voltage is low, the voltage is lower than VL to make QH turn on.l When the pulse voltage is high, its voltage is higher than VH to make QL turn on.It takes a certain amount of time to change from VL to VH. At this time, QH and QL will be cut off at the same time. Therefore, the pulse change process is very safe.Figure 7. MOSFET Driving Principle WaveformThe VGS of QH and QL is determined by the following formula:Where:VGS is the driving voltage of MOSFET;VC is the power supply voltage;VD is the regulated voltage of Zener tubes D7 and D9 (usually the same Zener tube is used);VBE is the counter breakdown voltage of C8050 and C8550.Figure 8 is the measured drive waveform. When the pulse voltage changes from low to high, the time for QH and QL to cut off at the same time is about 100~300ns.Figure 8. Measured Drive Waveform3.4 Working Principle of Output PartAs shown in Figure 6, the output part consists of QH, QL and L3, C8, C5, and C7. The output voltage is transmitted to the load after filtering high frequency waves through L3 and C8. Generally, an electrolytic capacitor is used at the output end, but this circuit uses C5 and C7 to form a half bridge, and then connect the midpoint to the load. The advantage of this connection method is that the two capacitors are not only the transmission path of the output signal (the capacitance value is the parallel value of the two capacitors), but also has a filtering effect on the power supply (the capacitance value is the series value of the two capacitors at this time), and reduce the internal pressure of the capacitor by half.IV Experimental ResultsTable 1 shows the quiescent current when the input voltage is 35V and the operating frequency is 78kHz when using different voltage regulator diodes.It can be seen from Table 1:When the voltage regulation value of the voltage stabilizing diode is 0V, 5V, the distance between the conduction points of VL and VH is too close, and the conduction time is too long, and there is a larger static current. Although the current is relatively small at 20V, the MOSFET generates severe heat. As can be seen from Table 1, when the operating voltage is 35V, the selection range of the Zener diode is 7.5V~15V.V ConclusionThe experimental results show that the PWM signal of TL494 is used for N-channel MOSFET and P-channel MOSFET to form a switching power amplifier with a unique driving mode to overcome the shortcomings of simultaneous conduction of two power MOSFETs.Not only that, it also has ideal drive waveforms, efficiency greater than 95%, good bandwidth and low price, which fully meets the requirements of industrial alarms. And under 18W output power, compared with the power amplifier composed of TDA7481, there is not much difference, and there is basically no heating phenomenon, and the heat sink can be removed.If you want to get more output power, you only need to increase the working voltage to more than 35V and fit a proper Zener diode.FAQWhat is TL494?TL494 is a PWM controller IC used for power electronics circuits. It comprises of on-chip two error amplifiers an oscillator with adjustable frequency feature, an output flip-flop having pulse steering control, and an output control circuit with feedback.What is the detailed description of TL494?The TL494 device incorporates all the functions required in the construction of a pulse-width-modulation (PWM) control circuit on a single chip. Designed primarily for power-supply control, this device offers the flexibility to tailor the power-supply control circuitry to a specific application. The TL494 device contains two error amplifiers, an on-chip adjustable oscillator, a dead-time control (DTC) comparator, a pulse-steering control flip-flop, a 5-V, 5%-precision regulator, and output-control circuits. The error amplifiers exhibit a common-mode voltage range from –0.3 V to VCC – 2 V. The dead-time control comparator has a fixed offset that provides approximately 5% dead time. The on-chip oscillator can be bypassed by terminating RT to the reference output and providing a sawtooth input to CT, or it can drive the common circuits in synchronous multiple-rail power supplies. The uncommitted output transistors provide either common-emitter or emitter-follower output capability. The TL494 device provides for push-pull or single-ended output operation, which can be selected through the output-control function. The architecture of this device prohibits the possibility of either output being pulsed twice during push-pull operation.What are TL494 product features?Complete PWM Power-Control CircuitryUncommitted Outputs for 200-mA Sink or Source CurrentOutput Control Selects Single-Ended or Push-Pull OperationInternal Circuitry Prohibits Double Pulse at Either OutputVariable Dead Time Provides Control Over Total RangeWhat is PWM IC?The TL494 fixed frequency PWM Controller can be used for DC to DC conversion regardless of buck or boost topology. ... This IC feature an output control circuit, a flip flop, a dead time comparator, two different error amplifiers, a 5V reference voltage, an oscillator, and a PWM comparator.How does PWM IC work?As its name suggests, pulse width modulation speed control works by driving the motor with a series of “ON-OFF” pulses and varying the duty cycle, the fraction of time that the output voltage is “ON” compared to when it is “OFF”, of the pulses while keeping the frequency constant.Which IC is better for a buck converter, TL494 or UC3843?They mainly differ in type of control…TL494 => voltage mode control (One loop control) ….while UC3843 uses current mode control (Nested loop control, with a inner/fast current loop and another outer/slower voltage loop)…Typically voltage mode are used in multiple output converters with good cross-regulation. Current mode when you want to parallel multiple converters to make a single converter with higher current rating…TL494 is a very popular IC. If you have simple requirements… TL494 is recommended…How do I properly set the feedback pin on a TL494 SMPS IC?The feedback pin is the output of both error amplifiers, used in comparing and adjusting the output pulse width to the DC control voltage.On various circuits I have looked up, the op-amp connected to pins 2 & 3 are used to set the gain of the feedback loop, using 2 resistors with one resistor connecting to 2.5V potential divider on 5V reference voltage. With the other connecting to the output (via suitable isolation)The gain appears to be set at 101, using a 51k feedback with 510 ohms to the 2.5V reference. It is used to control the gain of the feedback voltage. No literature I have yet found, gives an indication on how this gain be set, except a graph showing an open loop gain of 1000, presumably the gain is set for the best stability, although there will also be a time constant.Why is there no frequency compensation required in TI's TL494 example buck regulator design (operational amplifier, buck phase, shift phase, margin, TL494, electronics)?It's a fixed frequency PWM controller with internal dead time timer. Frequency compensation is not required. Take a look at the datasheet.How to use TL494?  

CD4017 is a CMOS Decade Counter IC. This blog covers CD4017 Counter pinout, datasheet, equivalent, features and other information.Top 3 CD4017 IC ProjectsCatalogCD4017 PinoutCD4017 ApplicationsCD4017 FeaturesCD4017 AdvantageCD4017 ManufacturerCD4017 EquivalentsCD4017 PackageWhere to use CD4017Ordering & QuantityFAQOrdering & QuantityCD4017 PinoutPin NumberPin NameDescription1 to 7 and 9,10,11Output pins Q0 to Q9These are the 10 output pins on which the counting occurs, they are not in order hence verify pin diagram above.8Vss or GroundConnected to the Ground of the circuit12Carry Out (CO)This pin goes high after the IC counts from 1 to 10. This is used as carry while counting.13Clock Enable (EN)This is an input which when made high will hold the count at the current state.14ClockThe counting happens when this clock pulse goes high, this pin is normally connected to 555 timer or other uC to produce a pulse.15ResetsAs the name suggests this pin resets the count back to 116Vdd / VccConnects to the supply voltage typically +5V.CD4017 ApplicationsLED matrix circuitsLED chaser applications and LED based projectsBinary counter or Binary decoderDivisiable counting by NIndustrial and medical electronicsCD4017 FeaturesHigh speed 16 pin CMOS Decade counterSupports 10 decoded outputsWide supply voltage range from 3V to 15V, typically +5VTTL compatibleMaximum Clock Frequency: 5.5MhzAvailable in 16-pin PDIP, GDIP, PDSO packagesCD4017 AdvantageCD4017 CounterCD4017 is a Johnson 10 stage CMOS Decade counter IC. We can use it for low range counting applications. It is a 16-pin counter that can count from 0 to 10 by turning on the 10 outputs one by one on every positive edge of a clock. The circuit consists of CD4017 will save board space and also the time required to design the circuit. We can reset and control counting with the help of reset and enable pins.CD4017 ManufacturerTexas Instruments Incorporated (TI) is a global semiconductor design and manufacturing company that develops analog ICs and embedded processors. By employing the world's brightest minds, TI creates innovations that shape the future of technology. TI is helping more than 100,000 customers transform the future, today.CD4017 EquivalentsCD4040, CD4060, CD4022, CD4026, CD4020, CD40103, CD4017, 74LS90, 74LS93CD4017 PackageWhere to use CD4017The IC CD4017 is used for counting applications, it has the capability to turn on 10 outputs sequentially in a pre-defined time and reset the count or hold it when required. It also has the capability to indicate the status of counting using Carry pin. This is commonly used for Led chasers and other logical output projects, so if you are looking for a sequential decoded counting IC that can count up to 10 then this IC will be your right choice.How to use CD4017CD4017 has 10 output pins that gets HIGH in a sequential pattern when clock signal is applied. This clock signal can be generated through 555 timer IC or any other digital IC’s. Pin 13 which is clock enable pin is kept LOW otherwise it can halt the clock signal. The Reset Pin is also kept LOW. This pin is responsible for resetting the counter to restart the counting from 0. Therefore, for normal operation of a circuit, these two pins are kept LOW.Component DatasheetCD4017 DatasheetFAQWhat is CD4017?The CD4017 is a CMOS Decade counter IC. CD4017 is used for low range counting applications. It can count from 0 to 10 (the decade count). The circuit designed by using this ic will save board space and also time required to design the circuit. CD4017 is as 'Johnson 10 stage decade counter.What is CD4017 and How it Works?CD4017 is a digital counter plus decoder circuit. The clock pulses generated at the output of IC 555 timer (PIN-3) is given as an input to CD4017 through PIN-14. Whenever a clock pulse is received at the clock input of the CD4017 counter, the counter increments the count and activates the corresponding output PIN.What is a CD4017 Decade Counter?The CD4017 Decade counter is a device that counts clock pulses. It is called a decade counter because it has 10 outputs (Q0 to Q9) and so it can count 10 clock pulses before starting again. This is simple counter that is easy to understand and straight forward to use.

1SMB5923BT3G Description 1SMB5923BT3G is a 3 watt plastic surface mount zener voltage regulator.1SMB5923BT3GCatalog1SMB5923BT3G DescriptionOrdering & Quantity1SMB5923BT3G Pin Configuration1SMB5923BT3G Features1SMB5923BT3G Mechanical Characteristics1SMB5923BT3G Package1SMB5923BT3G CAD Models1SMB5923BT3G Functional Equivalents1SMB5923BT3G Popularity by Region1SMB5923BT3G Market Price Analysis1SMB5923BT3G ManufacturerComponent DatasheetOrdering & Quantity1SMB5923BT3G Pin Configuration1SMB5923BT3G FeaturesZener Voltage Range − 3.3 V to 200 VESD Rating of Class 3 (> 16 kV) per Human Body ModelFlat Handling Surface for Accurate PlacementPackage Design for Top Side or Bottom Circuit Board MountingAEC−Q101 Qualified and PPAP Capable − SZ1SMB59xxT3GSZ Prefix for Automotive and Other Applications Requiring Unique Site and Control Change RequirementsThese are Pb−Free Devices*1SMB5923BT3G Mechanical CharacteristicsCASE: Void-free, transfer-molded plasticFINISH: All external surfaces are corrosion resistant and leads are readily solderableMAXIMUM LEAD TEMPERATURE FOR SOLDERING PURPOSES: 260°C for 10Seconds LEADS: Modified L−Bend providing more contact area to bond pads POLARITY: Cathode indicated by polarity bandFLAMMABILITY RATING: UL 94 V−01SMB5923BT3G Package1SMB5923BT3G CAD ModelsPart SymbolFootprint3D Model1SMB5923BT3G Functional Equivalents1SMB5923BT3G Popularity by Region1SMB5923BT3G Market Price Analysis1SMB5923BT3G ManufacturerON Semiconductor is driving energy efficient innovations, empowering customers to reduce global energy use. The company offers a comprehensive portfolio of energy efficient power and signal management, logic, discrete and custom solutions to help design engineers solve their unique design challenges in automotive, communications, computing, consumer, industrial, LED lighting, medical, military/aerospace and power supply applications.Component Datasheet1SMB5923BT3G Datasheet

The 1N5819 is a Schottky diode with a low forward voltage drop and high switching speed. It is commonly used in high frequency applications like Inverters, DC-DC converters etc.Catalog1N5819 Pin Configuration and Functions1N5819 Features1N5819 Mechanical Data1N5819 Package Outline1N5819 Applications1N5819 Functional Equivalents1N5819 Popularity by Region1N5819 Market Price Analysis1N5819 ManufacturerComponent DatasheetFAQOrdering & Quantity1N5819 Pin Configuration and FunctionsPin No.Pin NameDescription1AnodeCurrent always Enters through Anode2CathodeCurrent always Exits through Cathode1N5819 FeaturesGuard Ring Die Construction for Transient ProtectionLow Power Loss, High EfficiencyHigh Surge CapabilityHigh Current Capability and Low Forward Voltage DropFor Use in Low Voltage, High Frequency Inverters, Free Wheeling, and Polarity Protection Application1N5819 Mechanical DataCase: DO-41 ·Case Material: Molded Plastic. UL Flammability Classification Rating 94V-0 ·Moisture Sensitivity: Level 1 per J-STD-020 ·Terminals: Finish - Tin. Plated Leads Solderable per MIL-STD202, Method 208 ·Polarity: Cathode Band ·Marking: Type Number and Date Code1N5819 Package Outline1N5819 ApplicationsCan be used to prevent reverse polarity problemHigh Frequency InvertersUsed as a protection deviceCurrent flow regulatorsPolarity Protection applications1N5819 Functional Equivalents1N5819 Popularity by Region1N5819 Market Price Analysis1N5819 ManufacturerDiodes Incorporated delivers high-quality semiconductor products to the world’s leading companies in the consumer electronics, computing, communications, industrial, and automotive markets. They leverage their expanded product portfolio of discrete, analog, and mixed-signal products and leading-edge packaging technology to meet customers’ needs. Their broad range of application-specific solutions and solutions-focused sales, coupled with worldwide operations of 25 sites, including engineering, testing, manufacturing, and customer service, enables us to be a premier provider for high-volume, high-growth markets.Component Datasheet1N5819 DatasheetFAQWhat is 1N5819?The 1N5819 is a Schottky Diode with forward voltage drop of 600mV and a forward current of 1A. Since it has a very low forward voltage drop it can be used in reverse polarity protection circuits, unlike a normal diode which has more than 1V as forward voltage drop 1N5819 only has 600mV drop across it when 1A current is flowing through it.What is a Schottky diode?A Schottky Diode is a metal-semiconductor diode with a low forward voltage drop and a very fast switching speed. The Schottky Diode is another type of semiconductor diode but have the advantage that their forward voltage drop is substantially less than that of the conventional silicon pn-junction diode.What is a Schottky diode used for?Schottky diodes are used for their low turn-on voltage, fast recovery time and low-loss energy at higher frequencies. These characteristics make Schottky diodes capable of rectifying a current by facilitating a quick transition from conducting to blocking state.What is the difference between Schottky diode and silicon diode? What is the advantages of Schottky diode?Compared to normal diodes,  Schottky diode also has relatively faster switching speeds and hence can be used in high frequency switching circuits. The reverse blocking voltage for 1N5819 is about 28V only which is kind of a downside for all Schottky diodes so make sure this does not affect the performance in your circuit. 

2N3055 is a general purpose NPN power transistor manufactured with the epitaxial base process, mounted in a hermetically sealed metal case, which  designed for general-purpose switching and amplifier applications.  2N3055 is preferred when you want a simple switching device for medium power loads. 2N3055 is one of the basic transistors available in the market for cheap and with features being suited for many applications. 2N3055 is also used in audio power amplifiers. The device has good amplifying factor and also the gain is almost linear making 2N3055 one of best solution for power amplifiers.Using 2N3055 making an easy inverter circuit which can operate your led light, charge your mobile, fan, lcd, led, etc.Catalog2N3055 Pin Configuration and Functions2N3055 Features2N3055 Applications2N3055 PackageHow to Use 2N3055 Transistor2N3055 CAD Models2N3055 Functional Equivalents2N3055 Popularity by Region2N3055 Market Price Analysis2N3055 ManufacturerComponent DatasheetOrdering & Quantity2N3055 Pin Configuration and Functions Like any other transistor 2N3055 has three pins namely EMITTER, BASE and COLLECTOR. The pin configuration of 2N3055 is given below. Pin NumberPin NameDescription1Base (B)Normally used as trigger to turn ON  the transistor2Emitter (E)Normally connected to GROUNDTAB or CASECollector (C)Normally connected to LOAD2N3055 FeaturesDC Current Gain − hFE = 20−70 @ IC = 4 AdcCollector−Emitter Saturation Voltage − VCE(sat) = 1.1 Vdc (Max) @ IC = 4 AdcExcellent Safe Operating AreaPb−Free Packages are Available*2N3055 ApplicationsPower switching circuitsAmplifier circuitsPWM applicationsRegulator circuitsSwitch mode power supplySignal Amplifiers2N3055 PackageHow to Use 2N3055 TransistorAs mentioned earlier the 2N3055 can be used for any NPN transistor applications but for understanding the functioning of device let us consider a simple application circuit as shown below. Here we are going to use 2N3055 as a simple switching device to drive a motor and is in common emitter configuration.As show in circuit we are using a motor as the load and the gate signal for turning ON the transistor is provided by 5V source with button being the triggering device. The trigger source and power source must share a common ground for the circuit to work. The 100Ω resistor is provided for limiting the current through base. Under initial conditions the button will be open and no current flows through the base of transistor. With no base current the transistor acts as open circuit and the entire supply voltage V1 will appears across it. When the button is pressed at certain time, the voltage V2 forms a closed loop with base-emitter of transistor as can be seen in circuit diagram. With this closed loop a current flows through base of transistor and with base current flow the transistor gets turned ON. Having transistor acting as short circuit in ON state there will be collector current which flows through motor making it rotate. This motor will keep rotating until there will be base current. After a certain time when the button is released the base current becomes zero and the transistor gets turned OFF. With transistor going to high resistance state in OFF mode, the collector current also becomes zero bringing motor to stop.   The way of controlling power motor via simple push button realizes the use 2N3055 as a switching device and in the same way we can use 2N3055 in other transistor circuits.2N3055 CAD ModelsPart symbolFootprint2N3055 Functional Equivalents2N3055 Popularity by Region2N3055 Market Price Analysis2N3055 ManufacturerON Semiconductor is driving energy efficient innovations, empowering customers to reduce global energy use. The company offers a comprehensive portfolio of energy efficient power and signal management, logic, discrete and custom solutions to help design engineers solve their unique design challenges in automotive, communications, computing, consumer, industrial, LED lighting, medical, military/aerospace and power supply applications.Component Datasheet2N3055 Datasheet