The Kynix Components

I DescriptionIn this blog, we will introduce a multifunctional electronic thermometer. This kind of thermometer can not only accurately and conveniently measure body temperature and food temperature, but also can be used to measure indoor and outdoor temperature, refrigerator temperature, etc. In addition, it also has multiple functions such as temperature measurement timing, temperature memory, sound prompt, backlight display, and automatic shutdown. Moreover, it has the characteristics of accurate measurement, simple operation, portability and low price. Therefore, it can be widely used in hospitals and homes as a general temperature measuring instrument. In terms of its working principle, the thermometer uses the digital temperature sensor DS18B20 to detect temperature and transmits the digital temperature signal to the single-chip microcomputer. The temperature value and measurement time calculated and corrected by the single-chip microcomputer are displayed in real time by the liquid crystal display.A tutorial on how to use the Dallas Maxim 1-Wire DS18B20 digital temperature sensor with the Arduino. CatalogI DescriptionII DS18B20 IntroductionIII Hardware Circuit3.1 Power Circuit3.2 Digital Temperature Sensor and Calibration3.3 MCU Circuit3.4 LCD Display3.5 Audio CircuitIV Software DesignV ConclusionFAQOrdering & Quantity II DS18B20 IntroductionDS18B20 is a single-wire digital temperature sensor produced by DALLAS. It integrates temperature sensing, signal conversion, A/D conversion and heating functions into one chip, and belongs to a new generation of intelligent digital temperature sensors with microprocessors. DS18B20 has a total of 3 pins, (respectively digital signal input/output, ground, power supply), using TO-92 small-volume packaging.DS18B20 Main Specifications:The temperature measurement range is -55℃～+125℃;Programmable to 9 to 12 bit A/D conversion accuracy;The temperature measurement resolution can reach 0.0625℃, and the error is ±0.5℃;The working power supply can be introduced at the remote end (3-wire working mode) or generated by parasitic power supply (2-wire working mode);The measured temperature is serially output with a sign-extended 16-bit digital quantity;Each sensor has a unique 64-bit serial number, which is stored in the ROM of the sensor;The sensor also has two temperature upper and lower limit storage units.III Hardware CircuitThe multifunctional electronic thermometer is mainly composed of the following parts:Power circuitDigital temperature sensorSingle chip computerLCD MonitorAudio circuit...Its hardware circuit schematic diagram is shown as in Fig. 1.Figure 1. Hardware Circuit (right click to view big picture)3.1 Power CircuitU1 is the micro power consumption step-down DC/DC converter LT3470 introduced by Linear Technology. Here, U1 converts the 9V dry battery voltage into 5V DC voltage to power the entire circuit.So, how to start and shut down automatically? We only need to press the start button S2. After starting, pin 1 (SHDN) of U1 gets a high level, pin 5 of U1 outputs a 5V stable DC voltage, and the thermometer starts to work at this time. Then, the 14-pin (P1.2) of the one-chip computer outputs a high level through D2 to keep the 1 pin of U1 high. When 6 minutes are up, the 14-pin of the single-chip microcomputer outputs a low level, and the 1 pin of U1 becomes a low level, and the circuit automatically powers down.3.2 Digital Temperature Sensor and CalibrationThe digital temperature sensor DS18B20 is used as a temperature measuring probe to collect temperature signals. And the digitized temperature signal is input through the 19-pin (P1.7) of the microcontroller. DS18B20 adopts 2-wire working mode, and the working power is generated by parasitic power.For example, use this thermometer to measure the temperature of a baby. We can fix the temperature probe on a special bandage and tie it to the arm. So that the sensor is located under the armpit. In this way, it can be avoided that the temperature measuring probe is detached from the test site. Due to infant activities or crying when measuring the body temperature of the infant, and the measurement is convenient.For another example, the temperature probe can also measure indoor and outdoor temperature, refrigerator temperature, etc. The special probe for measuring food temperature adopts non-toxic straw and non-toxic silica gel package, which is easy to clean.Since DS18B20 is in the range of -10℃～85℃, its measurement error is ±0.5℃. In order to accurately measure body temperature, this blog uses a self-made constant temperature water bath system to determine the temperature curve of each sensor. We can calibrate the DS18B20 according to the temperature curve to make the measurement error within the range of 25℃～50℃ be ±0.1℃.3.2.1 Constant Temperature Water Bath SystemThe constant temperature water bath system consists of the following three parts: an electric cooker with heat preservation, a cylindrical copper body with good heat conduction, and an automatic temperature controller.We need to make 50 round holes with a diameter of 5mm and a height of 30mm on a cylindrical copper body with a diameter of 120mm and a height of 80mm. In this way, the temperature sensor can be fixed and the temperature of all the sensors in the copper body can be kept consistent. Put the cylindrical copper body into the electric cooker, and add distilled water to submerge the copper body.3.2.2 DS18B20 Actual Temperature Curve MeasurementInsert multiple encapsulated sensors to be tested (no more than 49) into the small holes of the copper body of the constant temperature water bath;Insert the high-precision digital thermometer into the small hole of the copper body to accurately measure the current temperature;The wires of all sensors are led out through the upper cover hole of the electric cooker and connected to the upper computer. Cover the electric cooker with heat preservation material;Turn on the power, change the temperature setting of the automatic thermostat, and control the temperature of the constant temperature water bath;Monitor the temperature value of the digital thermometer. Whenever the specified temperature value is reached, start the upper computer temperature measurement program and simultaneously measure the current temperature of all the sensors to be tested;From 25℃～60℃, measure 1 set of data every 5℃, and automatically generate the actual temperature curve of each sensor.3.2.3 Correction of DS18B20By analyzing the measured temperature curve of the sensor, we can find that within the range of 25℃～50℃, the error is -0.1℃～-0.3℃. In the design of this blog, the current temperature value of DS18B20 plus 0.2℃ is used as the actual measured temperature, so that the measurement error in the range of 25℃～50℃ is reduced to ±0.1℃.3.3 MCU CircuitThe microcontroller (U2) is the core component of the thermometer. It has the following functions:Temperature signal reading, processing calculation, correctionTemperature measurement timingTemperature memorySound prompt,Automatic shutdown...　　This design adopts AT89C2051 single-chip microcomputer produced by American ATMEL company. It is a built-in flash memory microcontroller that is fully compatible with the MCS-51 series, with only 20 pins. It is the most compact, smallest, and cheapest FlashROM microcontroller in the AT89C51 series. Provides the following standard functions:An 8-bit CPU;2kB flash memory;128 bytes RAM;Two 16-bit timers;A complete 8-bit bidirectional I/O port;5 interrupt sources.After starting the thermometer, the microcontroller starts an internal timer to record the temperature measurement time. It also reads the digital temperature signal sent by DS18B20, processes and corrects it to obtain the real-time temperature value. The temperature value and temperature measurement time are sent to the LCD display via serial communication via pin 1 (P3.0) and pin 2 (P3.1);When the temperature measurement time reaches 5 minutes, the current temperature value is automatically registered, and pin 11 outputs a low level to control the audio circuit to give a sound prompt;When the temperature measurement time reaches 6 minutes, the single-chip 14 pin outputs low level, and the thermometer is automatically powered off.3.4 LCD DisplayThis blog uses a 3 and a half liquid crystal display (LCD) to display temperature and temperature measurement time. The display has the following characteristics:Use glass encapsulation;There are 5 pins in total;Serial communicationWith 3 and a half display area and ℃ unit display;Function with backlight;The power supply voltage range is 2V～5V.This design uses the main display area to indicate the temperature, and the sub-display area to indicate the temperature measurement time.3.5 Audio CircuitThe audio circuit consists of the following parts:Transistor Q2 (9015) resistance R12;Capacitance C12;Buzzer B1;When the pin 11 of the single-chip microcomputer outputs low level, the transistor Q2 is saturated and turned on, and the buzzer generates an audible prompt.IV Software DesignThe program is written in 89C51 series C language and debugged on the single-chip simulation system. The program flow chart is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2. Block Diagram of Main ProgramAfter power-on reset, initialize the DS18B20, input and output ports, timers, etc. Read the temperature value of the last measurement and storage from the lower temperature limit storage unit of DS18B20 and display it for 3 seconds. Start the internal timer T0 of the microcontroller to record the temperature measurement time.Obtain the temperature value and correct the error. According to the communication protocol of DS18B20, the temperature signal is read from the sensor, the sign is distinguished, and the temperature value is obtained after calculation and processing. Then, add 0.2°C to the temperature value as the actual temperature, and correct the measurement error within the range of 25°C to 50°C to ±0.1°C.Display of temperature. According to the communication protocol of the liquid crystal display, the temperature value and temperature measurement time are sent to the display for display. The main display area indicates the temperature, and the secondary display area indicates the temperature measurement time.When the temperature measurement time reaches 5 minutes, the 11-pin of the single-chip microcomputer outputs a low-level control audio circuit to emit a prompt sound, and the current temperature is sent to the lower temperature storage unit of DS18B20 for registration, and sent to the secondary display area for display.When the temperature measurement time reaches 6minutes, the 14-pin of the single-chip microcomputer outputs low level, and the thermometer automatically powers down.V ConclusionCompared with traditional thermometers, the DS18B20 Multi-function Electronic Thermometer designed in this blog has many advantages. The latter overcomes the difficulty of reading mercury thermometers and is easy to be broken and pollute the environment. At the same time, compared with simple electronic thermometers, multifunctional electronic thermometers also overcome the shortcomings of poor measurement accuracy. Because of its complete functions, stable performance, small size, light weight, low power consumption, and low price, it can be used as a general temperature measuring instrument and widely used in hospitals and homes.FAQWhat is DS18B20 temperature sensor?The DS18B20 is a 1-wire programmable temperature sensor from maxim integrated. It is widely used to measure temperature in hard environments like in chemical solutions, mines or soil etc. The constriction of the sensor is rugged and also can be purchased with a waterproof option making the mounting process easy.How does the DS18B20 work?It works on the principle of direct conversion of temperature into a digital value. Is DS18B20 a thermistor?A thermistor is a thermal resistor - a resistor that changes its resistance with temperature. ... Thermistors have some benefits over other kinds of temperature sensors such as analog output chips (LM35/TMP36 ) or digital temperature sensor chips (DS18B20) or thermocouples.How accurate is DS18B20?The DS18B20 reads with an accuracy of ±0.5°C from -10°C to +85°C and ±2°C accuracy from -55°C to +125°C.What is ds1820?The DS18B20 is one type of temperature sensor and it supplies 9-bit to 12-bit readings of temperature. ... The communication of this sensor can be done through a one-wire bus protocol which uses one data line to communicate with an inner microprocessor.How do I connect my DS18B20 to my Raspberry Pi?Once you've connected the DS18B20, power up your Pi and log in, then follow these steps to enable the One-Wire interface:1.At the command prompt, enter sudo nano /boot/config.txt , then add this to the bottom of the file:2.dtoverlay=w1-gpio.3.Exit Nano, and reboot the Pi with sudo reboot.What is the working principle of DS18B20?The DS18B20 Digital Thermometer provides 9 to 12-bit (configurable) temperature readings which indicate the temperature of the device. It communicates over a 1-Wire bus that by definition requires only one data line (and ground) for communication with a central microprocessor. In addition it can derive power directly from the data line (“parasite power”), eliminating the need for an external power supply.The core functionality of the DS18B20 is its direct-to-digital temperature sensor. The resolution of the temperature sensor is user-configurable to 9, 10, 11, or 12 bits, corresponding to increments of 0.5°C, 0.25°C, 0.125°C, and 0.0625°C, respectively. The default resolution at power-up is 12-bit.Where to use DS18B20 Sensor?The DS18B20 is a 1-wire programmable Temperature sensor from maxim integrated. It is widely used to measure temperature in hard environments like in chemical solutions, mines or soil etc. The constriction of the sensor is rugged and also can be purchased with a waterproof option making the mounting process easy. It can measure a wide range of temperature from -55°C to +125° with a decent accuracy of ±5°C. Each sensor has a unique address and requires only one pin of the MCU to transfer data so it a very good choice for measuring temperature at multiple points without compromising much of your digital pins on the microcontroller.How connect DS18B20 to Arduino?First plug the sensor on the breadboard the connect its pins to the Arduino using the jumpers in the following order: pin 1 to GND; pin 2 to any digital pin (pin 2 in our case); pin 3 to +5V or +3.3V, at the end put the pull-up resistor.On an ATMega328P, why is a DS18B20 temperature sensor returning incorrect temperature values?Several possibilities:1. If it is just reading a little high, it might be caused by “self heating”. Add a heat sink and/or make measurements less frequently.2. Especially if the values are really whacky, it might be code with errors or mis-wiring. Use a published sketch to check operation.3. The DS18B20 might be defective. Try another.4. It’s accurate to 0.5ºC. Are you expecting it to be more accurate (like down to the LSB of the read value)?

I DescriptionDS18B20 is a widely used digital temperature sensor, and its output is a digital signal. DS18B20 has the characteristics of small size, low hardware overhead, strong anti-interference ability and high precision. The DS18B20 digital temperature sensor is easy to wire and can be used in many occasions after being packaged. Such as pipe, thread, magnet adsorption, stainless steel package and so on.This Arduino for beginners tutorial will teach you how to read the DS18B20 1-wire temperature sensor.CatalogI DescriptionII Introduction to DS18B202.1 DS18B20 Basic Information2.2 DS18B20 Features2.3 DS18B20 StructureIII Introduction to Components3.1 Memory3.2 64-bit Lithography ROM3.3 Connection of External Power Supply3.4 Configuration Register3.5 Temperature ReadingIV DS18B20 Working PrincipleV ConclusionFAQOrdering & QuantityII Introduction to DS18B202.1 DS18B20 Basic InformationDS18B20 is an improved intelligent temperature sensor newly launched by American DALLAS Semiconductor after DS1820.Compared with the traditional thermistor, DS18B20 can directly read the measured temperature and can realize the 9-12-digit digital value reading mode through simple programming according to actual requirements. It can also complete 9-bit and 12-bit digital quantities in 93.75 ms and 750 ms, respectively. Moreover, the information read from the DS18B20 or the information written into the DS18B20 only needs one port line (single-wire interface) to read and write, and the temperature conversion power comes from the data bus. The bus itself can also supply power to the connected DS18B20 without the need for an additional power supply.Therefore, the use of DS18B20 can make the system structure simpler and more reliable.DS18B20 has greatly improved compared with DS1820 in terms of temperature measurement accuracy, conversion time, transmission distance, and resolution. It brings more convenient use and more satisfying effects to users.2.2 DS18B20 FeaturesUnique 1-Wire® Interface Requires Only One Port Pin for CommunicationReduce Component Count with Integrated Temperature Sensor and EEPROMMeasures Temperatures from -55°C to +125°C (-67°F to +257°F)±0.5°C Accuracy from -10°C to +85°CProgrammable Resolution from 9 Bits to 12 BitsNo External Components RequiredParasitic Power Mode Requires Only 2 Pins for Operation (DQ and GND)Simplifies Distributed Temperature-Sensing Applications with Multidrop CapabilityEach Device Has a Unique 64-Bit Serial Code Stored in On-Board ROMFlexible User-Definable Nonvolatile (NV) Alarm Settings with Alarm Search Command Identifies Devices with Temperatures Outside Programmed LimitsAvailable in 8-Pin SO (150 mils), 8-Pin µSOP, and 3-Pin TO-92 Packages2.3 DS18B20 StructureThe external structure of DS18B20 is shown in the figure 1. Among them:VDD is the power input terminal;DQ is the digital signal input/output terminal;GND is the power ground.Figure 1. DS18B20 External StructureThe internal structure of DS18B20 mainly includes 4 parts:64-bit lithography ROM;Temperature sensor;Non-volatile temperature alarm triggers TH and TL;Configuration register.Figure 2. DS18B20 External StructureIn the 64-bit ROM, the manufacturer has a 64-bit serial number burned by the manufacturer before the product leaves the factory. The serial number can be regarded as the address serial code of DS18B20, used to distinguish each DS18B20. So as to better realize the multi-point measurement of field temperature.III Introduction to Components3.1 MemoryThe memory of DS18B20 includes high-speed scratchpad RAM and electrically erasable RAM.The electrically erasable RAM also includes temperature triggers TH and TL, and a configuration register. The memory can completely determine the communication of the one-line port, and the number is written into the register with the command of writing the register. Then you can use the read register command to confirm these numbers. After confirmation, you can use the copy register command to transfer these numbers to the electrically erasable RAM. When the number in the register is modified, this process can ensure the integrity of the number.The scratchpad RAM is composed of 8 bytes of memory. The ninth byte can be read with the read register command. This byte is to check the previous eight bytes.3.2 64-bit Lithography ROMFor 64-bit lithography ROM:The first 8 bits are the own code of DS18B20The next 48 bits are consecutive digital codesThe last 8 bits are the CRC check of the first 56 bits.The 64-bit lithography ROM also includes 5 ROM function commands: read ROM, match ROM, skip ROM, search ROM and alarm search.3.3 Connection of External Power SupplyDS18B20 can use external power VDD or internal parasitic power. When the VDD port is connected to a voltage of 3.0V-5.5V, an external power supply is used. An internal parasitic power supply is used when the VDD port is grounded. In addition, whether it is an internal parasitic power supply or an external power supply, the I/O port line should be connected to a pull-up resistor of about 5KΩ.3.4 Configuration RegisterThe configuration register is to configure different digits to determine the temperature and digital conversion.It can be known that R1 and R0 are the determining bits of temperature. Different combinations of R1 and R0 can be configured as 9-digit, 10-digit, 11-digit, and 12-digit temperature display. In this way, the conversion time corresponding to different temperature conversion positions can be known. The resolutions of the four configurations are 0.5°C, 0.25°C, 0.125°C and 0.0625°C, respectively, and are configured to 12 bits at the factory.3.5 Temperature ReadingDS18B20 is configured as 12 bits at the factory, and 16 bits are read when reading temperature.The first 5 bits are sign bits. When the first 5 digits are 1, the temperature read is a negative number; when the current 5 digits are 0, the temperature read is a positive number.The method of reading when the temperature is positive is: just convert the hexadecimal number to decimal.When the temperature is negative, the reading method is: invert the hexadecimal number, then add 1 on this basis, and then convert to decimal.　　Example: 0550H = +85 degrees, FC90H = -55 degrees.IV DS18B20 Working PrincipleThe read and write sequence and temperature measurement principle of DS18B20 are the same as DS1820. Only the number of digits of the temperature value obtained varies with the resolution. And the delay time during temperature conversion is reduced from 2s to 750ms.The temperature measurement principle of DS18B20 is shown in Figure 3.Figure 3. DS18B20 Temperature Measurement Principle DiagramThe oscillation frequency of the crystal oscillator with low temperature coefficient in the picture is little affected by temperature. It is used to generate a fixed frequency pulse signal and send it to the subtraction counter 1. The high temperature coefficient crystal oscillator changes its oscillation frequency significantly with temperature changes. At the same time, the generated signal is used as the pulse input of the subtraction counter 2. The figure also implies a counting gate. When the counting gate is opened, DS18B20 counts the clock pulses generated by the low temperature coefficient oscillator to complete the temperature measurement.The opening time of the counting gate is determined by the high temperature coefficient oscillator. Before each measurement, first put the base corresponding to -55 ℃ into the subtraction counter 1 and the temperature register respectively. The subtraction counter 1 and the temperature register are preset to a base value corresponding to -55 ℃.The subtraction counter 1 subtracts the pulse signal generated by the low temperature coefficient crystal oscillator. When the preset value of the subtraction counter 1 is reduced to 0, the value of the temperature register will increase by 1, the preset of the subtraction counter 1 will be reloaded, and the subtraction counter 1 will restart counting the pulse signals generated by the low temperature coefficient crystal oscillator.This loop until the subtraction counter 2 counts to 0, stop the accumulation of the temperature register value. The value in the temperature register is the measured temperature at this time.Figure 4. DS18B20The slope accumulator is used to compensate and correct the nonlinearity in the temperature measurement process, and its output is used to correct the preset value of the subtraction counter. As long as the counting gate is not closed, repeat the above process until the temperature register value reaches the measured temperature value. This is the temperature measurement principle of DS18B20.In addition, because the DS18B20 single-wire communication function is completed in time sharing, it has a strict concept of time slots. Therefore, the read and write timing is very important. Various operations of the system to DS18B20 must be carried out according to the agreement. The operating protocol is: initialize DS18B20 (send reset pulse) → send ROM function command → send memory operation command → process data. The timing diagram of various operations is the same as that of DS1820.V ConclusionIn conclusion, this blog summarizes the following 3 aspects of DS1820: Features, structure and working principle.DS1820 mainly changes its appearance according to different applications. The packaged DS18B20 can be used in various non-limiting temperature applications. Including cable trench temperature measurement, blast furnace water circulation temperature measurement, boiler temperature measurement, machine room temperature measurement, agricultural greenhouse temperature measurement, clean room temperature measurement, ammunition storage temperature measurement, etc.In addition, DS1820 is abrasion-resistant and impact-resistant, small in size, easy to use, and diverse in packaging, suitable for digital temperature measurement and control of various narrow space equipment.FAQWhat is DS18B20 temperature sensor?The DS18B20 is a 1-wire programmable temperature sensor from maxim integrated. It is widely used to measure temperature in hard environments like in chemical solutions, mines or soil etc. The constriction of the sensor is rugged and also can be purchased with a waterproof option making the mounting process easy.How does the DS18B20 work?It works on the principle of direct conversion of temperature into a digital value. Is DS18B20 a thermistor?A thermistor is a thermal resistor - a resistor that changes its resistance with temperature. ... Thermistors have some benefits over other kinds of temperature sensors such as analog output chips (LM35/TMP36 ) or digital temperature sensor chips (DS18B20) or thermocouples.How accurate is DS18B20?The DS18B20 reads with an accuracy of ±0.5°C from -10°C to +85°C and ±2°C accuracy from -55°C to +125°C.What is ds1820?The DS18B20 is one type of temperature sensor and it supplies 9-bit to 12-bit readings of temperature. ... The communication of this sensor can be done through a one-wire bus protocol which uses one data line to communicate with an inner microprocessor.How do I connect my DS18B20 to my Raspberry Pi?Once you've connected the DS18B20, power up your Pi and log in, then follow these steps to enable the One-Wire interface:1.At the command prompt, enter sudo nano /boot/config.txt , then add this to the bottom of the file:2.dtoverlay=w1-gpio.3.Exit Nano, and reboot the Pi with sudo reboot.What is the working principle of DS18B20?The DS18B20 Digital Thermometer provides 9 to 12-bit (configurable) temperature readings which indicate the temperature of the device. It communicates over a 1-Wire bus that by definition requires only one data line (and ground) for communication with a central microprocessor. In addition it can derive power directly from the data line (“parasite power”), eliminating the need for an external power supply.The core functionality of the DS18B20 is its direct-to-digital temperature sensor. The resolution of the temperature sensor is user-configurable to 9, 10, 11, or 12 bits, corresponding to increments of 0.5°C, 0.25°C, 0.125°C, and 0.0625°C, respectively. The default resolution at power-up is 12-bit.Where to use DS18B20 Sensor?The DS18B20 is a 1-wire programmable Temperature sensor from maxim integrated. It is widely used to measure temperature in hard environments like in chemical solutions, mines or soil etc. The constriction of the sensor is rugged and also can be purchased with a waterproof option making the mounting process easy. It can measure a wide range of temperature from -55°C to +125° with a decent accuracy of ±5°C. Each sensor has a unique address and requires only one pin of the MCU to transfer data so it a very good choice for measuring temperature at multiple points without compromising much of your digital pins on the microcontroller.How connect DS18B20 to Arduino?First plug the sensor on the breadboard the connect its pins to the Arduino using the jumpers in the following order: pin 1 to GND; pin 2 to any digital pin (pin 2 in our case); pin 3 to +5V or +3.3V, at the end put the pull-up resistor.On an ATMega328P, why is a DS18B20 temperature sensor returning incorrect temperature values?Several possibilities:1. If it is just reading a little high, it might be caused by “self heating”. Add a heat sink and/or make measurements less frequently.2. Especially if the values are really whacky, it might be code with errors or mis-wiring. Use a published sketch to check operation.3. The DS18B20 might be defective. Try another.4. It’s accurate to 0.5ºC. Are you expecting it to be more accurate (like down to the LSB of the read value)?

I. IntroductionAs we all know, the ion nitriding process requires relatively high control of the pressure inside the furnace, so this paper designs a gas flow controller based on the L298N chip driven DC motor control, which can be used to control the gas flow of the reactor. So let's first understand the ion nitriding theory. CatalogI.IntroductionII.Ion Nitriding TheoryIII.System Flow and Pressure Measurement and Control Block DiagramIV. L298N Chip IntroductionV. Controller PrincipleVI. ConclusionFAQOrdering & Quantity II. Ion Nitriding Theory Nitriding is a chemical heat treatment method to strengthen the metal surface. It is to place metal parts in an active nitrogen medium, and at a certain temperature and holding time, the nitrogen element can penetrate into the metal surface, thereby changing the chemical composition of the metal layer to make it have high wear resistance, fatigue strength, corrosion resistance and burn resistance, etc., so it is widely used in industry. Ion nitriding is carried out in a low-temperature plasma. The low-pressure gas is ionized under the action of an electric field to produce high-energy ions and high-energy neutral atoms. These high-energy particles can improve the structure of the infiltration layer, promote the chemical reaction process, and accelerate the nitriding layer formation. Ion nitriding is carried out in glow discharge. In the process of ion nitriding, the pressure control accuracy of the furnace is relatively high, and the control deviation reaches several tens of Pa. According to Paschen’s Law:Among them:       P is the gas pressure; 　　D is the distance between parallel plate electrodes; 　　V is the cathode secondary electron emission coefficient; 　　B is Stolev's constant; 　　A is a constant. Taking the derivative of formula (1), the breakdown voltage expression (2) can be obtained: It can be seen from formula (2) that the breakdown voltage V is related to the gas pressure and d, and in general experiments, d is fixed, so ion nitriding is extremely important for pressure control. III. System Flow and Pressure Measurement and Control Block Diagram The flowmeter controls the gas flow at the inlet. When the inlet and exhaust flows are balanced, the furnace pressure remains stable. Due to the internal influence of furnace gas leakage and other interference factors, the internal pressure of the furnace  fluctuates up and down, and the system deviates from the equilibrium state, which affects the plasma process in severe cases. We use an ordinary DC motor to drive the DC motor through the L298N, and the motor drives the cone to rotate through the reduction lever. When the cone is screwed in, the gas pumped out per unit time is reduced; when it is screwed out, the gas pumped out increases, so that the pressure inside the furnace is stabilized at the required value. The change of furnace pressure is measured by the pressure sensor and passed through the transmitter, which sends the gas flow controller to the feedback voltage. The electric vacuum butterfly valve used for the suction port is expensive, as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1 Block diagram of system flow and pressure measurement and control IV. L298N Chip Introduction L298N can accept standard TTL logic level signal VSS, and VSS can be connected to 4.5~7V voltage. 4 pin VS is connected to the power supply voltage, and the VS voltage range VIH is +2.5～46V. The output current can reach 2.5A, which can drive inductive loads. The emitters of pin 1 and pin 15 are separately led out to connect the current sampling resistor to form a current sensing signal. L298 can drive two motors, OUT1, OUT2 and OUT3, OUT4 can be connected to each motor, this experimental device we choose to drive one motor. Pins 5, 7, 10 and 12 are connected to the input control level to control the forward and reverse rotation of the motor. EnA and EnB are connected to the control potential energy end to control the stalling of the motor. Figure 2 is the L298N functional logic diagram, Table 1 is the L298N internal funtional module.Figure 2 L298N functional logic diagram EnAIn1In2Operative Condition0××Stop110Rotating forward101Inversion111Brake100StopTable1 L298N internal functional module The functional module of In3 and In4 is the same as Table 1. It can be seen from Table 1 that when EnA is low level, the input level has an effect on motor control. When EnA is high level, when EnA is high, the input level is one high and one low, and the motor rotates forward or reverse. If they are both low level, the motor will stop, and if they are both high level, the motor will brake. V. Controller Principle Figure 3 is the schematic diagram of the controller, composed of 3 dashed block diagrams:Figure 3 The schematic diagram of the controllerThe following are the functions of the 3 dashed block diagrams: (1) The dashed block diagram 1 controls the forward and reverse rotation of the motor, U1A and U2A are comparators, and VI comes from the voltage of the furnace pressure sensor. When VI>VRBF1, U1A outputs high level, U2A output high level turns into low level through inverter, and the motor rotates forward. Similarly, when VI<VRBF1, the motor reverses. The forward and reverse rotation of the motor can control the flow of gas extracted by the air extractor, thereby changing the pressure inside the furnace. (2) In the dashed block diagram 2, two comparators U3A and U4A form a dual-limit comparator. When VB<VI<VA, it outputs low level, and when VI>VA, VI<VB, it outputs high level. VA, VB are the upper and lower limits of the voltage converted by the furnace pressure transducer, that is, the control range of the reaction furnace pressure. According to process requirements, we can specify the values of VA and VB by ourselves, as long as the furnace pressure is within the range determined by VA and VB, the motor stops (note that VB＜VRBF1＜VA, if it is not in this range, the system is unstable). (3) The dashed block diagram 3 is a long delay circuit. U5A is a comparator, Rs1 is the sampling resistor, VRBF2 is the motor overcurrent voltage. The voltage on Rs1 is greater than VREF2, the motor is overcurrent, and U5A outputs low level. It can be seen from the above that block 1 controls the forward and reverse rotation of the motor, and block 2 controls the size of the ripple of the furnace pressure. When the furnace pressure is too small or too large, the motor turns to a fixed position at both ends to stop, according to the steady-state operating equation of the DC motor:Among them:       Ф is the magnetic flux of each pole of the motor; 　　Ce is the electromotive force constant; 　　N is the number of motor revolutions; 　　Ia is the armature current;        Ra is the armature loop resistance. When the number of revolutions of the motor N is 0, the current of the motor increases sharply, and the motor will burn out if the time is too long. But when the motor starts, the current in the coil in the motor also increases sharply, so we must separate these two states. The long delay circuit can distinguish these two states. The working principle of the long-delay circuit: When the Rs1 overcurrent U5A generates a negative pulse and is differentiated, the pulse triggers pin 2 of 555, the circuit is set, and pin 3 outputs high level. Because the discharge terminal 7 pin is open, C1, R5 and U6A formed as an integration, then start working, the charging voltage on the capacitor C1 rises linearly, and the integration constant of the delay operational amplifier is 100R5C1. When the charging voltage on C1, that is, the voltage on pin 6 exceeds 2/3VCC, the 555 circuit resets and outputs a low level. The motor generally start-up in less than 0.8s, and the C1 charging time is generally 0.8~1s. The output level of U5A is ORed with the output level of pin 3 of 555 via U7. If the output low level of U5A is longer than the charging time of C1, U7 outputs low level after C1 is charged. The AND gate U8 inputs to the 6 pin ENA terminal of L298N. The motor stops. If the output level of U5A is less than the charging time of C1, pin 6 will not act and the motor will start normally. The long delay circuit absorbs the motor start-up overcurrent voltage waveform, so that the motor starts normally. VI. Conclusion This article summarizes the design scheme for the pressure control of ion nitriding based on the L298N chip. It has been proved that the use of this controller to control the gas flow can reduce production costs, increase the system cost performance, and improve the control dynamic performance and stability of the entire system control.FAQWhat is l298n?This L298N Motor Driver Module is a high power motor driver module for driving DC and Stepper Motors. This module consists of an L298 motor driver IC and a 78M05 5V regulator. L298N Module can control up to 4 DC motors, or 2 DC motors with directional and speed control.What is the use of l298n?The L298N is a dual H-Bridge motor driver which allows speed and direction control of two DC motors at the same time. The module can drive DC motors that have voltages between 5 and 35V, with a peak current up to 2A.How does l298n control DC motor speed?1.If you send a HIGH signal to the enable 1 pin, motor A is ready to be controlled and at the maximum speed;2.If you send a LOW signal to the enable 1 pin, motor A turns off;3.If you send a PWM signal, you can control the speed of the motor. The motor speed is proportional to the duty cycle.What is l298n motor driver module?This L298N Motor Driver Module is a high power motor driver module for driving DC and Stepper Motors. This module consists of an L298 motor driver IC and a 78M05 5V regulator. L298N Module can control up to 4 DC motors, or 2 DC motors with directional and speed control.How does l298n motor driver work?The L298N is a dual H-Bridge motor driver which allows speed and direction control of two DC motors at the same time. The module can drive DC motors that have voltages between 5 and 35V, with a peak current up to 2A.How do i use a l298 motor driver with Arduino?Start by connecting power supply to the motors. In our experiment we are using DC Gearbox Motors(also known as 'TT' motors) that are usually found in two-wheel-drive robots. They are rated for 3 to 12V. So, we will connect external 12V power supply to the VCC terminal.What is the function of H bridge?An H-bridge is an electronic circuit that switches the polarity of a voltage applied to a load. These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC motors to run forwards or backwards.What is the difference between l293d and l298n?L293 is quadruple half-H driver while L298 is dual full-H driver, i.e, in L293 all four input- output lines are independent while in L298, a half H driver cannot be used independently, only full H driver has to be used. ... Hence, heat sink is provided in L298. 

CatalogFeaturesMaximum RatingsThermal CharacteristicsMarking DiagramOrdering InformationElectrical CharacteristicshFE ClassificationTypical Performance CharacteristicsPackage DimensionsKSC1845 DatasheetKSC1845 FAQ Features Audio Frequency Low−Noise AmplifierComplement to KSA992This is a Pb−Free Device Maximum Ratings(Values are at TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted.)SymbolParameterValueUnitVCBOCollector−Base Voltage120VVCEOCollector−Emitter Voltage120VVEBOEmitter−Base Voltage5VICCollector Current50mAIBBase Current10mATJJunction Temperature150°CTSTGStorage Temperature−55 to 150°CStresses exceeding those listed in the Maximum Ratings table may damage the device. If any of these limits are exceeded, device functionality should not be assumed, damage may occur and reliability may be affected. Thermal Characteristics(Values are at TA= 25°C unless otherwise noted.) SymbolParameterValueUnitPDPower Dissipation500mWDerate Above 25°C4mW/°CRθJAThermal Resistance, Junction−to−Ambient250° C/WNote: PCB size: FR−4, 76 mm x 114 mm x 1.57 mm (3.0 inch x 4.5 inch x 0.062 inch) with minimum land pattern size. Marking Diagram Ordering InformationDevicePackageShippingKSC1845FTATO−92 3L(Pb−Free)2000 / Fan−Fold Electrical Characteristics (Values are at TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted.)ParameterConditionsMinTypMaxUnitCollector−Base Breakdown VoltageIC = 100 µA, IA = 0120−−VCollector−Emitter Breakdown VoltageIC = 1 mA, IB = 0120−−VEmitter−Base Breakdown VoltageIE = 100 µA, IC = 05−−VCollector Cut−Off CurrentVCB = 120 V, IE = 0−−50nAEmitter Cut−Off CurrentVEB = 5 V, IC = 0−−50nADC Current GainVCE = 6 V, IC = 0.1 mA150580− VCE = 6 V, IC = 1 mA2006001200 Base−Emitter On VoltageVCE = 6 V, IC = 1 mA0.550.590.65VCollector−Emitter Saturation VoltageIC = 10 mA, IB = 1 mA−0.070.30VCurrent Gain Bandwidth ProductVCE = 6 V, IC = 1 mA50100−MHzOutput CapacitanceVCB = 30 V, IE = 0, f = 1 MHz−1.62.5pFNoise FigureVCE = −5 V, IC = −1.0 mA, RS = 100 kΩ, f = 1 kHz−7−dBProduct parametric performance is indicated in the Electrical Characteristics for the listed test conditions, unless otherwise noted. Product performance may not be indicated by the Electrical Characteristics if operated under different conditions. hFE ClassificationClassificationPFEUhFE2200~400300~600400~800600~1200 Typical Performance CharacteristicsFigure 1～2. Static Characteristic    Package Dimensions KSC1845 DatasheetYou can download the datasheet of KSC1845 given the link below.KSC1845-Datasheet KSC1845 FAQHow do you know if a transistor is NPN or PNP?Connect the positive lead of the multimeter to the Base (B) of the transistor and connect the negative lead to the Emitter (E) of the transistor. If it is an NPN transistor then meter should show a voltage drop between 0.45V and 0.9V. If it is a PNP transistor, then it should display see “OL” (Over Limit). How do NPN transistors work?The emitter of the NPN transistor is heavily doped. When the forward bias is applied across the emitter, the majority charge carriers move towards the base. This causes the emitter current IE. The electrons enter into the P-type material and combine with the holes. What is NPN silicon transistor?An NPN transistor has a piece of P-type silicon (the base) sandwiched between two pieces of N-type (the collector and emitter). In a PNP transistor, the type of the layers are reversed. Below is a typical cross section of a transistor. What is an NPN transistor used for?Switching applications are where NPN transistors are most commonly used. This component is used in amplifying circuits. To amplify weak signals, it's used in Darlington pair circuits. NPN transistors are used in applications where a current sink is required. What is the purpose of NPN transistor?The NPN transistor is designed to pass the electrons from the emitter to the collector. The emitter “emits” electrons into the base, which controls the number of electrons the emitter emits. An NPN transistor is used for amplification purposes. 

IntroductionLM339 (Quad differential comparator) consist of four independent voltage comparators. It is a common integrated circuit and is mainly used in high-voltage digital logic gate circuits. Using LM339 can easily form various voltage comparator circuits and oscillator circuits.CatalogIntroductionCatalogI Circuit of Single Limit ComparatorII Overheat Detection and Protection CircuitIII Hysteresis ComparatorIV Over-voltage Detection CircuitV Double Limit ComparatorVI Using LM339 to form an OscillatorFAQOrdering & QuantityI Circuit of Single Limit Comparator Figure (a) shows a basic single limit comparator. Add the input signal UIN (i.e. voltage to be compared) to the in-phase input terminal, and connect a reference voltage Ur at the anti-phase input terminal. When the input voltage Uin > Ur, the output is high level UOH. Figure (b) shows its transmission characteristics.Figure 1. Circuit of Single Limit ComparatorII Overheat Detection and Protection CircuitIt is powered by a single power supply. A fixed reference voltage is added to the anti-phase input terminal of 1/4LM339, and its value depends on R1 and R2. UR=R2/（R1+R2）*UCC. The voltage at the in-phase terminal is equal to the voltage drop of the thermistor RT. When the temperature inside the machine is below the set value, the "+" terminal voltage is greater than the "-" terminal voltage, and Uo is a high potential. When the temperature rises above the set value, the "-" terminal voltage is greater than the "+" terminal, and the Uo output is at zero potential, which causes the protection circuit to operate. Adjusting the value of R1 can change the threshold voltage, which sets the temperature value.Figure 2. Overheat Detection and Protection CircuitIII Hysteresis ComparatorThe hysteresis comparator can also be regarded as a single limit comparator with positive feedback. In the single limit comparator described above, if the input signal Uin has slight interference near the threshold, the output voltage will produce corresponding undulation. This shortcoming can be overcome by introducing positive feedback into the circuit..Figure (a) shows a hysteresis comparator. The familiar Schmidt circuit is a comparator with hysteresis. Figure (b) shows the transmission characteristics of the hysteresis comparator.Figure 3. Hysteresis ComparatorIt is not difficult to see that once the output state is changed, the output voltage will be stable as long as the interference near the jump voltage value does not exceed the value of Δ U. Accordingly, it comes to a reduction in resolution. For the hysteresis comparator, it can't distinguish two input voltages whose difference is less than ΔU. The hysteresis comparator with positive feedback can accelerate the response speed of the comparator, which is one of its advantages. In addition, since the positive feedback added by the hysteresis comparator is very strong and much stronger than the parasitic coupling in the circuit, the hysteric comparator can also avoid the self-oscillation caused by the parasitic coupling of the circuit.IV Over-voltage Detection CircuitFigure 4 shows the part of over-voltage detection circuit in an induction cooker circuit. When the grid voltage is normal, 1 / 4lm339 u42.8v, the comparator turns over. The output is 0V and BG1 is cut off. The voltage of U5 is completely determined by the partial voltage value of R1 and R2, which is 2.7V. It makes U4 larger than U5, which makes the state after overturning extremely stable and avoids the instability caused by the small fluctuation of grid voltage near the over-voltage point. Due to certain hysteresis, after overvoltage protection, the induction cooker starts to work again when the grid voltage drops to 242-5 = 237v and U4 < U3.Figure 4. Over-voltage Detection CircuitV Double Limit Comparator The circuit in Figure 5 consists of two LM339 to form a window comparator. When the compared signal voltage Uin is between the threshold voltages (UR1<Uin<UR2), the output is high potential (UO=UOH). When Uin is not between the threshold potential range, (Uin>UR2 or Uin<UR1) the output is low potential (UO=UOL), and the window voltage ΔU=UR2-UR1. It can be used to judge whether the input signal potential is between the specified threshold potential.Figure 5. Double Limit ComparatorVI Using LM339 to form an OscillatorFigure 6 shows the circuit of an audio square wave oscillator composed of 1/4LM339. Changing C1 can change the frequency of the output square wave. In this circuit, when C1=0.1uF, f=53Hz; when C1=0.01uF, f=530Hz; when C1=0.001uF, f=5300Hz.LM339 can also form a high-voltage digital logic gate circuit, and can directly interface with TTL and CMOS circuits.Figure 6. LM339 OscillatorFAQWhat is LM339?LM339 is a voltage comparator IC from LMx39x series and is manufactured by many industries. The devices consist of four independent voltage comparators that are designed to operate from a single power supply.What is the difference between LM324 and LM339?The LM324 has a complementary output while the LM339 is open collector. In the complementary output, current can flow in either direction as required (either source or sink) while the open collector output can only sink current.How does LM339 comparator work?The LM339 is a quad op amp comparator. A comparator works by a simple concept. Each op amp of a comparator has 2 inputs, a inverting input and a noninverting input. If the inverting input voltage is greater than the noninverting input, then the output is drawn to ground.What is comparator ic?A comparator is an electronic circuit, which compares the two inputs that are applied to it and produces an output. The output value of the comparator indicates which of the inputs is greater or lesser. Please note that comparator falls under non-linear applications of ICs.What is the replacement for LM339?LM311, LM324, LM397, LM139, LM239, LM2901What is a comparator circuit?A comparator circuit compares two voltages and outputs either a 1 (the voltage at the plus side; VDD in the illustration) or a 0 (the voltage at the negative side) to indicate which is larger. Comparators are often used, for example, to check whether an input has reached some predetermined value.What is the use of LM339?LM339 is used in applications where a comparison between two voltage signals is required. In addition with four of those comparators on board the device can compare four pairs of voltage signals at a time which comes in handy in some applications.

DescriptionTIP122 is an NPN Darlington transistor. Darlington transistor means there are two transistor in one package connected to increase gain at output. TIP122 transistor has a lot of good features like 5A collector current, max emitter-base voltage is 5V, max collector dissipation is 65 watt, minimum & maximum current gain is equal to 1000. This transistor is designed to use as a switch and for amplification purposes.CatalogDescriptionTIP122 Component DatasheetTIP122 PinoutTIP122 FeaturesTIP122 ApplicationsTIP122 Environmental and Export ClassificationsTIP122 ParametersWorking of TIP122How to Safely Long Run in a CircuitDarlington Circuit SchematicWhere to use TIP122How to use TIP122TIP122 Replacement and EquivalentComplement of TIP122TIP122 Alternative NPN TransistorsTIP122 Same Family TransistorsAdditional ResourcesFAQOrdering & QuantityTIP122 Component DatasheetResource TypeLinkDatasheets    TIP120-22TIP120-22, TIP125-27TO220B03 Pkg DrawingPCN Obsolescence/ EOL    Multiple Devices 19/Jun/2009Mult Device EOL 19/May/2017PCN Design/Specification   Heatsink Desing Changes 24/Feb/2014Logo 17/Aug/2017PCN Packaging    Tape and Box/Reel Barcode Update 07/Aug/2014Mult Devices 24/Oct/2017HTML DatasheetTO220B03 Pkg DrawingTIP122 Pinout Pin NumberPin NameDescription1BaseIt governs the biasing of the transistor and works to turn ON or OFF the transistor.2CollectorCurrent flows in through collector, usually connected to load3EmitterCurrent comes out by the emitter, it is usually linked to ground.TIP122 Features High DC Current Gain −hFE = 2500 (Typ) @ IC= 4.0 AdcCollector−Emitter Sustaining Voltage − @ 100 mAdcVCEO(sus) = 60 Vdc (Min) − TIP120, TIP125= 80 Vdc (Min) − TIP121, TIP126= 100 Vdc (Min) − TIP122, TIP127Low Collector−Emitter Saturation Voltage −VCE(sat) = 2.0 Vdc (Max) @ IC = 3.0 Adc= 4.0 Vdc (Max) @ IC = 5.0 AdcMonolithic Construction with Built−In Base−Emitter Shunt ResistorsPb−Free Packages are Available*TIP122 Applications　　• Audio Amplifier　　• Audio Amplifier Stages　　• Audio Preamplifiers　　• Switching Loads Under 5ATIP122 Environmental and Export ClassificationsAttributeDescriptionRoHS StatusRoHS non-compliantMoisture Sensitivity Level (MSL)1 (Unlimited)TIP122 ParametersBase Product NumberTIP122CategoryDiscrete Semiconductor Products-Transistors - Bipolar (BJT) - SingleCollector- Base Voltage VCBO100 VConfigurationSingleCurrent - Collector (Ic) (Max)5 ACurrent - Collector Cutoff (Max)500µADC Current Gain (hFE) (Min) @ Ic, Vce1000 @ 3A, 3VDescriptionTRANS NPN DARL 100V 5A TO220ABDetailed DescriptionBipolar (BJT) TransistorEmitter- Base Voltage VEBO5 VFactory Pack Quantity200Height9.4 mmLength10.67 mmManufacturerON SemiconductorManufacturer Product NumberTIP122Maximum Collector Cut-off Current200 uAMaximum DC Collector Current5 AMaximum Operating Temperature+ 150 C Minimum Operating Temperature- 65 CMounting StyleThrough HoleMounting TypeThrough HoleOperating Temperature-65°C ~ 150°C (TJ)PackagingBulkPart StatusObsoletePower - Max2 WProduct TypeDarlington TransistorsSeriesTIP122   SubcategoryTransistorsTransistor TypeNPN - DarlingtonUnit Weight0.042329 ozVce Saturation (Max) @ Ib, Ic4V @ 20mA, 5AVoltage-Collector Emitter Breakdown (Max)100 VWidth4.83 mmWorking of TIP122This transistor is recognized for its higher current gain which is 1000 and higher collector current 5 amperes, therefore, it is usually used to switchThis transistor has less base and emitter Voltage of the merely 5V henceforth can be effortlessly organized by a Logic instrument such as a microcontrollerThough precaution has to be engaged to check, if the logic instruments can font up to 120mA.Though TIP122 has extraordinary current at collector and current gain, it is impartially modest to switch the expedient meanwhile it has an Emitter-Base voltage (VBE) of the only 5V and Ib of merely 120mA.How to Safely Long Run in a CircuitTo get better performance with this darlingtion transistor we suggest to always staying below its maximum ratings. Do not operate it in circuits using more than 100V. Do not provide load more than 5A. Always use a suitable base resistor to provide required current at its base. Use a suitable heatsink to save it from overheating and do store or use it in temperature below -65 centigrade and above +150 centigrade.Darlington Circuit SchematicWhere to use TIP122This transistor is known for its high current gain (hfe = 1000) and high collector current (IC =5A) hence it is normally used to control loads with high current or in applications where high amplification is required. This transistor has a low Base-Emitter Voltage of the only 5V hence can be easily controlled by a Logic device like microcontrollers. Although care has to be taken to check if the logic device can source up to 120mA.So, if you looking for a transistor that could be easily controlled by a Logic device to switch high power loads or to amplify high current then this Transistor might be an ideal choice for your application.How to use TIP122Although TIP has high collector current and current gain, it is fairly simple to control the device since it has an Emitter-Base voltage (VBE) of only 5V and base current of only 120mA. In the below circuit I have used the TIP122 to control a 48V motor which has a continuous current of about 3A.The continues collector current of this transistor is 5A and our load consumes only 3A which is fine. The maximum base current is about 120mA, but I have used high value of 100ohm resistor to limit it to 42mA. You can use even a 1K resistor if your collector current requirement is less. The peak (pulse) current of this transistor is 8A so make sure your motor does not consume more than that. This is just a model circuit diagram that shows the working on this transistor it cannot be used as such. So, similarly you can control your load in the same way.TIP122 Replacement and EquivalentTIP132, TIP102, NTE261, NTE263, 2N6045, 2N6045G, 2SD2495, BDT65B, 2N6532, BDT63B, BDW43, TIP142T (Pin configuration of some transistors may differ from TIP122, check pin configuration before replacing in a circuit)TIP22 is a darlingtion pair transistor manufactured in TO-220 package, its a good transistor to use as a high gain switch or amplifier.Complement of TIP122The complement of the TIP122 transistor is TIP127.TIP122 Alternative NPN TransistorsBC547, BC548,BC549, BC636, BC639, 2N2369, 2N3055, 2N3904, 2N3906, 2SC5200TIP122 Same Family TransistorsNPN Family transistors are TIP120, TIP121, TIP122, and PNP Family are TIP125, TIP126, TIP127 (PNP)Additional ResourcesAttributeDescriptionOther NamesTIP122FSTIP122FS-NDTIP122FS-NDRTIP122OSFAQWhat is TIP122 transistor?TIP122 Transistor is an NPN Darlington transistor. ... TIP122 Darlington transistor has a lot of good features, like 5A collector current, maximum emitter-base voltage is 5V, maximum collector dissipation is 65 watt, and so on. This transistor is manufactured to use as a switch and for amplification purposes.What type of package is used for TIP122 transistor?The TIP122 is a silicon NPN Darlington transistor in a TO-220 type package designed for general purpose amplifier and low-speed switching applications.How do you test a transistor TIP122?Harvino. The proper way to test is to set your dmm to diode test (usually 2k setting on the ohm scale). Transistors have three legs; an emitter, a base, and a collector. How do I know if my transistor is blown?Connect the base terminal of the transistor to the terminal marked positive (usually coloured red) on the multimeter. Connect the terminal marked negative or common (usually coloured black) to the collector and measure the resistance. It should read open circuit (there should be a deflection for a PNP transistor).What are the 3 terminals of a transistor?A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals.How to make mini audio amplifier use TIP122 / TIP127 transistor?